Factual Concepts Research Articles

Liver cirrhosis with homoeopathic perspective

Liver cirrhosis is an emerging enigma of today's world. Even youth are not spared from this evil disease. Cirrhosis is the resultant or the last stage change in structural unit of liver and it's surrounding which eventually disrupt the harmonious processings of liver functions. In this article an accustomed idea regarding liver and the chronicity of liver disease is mentioned along with the factual concept of homoeopathy in the all three pillar aspects which is organon, repertory as well as materia medica. The homoeopathic literature is being tried to put under the same head covering liver and it's homoeopathic approach.

Arketip against the foundation of the republic of turkey is unconscious messages logo

Bu makale ile Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin 100 yıllık geçmişinde, Cumhuriyetimizin evrensel edinimlerinin logolar ile nasıl görselleştirildiği ele alınmıştır. İlk kez 50. yıl logosuyla görselleştirilen Cumhuriyetimiz, ilerleyen yıllardaki logolar ile hangi evrensel edinimlerin konu edildiği araştırılmıştır. Logolarda ele alınan temel konuların, yıllara göre değişip değişmediği, hangi renk ve formlarla vurgulandığı, logo dizgelerinin uluslararası okunurluğunun hangi boyutlarda başarılı olduğu üzerinde durulmuştur. Çoğumuzun farkında bile olmadığı bu garip imgelemlerin, toplumun bilinç altını nasıl şekillendirdiği örneklendirilmiştir. Örnekler ve araştırmalar ile elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda sonuçlara ulaşılmış ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Değerlendirilmeye alınan Cumhuriyet logoları, yüzüncü yıl logosuyla taçlanmış, olgusal ve algısal anlamda ele alınarak sonuçlar çıkartılmıştır. Cumhuriyetimizi anlatan tüm logolarda ilk bakışta nelerin görüldüğü ve logo tasarlayıcılarının izleyicisine ilk önce hangi olgusal kavramın verilmesini hedefledikleri ortaya koymaya çalışılmıştır.

Interactive Shared Book Reading with a Narrative and an Informational Book: The effect of genre on parent-child reading

Introduction : Previous studies indicate the dominance of narrative fiction in shared book reading. Theory and research suggests this may contribute to reading difficulties. Purpose of the Study : This study contrasted the impact of two genres on shared book reading based on factors known to maximize children’s literacy development. It also examined the participants’ perspectives regarding their interactive reading behaviors. Methods : Eight parent-child dyads, with children four- and five-years-old, read a non-narrative informational book and a narrative fictional book. The study controlled for the books’ reading levels, Rockets and Spaceships (Guided Reading K, Lexile 520) and A Penguin Pup for Pinkerton (Guided Reading K, Lexile 510). Results : Analysis showed that informational book features such as captions, predictable text, and a glossary supported interactive reading behaviors. Children engaged more with concrete, factual concepts, and answered and asked more questions with the informational book. Implications and Conclusions : Analysis showed that the non-narrative informational text encouraged more children's interactive reading behaviors known to develop emergent literacy skills. The informational text was more engaging for children because of 1) book features/characteristics, and 2) the information presented. Parents were generally unaware of the benefits of reading multiple genres to their children.

On the concept of probability

In this paper, we discuss the crucial but little-known fact that, as Kolmogorov himself claimed, the mathematical theory of probabilities cannot be applied to factual probabilistic situations. This is because it is nowhere specified how, for any given particular random phenomenon, we should construct, effectively and without circularity, the specific and stable distribution law that gives the individual numerical probabilities for the set of possible outcomes. Furthermore, we do not even know what significance we should attach to the simple assertion that such a distribution law “exists”. We call this problem Kolmogorov's aporia†.We provide a solution to this aporia in this paper. To do this, we first propose a general interpretation of the concept of probability on the basis of an example, and then develop it into a non-circular and effective general algorithm of semantic integration for the factual probability law involved in a specific factual probabilistic situation. The development of the algorithm starts from the fact that the concept of probability, unlike a statistic, does not apply to naturally pre-existing situations but is a conceptual artefact that ensures, locally in space and time, a predictability that is more stable and definite than that permitted by primary statistical data.The algorithm, which is constructed within a method of relativised conceptualisation, leads to a probability distribution expressed in rational numbers and involving a sort of quantification of the factual concept of probability. Furthermore, it also provides a definite meaning to the simple assertion that a factual probability law exists. We also show that the semantic integration algorithm is compatible with the weak law of large numbers.The results we give provide a complete solution to Kolmogorov's aporia. They also define a concept of probability that is explicitly organised into a semantic, epistemological and syntactic whole. In a broader context, our results can be regarded as a strong, pragmatic and operational specification of Karl Popper's propensity interpretation of probabilities.

Changes in Accounting Solutions for Transformations of Business Companies and Cooperatives since the Beginning of 2012

It can be concluded from an analysis and comparison of the legal and accounting concepts related to the amendment of the Transformation of Business Companies and Cooperatives Act and Regulation 500, that the amended regulations are characterized by an extensive right to choose in terms of business regulation. While the legal and accounting regulations until the end of 2011 addressed transformations generally as purchasings, the commercial and accounting regulations from 1st January 2012 provide solutions mainly for transformations of the restructuring type. The amendment offers a high degree of choice and thus provides space for both factual concepts, however, this fact is not specified in any of the appropriate regulations. The availability of all these possible variants, from the decisive date at the very beginning of the preparation and implementation of the transformation to the recognition of an entry of a transformation in the Register of Companies, as the record date, i.e., a combination of the decisive date and the effective date, leads to a complicated accounting view that is time-consuming, often confusing and, unfortunately, does not define the conditions for recognising a transformation with the substance of a purchase and a transformation with the substance of a restructuring. Highlighting the reflection based on individual accounting transactions for the participating companies, and especially in the unusual method included in the so-called opening balance sheet method, leads to a suppression of the information links between summary financial information from the financial statements on the entry into the transformation and the summarized financial information in the form of an opening balance sheet of the successor company.

RELUCTANT WARRIOR, ENTHUSIASTIC PEACEKEEPER: DOMESTIC LEGAL REGULATION OF CANADIAN PARTICIPATION IN ARMED CONFLICTS*

War is, by necessity, a savage and grisly business and the decision to participate in armed conflict is one of the most onerous any govern- ment can make. This paper examines the domestic norms and institutionalized procedures that constrain or guide the office of prime minister of Canada in deciding when and how to put Canada in a state of war or armed conflict. This question assumes greater importance and subtlety because in contemporary times, formal declarations of war, which in past would have followed intense parliamentary debates, now seem anachronistic. In modern times, states engage in armed conflicts, whether aggressive1 or defensive, without adopting the technical procedure of formally “declaring” war on perceived enemy-states. Indeed, so ubiquitous and recurrent is this phenomenon of “undeclared warfare” that some scholars have suggested that the technical concept of war (declaration of war) has been effectively replaced by the “factual concept of armed conflict.”2 An obvious implication of this trend is that Canadians may not realize that their troops may be engaged in armed conflicts somewhere without as much as a prior parliamentary debate on the necessity of otherwise of participating in an armed conflict.

Artificial consciousness, artificial emotions, and autonomous robots

Nowadays for robots, the notion of behavior is reduced to a simple factual concept at the level of the movements. On another hand, consciousness is a very cultural concept, founding the main property of human beings, according to themselves. We propose to develop a computable transposition of the consciousness concepts into artificial brains, able to express emotions and consciousness facts. The production of such artificial brains allows the intentional and really adaptive behavior for the autonomous robots. Such a system managing the robot's behavior will be made of two parts: the first one computes and generates, in a constructivist manner, a representation for the robot moving in its environment, and using symbols and concepts. The other part achieves the representation of the previous one using morphologies in a dynamic geometrical way. The robot's body will be seen for itself as the morphologic apprehension of its material substrata. The model goes strictly by the notion of massive multi-agent's organizations with a morphologic control.

Evolutionary history versus current causal role in the definition of disorder: reply to McNally

The harmful dysfunction (HD) analysis ( Wakefield, American Psychologist 47 (1992a) 373) asserts that “disorder” means “harmful dysfunction”, where “harm” is a value concept anchored in social values and “dysfunction” is a factual concept referring to failure of a mechanism to perform a natural function. Additionally, the HD analysis claims that a mechanism's natural functions are its naturally selected effects. McNally (Behaviour Research and Therapy (2000) pp. 309–314) argues to the contrary that “dysfunction” is a value concept referring to negative failures of function, that “function” refers to current causal roles and not evolutionarily designed causal roles, and that “disorder” consequently means “harmful failure of a mechanism to perform a valued current causal role.” I reply by showing that McNally's proposals lack the HD analysis's power to explain common judgments about function, dysfunction, and disorder. “Dysfunction” cannot be a negative value concept because many dysfunctions are positive or neutral; “function” cannot refer to current causal roles because many current causal roles are not functions and some functions are not current causal roles; and “disorder” cannot refer to harmful failures of current causal roles because that definition allows almost any negative condition whatever to be a disorder and thus fails to explain the distinctions we make between disorder and non-disorder.

Toward Scientific Literacy for Nonscience Majors

An educational goal we all share for nonscience majors is for them to graduate college with a degree of scientific literacy. What do we mean by scientific literacy? Certainly we mean a familiarity and comprehension regarding concepts that are particularly fundamental to understanding the workings of our physical and biological world, as debatable as the identity of those concepts may be. Many scientists would further argue that scientific literacy is equally about how we collect and evaluate information scientifically, and especially what we mean by scientific certainty. My personal view is that this component of scientific literacy may be more important than any single factual concept, yet we tend to delay or avoid its development since nonscience majors often have difficulty with these end stages of the scientific process-data analysis and scientific decision making. The difficulties students have are understandable since comprehension rests on some esoteric ideas that are traditionally explored in math and statistics classes, not the favorite of the majority of students. Nevertheless, I think we shortchange the student and undermine the goal of achieving science literacy if we defer learning about objective decision making for advanced science courses (which nonmajors seldom take). The trick is to include data analysis in our modeling of science processes without getting lost in the intricacies and subtleties of statistical analysis. This paper presents ideas for how to approximate statistical analysis and decision making by approximating 95% confidence intervals, and drawing conclusions about significance of difference based on visual comparisons of frequency distributions. The Challenge-From Documents on Science Reform

Natural Man, Philosophy, and Behavior

The first half of the paper is devoted to an attempt to present a natural-science theory as to the nature of man, or, rather, the nature of ideas as the essence of man. The natural sciences themselves have only recently developed to the point where the construction of such a theory is possible, and this development has resulted especially from advances and cross-fertilization in the fields of neurology and computerand communications-engineering. For the first time in history it is possible in their terms to give a natural-science explanation of such concepts as memory, ideation, purpose, and learning. Following along the implications of such explanations, one derives a concept of man as a net sum of messages derived out of a limitless past, genetically and culturally transmitted, entrapped in the central nervous system, determining man's purpose, yet subject to modification in the process of adaptation to new environmental conditions and data. Implicit in these concepts are criteria as to the validity of these trapped ideas. In that these criteria recognize a very definite limit of certainty, they are not absolutistic; on the other hand, as they are constant so long as the basic concepts hold, they are not relativistic. They bespeak a concept of life as an almost rhythmical process of evolution from the tautological certainties preserved in form derived from the past, through doubt, search, and growth, to the creative formulation of new, if limited, certainties that modify and improve the old ones, in the sense of increasing man's range of self-determination. Also derivative from these concepts is an objective pathology of ideas. This way of thinking about man relegates the old paradoxes implicit in the traditional philosophies to the limbo of badly posed questions. It also accounts for uncertainty, difference, change, and growth, yet affords clear criteria that enable escape from the morass of relativism. Another advantage of this way of thinking is that the relation between factual and normative concepts is essentially implicit in the natural-science theory itself. According to the factual theory adduced, ideas are hierarchically ordered so that, in purposive behavior, high-order concepts will override lower ones. It is this hierarchical structuring of ideas that leads to normative concepts, concepts of the should as contrasted with those asserting the is. Normative concepts are thus, according to this way of thinking, directly derivative from the high-order factual concepts.