Analysis Of Facts Research Articles

Reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete : The history and development of the product, its characteristics, uses and shortcomings

The media frenzy following the sudden closure of several schools in the summer of 2023 drew attention to the use of reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete (RAAC) in many public buildings in the UK, in turn spawning political debate as to why remedial action had not been taken sooner, whether chronic underinvestment was to blame, or whether successive governments had systematically cut corners by using cheap and short-life materials. Throughout this period the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) and other professional institutions attempted to maintain a reasoned approach based upon factual analysis and developing knowledge as to the long-term performance of RAAC and the practical implications of its use. Despite poor experiences in the UK, RAAC has been, and still is, used extensively throughout Europe, the Americas and the Far East seemingly without the litany of failures identified in this country. This paper attempts to explain the history and development of the product, its characteristics, uses and shortcomings. Comment will be given on survey methodology, risk assessment and remedial works along with potential legal implications for surveyors and other practitioners.

The Concept of Justice in Turkish Administration Tradition: A Theoretical and Factual Analysis

The Concept of Justice in Turkish Administration Tradition: A Theoretical and Factual Analysis

The Concept of Justice in Turkish Administration Tradition: a Theoretical and Factual Analysis

The Concept of Justice in Turkish Administration Tradition: a Theoretical and Factual Analysis

Policja II Rzeczypospolitej - pomiędzy negacją a gloryfikacją. Historiografia i postulaty badawcze. Cz. 3 - Losy policjantów po 1 września 1939 roku i podsumowanie cyklu

This article concludes a series of three articles. The first two, published in 2022, were divided into time periods; 1) until 1989, and 2) since the 1990s. The present one discusses the issue of the fate of police officers after September 1, 1939, and includes a summary and research postulates. The timelines used in the series are not accidental, of course, as they had a significant impact on the way historiography devoted to public security organs was conducted in the interwar period. The literature that deals with pre‑war police is relatively rich in terms of quantity. However, it is worth examining it more carefully as several works raise a number of questions and doubts. Next to very good ones there are some that should not have been published. If we take a closer look at the style of narration in particular publications, we will notice that the authors in the vast majority limit themselves to describing and reporting facts, avoiding factual analysis. Many of the publications deviate from scientific standards, focusing their attention exclusively on creat-ing the preferred image of the public security organisation in a given period of time. Unfortu-nately, this is noticeable not only before 1989, but also later, when the negative image of the pre‑war police was replaced by its excessive glorification or even mythologisation. Despite the fact that more and more issues are raised and some of them are further developed, we still cannot consider the state of research that I am interested in as being satisfactory. The following issues still need to be highlighted and thoroughly investigated: 1) police biography; 2) issues of formation, socialisation and mentality; 3) the state of morale of the police corps; 4) participation in the Polish‑Soviet war; 5) participation in ensuring the internal security of the state; 6) police‑society relations, including the creation of the image of the police in culture texts; 7) police participation in the protection of state dignitaries; 8) international police co-operation; 9) the history of the police in the individual provinces; 10) women’s police service; 11) the functioning of police associations and cultural and educational activities; 12) war pre-parations; 13) the fate of police officers after September 1, 1939.

SUBPOENA AS A FORM OF DEVELOPER'S LEGAL EFFORT TO CONSUMERS IN CANCELING PROPERTY RESERVATIONS

This study aims to investigate whether subpoenas can serve as a legal recourse for developers in the cancellation of property reservations and to comprehend the process of issuing subpoenas to consumers for canceling property reservations in Badung Regency. The research methodology employed is empirical legal research without statutory approaches, relying on factual analysis. Primary information was gathered through interviews with respondents and informants, while secondary data sources included literature, journals, and internet legislation. Data collection techniques involved documentation studies, and analysis was conducted through descriptive analysis. The research findings indicate that subpoenas can be utilized as a legal remedy by developers for consumers canceling property orders. Subpoenas are issued by delivering appeals and warnings through familial and economic approaches regularly. This legal effort aims to prevent financial losses for developers in the Badung district resulting from consumer order cancellations.

Ordinary and extraordinary satisfaction as forms of nonmaterial liability in international law

The article explores the forms of non-material liability in international law, namely ordinary and extraordinary satisfaction, through the lens of legal theory and factual analysis. The authors provide an overview of the peculiarities of non-material damage in the context of international relations. The essence of ordinary satisfaction is revealed. To satisfy the political claims of the victim state, various measures are being contemplated, which include making apologies, expressing regret and condolences, rendering honors, and giving assurances. It should be stressed that the measures in question can be employed either individually or collectively, depending on the situation. Examples of the ordinary satisfaction are presented, accompanied by a brief summary of the incident that necessitated the fulfillment of non-material demands. The key requirements for ordinary satisfaction include formality, publicity and transparency, with solemnity and symbolism being highlighted as necessary. It is emphasized that ordinary satisfaction should be adequate and proportional to the damage caused, it is pointed out that the use of forms humiliating to the responsible state is unacceptable. It is worth noting that measures expressed through satisfaction are consistently directed towards the state as a subject of international law. The extraordinary satisfaction, if deemed necessary, not only the temporary restriction of state bodies’ powers and the reorganization of certain elements in the political and social system of the violating state but also the temporary occupation of its territory, which highlights the exceptional nature of the measures implemented. The article covers the experience of the victorious allied forces implementing measures to abolish the entire state mechanism of Nazi Germany. It has been established that ordinary and extraordinary satisfaction are significantly distinct in terms of the nature of their impact on the offender, because both forms represent non-material liability for internationally wrongful acts, which, however, differ fundamentally in terms of their severity.

СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА В ПОСТСОВЕТСКОЙ РОССИИ: СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРИОРИТЕТЫ И ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ

In the context of modernization practices of Russian society and growing demands on human capital, socio-economic policy acts as an integral tool for the development and transformation of the state. The purpose of the article is to analyze the political mechanisms and strategic priorities for the implementation of socio-economic policy. The research uses methods of analysis, comparison and description, grouping, modeling, structural-functional, comparative-legal and factual analysis, and the method of expert assessments. The principles of a systematic and comprehensive study of socio-economic phenomena and processes, recognition of man as an actor (agent) in the development of society and its main value were also applied. The basis of the research is the concepts of the social state (welfare state), spatial development, human capital, and social justice. The article focuses on the political mechanisms for implementing the EPA and the results of its implementation at the federal and regional levels. The author comes to the conclusion that in conditions of geopolitical turbulence and modernization of various spheres of life, active socio-economic policy becomes a kind of effective core of state regulation, an instrument of transition to an innovative-reproductive type of development. As a result, the value and state identification components of the EPA are highlighted. A decision-making model based on historical experience and criteria-based assessment of socio-economic development should serve as a trigger for the timely development (adjustment) of strategic goals (national priorities).

Neutral Business Assistance and the Limits of Complicity Under International Criminal Law

Business transactions between corporations and actors involved in grave human rights violations present significant challenges for the assessment of corporate criminal liability. This is particularly evident in cases of “neutral business assistance,” which refer to business conduct that appears legitimate on the surface and falls within day-to-day business operations but nonetheless contributes to the crime. An example of neutral business assistance is selling generic goods (for example, computer technology) legally at market rates, without the explicit intent to aid criminal activity, that increases the perpetrator’s capacity to carry out human rights violations. In such cases, discerning the point at which a legitimate business transaction becomes a wrongful act of complicity remains a complex and unresolved issue in international criminal law. The doctrinal requirement for the wrongful act of complicity is that the assistance provided must have a “substantial effect” on the commission of the crime. Traditionally, this assessment has been grounded in a narrow factual analysis that primarily emphasizes the gravity of harm resulting from aiding and abetting. This one-dimensional approach to wrongfulness, however, oversimplifies the ethical complexities of criminal liability. It overlooks broader normative considerations and the positive societal impact of human cooperation. This article challenges the prevailing harm-based paradigm and introduces a more nuanced methodology to assess the wrongfulness of aiding and abetting across various contexts. To do so, the article embraces a broader perspective on the “substantial effect” criterion, one that takes into account the crucial normative dimension of balancing the harmful effects of aiding and abetting with their corresponding social benefits. As a result, the article outlines a refined theory of the actus reus of complicity that enables a more holistic evaluation of accomplices’ conduct.

Analyzing Energy Consumption Patterns at Mbarara University of Science and Technology: A Case Study of the Academic Calendar Influence

This research paper presents a concise and factual analysis of energy consumption patterns at Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) based on historical data from the calendar year 2019. The study focused on the interplay between the academic calendar and energy usage, revealing variations in energy demand. Key findings emphasize the necessity for tailored energy management strategies to accommodate these fluctuations. We introduced a linear regression model for precise energy predictions, highlighting the potential for future refinement. The research offers valuable insights into data-driven energy optimization at the institution, with implications for sustainability and cost-effectiveness.

ESG transformation as a new management paradigm

Subject. The concept of ESG transformation as a new management paradigm. Objectives. To substantiate the theoretical and methodological aspects of ESG-transformation of control systems, based on the analysis of the main theoretical views and characteristics of this approach. Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis was the author's definition of ESG-transformation of control systems, as well as methods of retrospective factual analysis, generalizations, comparisons and analogies. Results. The article highlights modern challenges in the field of sustainable development and social responsibility, representing ESG transformation as a new management paradigm. It is emphasized that ESG criteria are becoming not only a measure of business sustainability, but also a new approach to management, integrating environmental, social and corporate governance principles into the strategies and decisions of organizations. The key aspects of ESG transformation, its impact on business models, strategic planning and the perception of stakeholders are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the role of ESG in creating sustainable and responsible organizations in the context of the modern socio-ecological paradigm. Conclusions. The study highlights the importance of integrating ESG principles into the strategies and practices of organizations to achieve not only financial success, but also sustainable, responsible development. The results show that ESG transformation not only meets the modern requirements of society and stakeholders, but also provides opportunities for innovation, value creation and strengthening the long-term sustainability of organizations.

Понятие метода фактологического анализа, его функция и роль в уголовной защите

The article describes the function and role of the method of factual analysis in the practice of a lawyer, gives its concept. According to the author, this method can be viewed, on the one hand, as a process in which this mental tool is used, on the other hand, it can be viewed as this tool itself. Thanks to this method, the process of finding answers to the questions posed by the researcher is organized, the movement of thought is directed in the direction necessary to find the direction of research.

A Factual Analysis of the Causal Effect of Sociocultural and Political Factors on Entrepreneurial Intention: Insights from Nigeria

The paper presents a factual analysis of the sociocultural and political determinants of entrepreneurial intention with insights from Nigerian society to provide an understanding of their manifestations and causal effect on entrepreneurial intention. The objective is to validate the provisional understanding of the effect of sociocultural and political factors on entrepreneurial intention provided in the literature. In consonance with the objective a systematic review of the literature was carried out to search for pertinent factors using web based search engines, and several scholarly articles were isolated and examined. Topic search was used to identify articles on sociocultural factors in connection with entrepreneurial intention using their titles, abstracts, and keywords. It attempted, through an extensive literature review, to provide an integrated view for a more comprehensive understanding of sociocultural factors and entrepreneurial intention; and the key sociocultural factors that lead members of society to become entrepreneurs. For robustness, an extensive search for relevant literature was undertaken through a continuous filtering process and 134 articles dealing with sociocultural and/or political determinants of entrepreneurial intention were obtained. The factual analysis of the Nigerian context provided evidence that confirm the theoretical postulations in the articles reviewed. Evidently, all the sociocultural factors and political factors have some direct or indirect influence on entrepreneurial intentions in Nigeria. However, some of them only have modest influence. The strongest and most direct factual evidence was shown in unemployment, work experience, family values and ethnic values, while the weakest and most indirect influence was shown as religious values, social recognition and status, and social security. The effects of peer influence, social network, and job displacement are considered to be relatively weak. Essentially, however, the Nigerian experience and cases argued in this paper provides clarity to the hitherto provisional understanding of how entrepreneurial intention is affected and influenced by the sociocultural experience of a people.

To believe or not to believe: Personality, cognitive, and emotional factors involving fake news perceived accuracy

AbstractWhat are the factors that influence individuals' belief in fake news? A structured survey was conducted to examine the impact of cognitive, emotional, and personality factors on the perceived accuracy of fake news. This study utilizes certain facets of the Personality Inventory of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (PID‐5‐Adult trait) to investigate the phenomenon of fake news. Using actual fake news headlines encountered on Facebook, the study revealed that individuals with high levels of psychoticism, impulsivity, suspiciousness, and low analytical reasoning abilities are more likely to believe fake news. Furthermore, the study found that fear induced by news content significantly influences by impeding rational, factual analysis. These findings suggest that while social media platforms contribute to the dissemination of fake news, individual vulnerabilities also play a crucial role. These findings could be useful for the development of digital literacy programs.

How Have Populists Come to Dominate the Political Landscape in the 21st Century?

In the 21st century, one of the defining features of contemporary politics, populism, has attracted widespread attention with the rise of populist leaders and populist movements. This paper gives a definition of populism, introduces the history of populist Nazism and how populism evolved into a political ideology. It briefly analyzes the differences between left and right populism and continues to explore the reasons why populist politics has been able to rise in recent years. These include unequal social development, globalization and the effects of global migration. Through theoretical and factual analysis, this paper summarizes some key characteristics of populism and puts forward relevant case analysis. The paper also discusses the role of populism in elections and the advantages and disadvantages of populism. In addition, the paper presents reflections on the impact of populism on national policies and the challenges its emergence poses to the contemporary political environment. Based on a series of historical evidence and theoretical verification, this paper comprehensively analyzes why populism has become so dominant in the political arena of the 21st century, helping scholars to better understand the causes of this phenomenon and the changes in the composition of contemporary society. Finally, this paper argues that the rise of populism is a reaction to structural changes in the global political system and the shortcomings of the existing political system, and that the fundamental reform of the economic and political system is a very possible way to deal with populism.

The Improvement of New Fertility Culture System in the Context of China’s “Three-Child” Policy

The "three-child" policy is a further adjustment and liberalisation of China's family planning policy. With the implementation of the "three-child" policy, the fertility rate has not rebounded significantly. With the impact of the epidemic in recent years, China's population has experienced negative growth for the first time in the past 2022. This situation is making the population issue more and more serious and of greater concern. The theme of the study is fertility policy and fertility culture in China. This paper uses factual analysis to analyse the significance of building a new fertility culture for China's 'three-child' policy and its accompanying measures. The study concludes that a new fertility culture that promotes the subjective well-being of child-rearing and opposes bad marriage practices should be developed. The most important aspect of building a childbirth-friendly society for women is to focus on the issue of "workplace punishment" for women, and for the government and enterprises to share the burden of subsidising women's childbirth.

Impact of Indoor Air Pollution in Pakistan—Causes and Management

This state-of-the-art review is designed to provide a factual analysis of indoor air pollution in Pakistan. Primarily, the main sources of indoor air pollution and related air pollutants were analyzed. Key sources of indoor air pollution include household energy sources (biomass, wood, coal, tobacco, and low temperatures) producing particulate matter (PM), dust particles, smoke, COx, noxious gases, bioaerosols, airborne microflora, and flame retardants. According to the literature, rural regions of Pakistan using biomass indoor fuels have a high indoor PM concentration in the range of 4000–9000 μg/m3. In rural/urban regions, indoor smoking also leads to high PM2.5 levels of ~1800 μg/m3, which can cause pulmonary infections. In hospitals, PM concentrations were detected up to 1000 μg/m3, causing repeated infections in patients. Indoor ingestion of dust containing polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations was observed at high levels (~8.79–34.39 ng/g) in cities; this can cause serious health effects such as cancer risks and a loss of working productivity. Moreover, indoor microflora and bacteria (~10,000–15,000 cfu m−3) in urban/rural regions cause respiratory/cancer risks. In this context, indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring and management strategies have been somewhat developed; however, their implementation in Pakistan’s rural/urban indoor environments is still needed. Various challenges were identified for monitoring/regulating IAQ. There is a firm need for industry–academia–research cooperation and for the involvement of government/agencies to support indoor air pollution control/management and for intervention strategies.

Assessing the communication needs of parents of children with cancer - semantic, grammatical and psychological analyses

The objective of the present study is to evaluate the communication needs of the parents of children with cancer from the perspective of the semantic values of the morphological units used and integrated into sentence structures or sentence segments (with response status to open questions) and from the perspective of the factual analysis of the percentages of closed questions. We believe that the results we have reached, processed with interdisciplinary tools of psycholinguistics, morphology, syntax and semantics of the Romanian language and psychological analysis, can provide data that can contribute to the identification of the best strategies for ensuring emotional well-being and increasing the quality of life of families where there is a child with cancer.

The International Legal Regime of Control over Cyber Weapons in the Future World Order: Threats and Prospects

The article is devoted to the analysis of the growing number of problems in the global environment of information and communication technologies (ICT), which characterize the current crisis military-political situation. Until recently, experts from different countries spoke about many of them purely theoretically, and possible scenarios of using ICT for malicious infl uence on military critical infrastructure were sometimes even denied. Now this problem is not only recognized by the scientific and expert community, but we are already talking about the voiced facts of the practical use of cyber weapons, other information and cyber means in the conditions of the crisis. Thus, the malicious use of ICT can provoke the outbreak of an interstate military confl ict. First of all, because of the disproportionate use of methods of responding to threats and attacks, when the aff ected party can use real weapons in response. In addition, a confl ict may arise by mistake, since there is currently no universal methodology for identifying violators, criteria for classifying cyberattacks as an armed attack have not been worked out, universal principles for investigating incidents have not been formed. The issues of coordination of measures taken in response to information operations recognized as acts of use of force have not yet been resolved. As a result, information wars and the use of new technologies can become the detonator of an interstate military confl ict with the use of even nuclear weapons. Therefore, the question of the need for active actions of the "great powers" to prevent confl icts in the global information space, which in the conditions of military operations can develop into a global confl ict, is as relevant as possible. The article provides a factual analysis of ICT threats during the special military operation of Russia, explores the possibilities of creating an international regime for the prohibition of information (including cybernetic) weapons, the relevance and increasing importance of studying these processes by the scientific community. The article substantiates the formulation of the problem of international information security as part of a broader topic of international security against the background of global challenges.

FEATURES OF THE REGIONAL MARKET CARGO TRANSPORTATION MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN KHERSON REGION

Objective. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of the development of the regional freight transportation market in the Kherson region, taking into account advanced transportation technologies and assessing the concentration of the freight transportation market. Design/methodology/approach. The following research methods were used: problem-oriented (in terms of identifying the problems of the freight transportation market and factors influencing it); logical generalization, analysis and synthesis (to formulate conclusions about the prospects for the development of the multimodal freight transportation market in the region); structural and factual analysis (to analyze the structure and dynamics of freight transportation parameters); index method (to determine the concentration of the regional multimodal freight transportation market using indices). Conclusions. The analysis of the elemental structure of the logistics system of the Kherson region with the participation of water transport showed a developed infrastructure of cargo transportation and ample opportunities for focusing participants around the centers of the transportation process. The asymmetry of price competition for access to port berths and roadside transshipment was revealed, which distorts equal working conditions for cargo transportation market participants and modifies the structure of cargo transshipment and, accordingly, the centers of dominance in the target markets of multimodal transportation. Prioritizing the export of bulk cargo and import of containerized cargo in the Kherson region requires the development of a transport policy that would ensure the freight independence of cargo flows, and the identified unstable dynamics of the geography of transportation routes in the region requires the expansion of alternatives for choosing parameters and directions for the development of transportation technologies for servicing local cargo flows. It is also necessary to balance the existing advanced development of the grain cargo delivery infrastructure against the capacity of their one-time storage in grain terminals in ports. It has been established that the multimodal transportation market of the Kherson region (as of 2021) is characterized by an uneven distribution of market shares between transport enterprises, is highly concentrated, with a low level of competition and the threat of monopolization. Market power in the “market core” is evenly distributed among PJSC “Ukrzaliznytsia”, SE “Kherson Commercial Sea Port”, and LLC JV “Nibulon”. The Herfindahl – Hirschman index confirmed the concentration of power among these three enterprises, identified by the concentration index, which amounted to 80.87 %. The lower share of the transport sector of the Kherson region in the total economic activity of cranes in the period 2015–2020 in favor of other industries was identified, and therefore the insufficient level of meeting the production and non-production needs of consumers in the region in all types of cargo transportation. Practical implications. The results of this study are of interest to multimodal transportation market operators and cargo owners who are interested in actively implementing the logistics concept in regional development and building multimodal regional clusters. In this way, it is expected to increase the attraction of cargo flows to the regions, the development of competition; employment growth in the freight transportation sector and other related industries. The results of the assessment of the development of multimodal freight transportation can be taken into account by the Logistics Coordination Council under the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine when forming the strategic framework for the development of the country‟s logistics system. Originality/value. Assessment of the concentration of regional markets will provide an analytical basis in the process of forming a mechanism for ensuring the integrated efficiency of multimodal transportation of goods and minimizing interregional asymmetries: in terms of levels of cargo flows in accordance with the stated needs of consumers; the state of transport and logistics infrastructure; availability of all types of vehicles, service levels, etc.

Complementary policing

Aim: The review draws attention to a publication that initiates changes in the practice of law enforcement, and calls for the help of p olice science. Complementary policing is the product of a partnership between security authorities and a law-abiding society. The book by László Christián gives details of this process.Methodology: This monograph makes its recommendations based on the reality of everyday life, using factual analysis typical of social science research. Research on modern policing was limited to public law dogmatics for a long time. However, when the public authority’s surveillance of security is complemented by individual and collective forms of social care and the market services of property protection, the interpretation of the law is insufficient for exploration, and it is worthwhile to turn to the methodologies offered by sociology.Findings: The actors of the complementary model are law enforcement authorities, municipalities, individual and community self-defence and the security market. The best conditions for this cooperation can be created in a democratic state governed by the rule of law.Value: The exploration of the regularities of cooperation between the sectors responsible for law and order is a scientific achievement that can contribute to the lawful and efficient functioning of law enforcement administration, the protection of public security and the harmony of order, security and freedom.