Factory Owners Research Articles

Preparations for Mining Reform in Russia in the 1860s: European Guidelines and Russian Realities

This article analyses the activity of two commissions, the Mining Commission and the Tax Commission, which operated in the 1860s under the Ministry of Finance in order to develop a draft reform of mining and metallurgical legislation of Russia. The author clarifies the role of various factors that influenced the adoption of decisions by members of the commissions, paying special attention to the importance of international experience. The article focuses on the views the participants of the discussion had regarding the prospects of private entrepreneurship in the mining industry and the use of the experience of Western European countries in addressing the issues of subsurface resource management, taxes, and the organisation of state supervision. It transpires that the Mining Commission relied in its proposals on the rules and institutions already existing in Russia, trying to give them a more European look, while the Tax Commission categorically rejected not only the domestic order, but also international experience if it did not comply with modern liberal ideas about freedom of enterprise. The differences in their approaches are explained by the composition of the members of both commissions. In the first Commission, which was composed of the higher echelons of the mining department, the basis for their proposed reform was their desire to reconcile the interests of the treasury and entrepreneurs. To this end, they sought to expand opportunities for private enterprise while maintaining professional supervision by a special mining department. In the second Commission, mostly represented by factory owners, liberal economists, and the “enlightened bureaucracy”, the interests of entrepreneurs came to the fore. This resulted in a focus on the complete elimination of sectoral governance, which was intended to lead to entrepreneurial freedom. Depending on the attitudes of Russian reformers to the development of the industry, they made different choices regarding legal and institutional innovations, either accepting or rejecting European experience. The author concludes that the choice of legal and institutional innovations and the adoption or rejection of European experience depended primarily on the ideas of Russian reformers about the development of the industry under the control or in the absence of the state.

The Mining Industry Urals of the Second Half of the 19th Century: Continuous Social Conflict. Review of: Gavrilov, D. V. (2018). Gornozavodskii Ural 1861–1900 gg.: vlasti, predprinimateli, rabochie. Ot soglasiia — k konfrontatsii [Ural Industrial Mining 1861–1900: Authorities, Businessmen, Workers. From Consent to Confrontation]. Moscow; St Petersburg: Nestor History. 464 p., ill.

The monograph reviewed studies the socio-political dynamics in the Urals in the second half of the 19 th century. The main actors of the social process were the state, entrepreneurs, and workers (the emerging working class). These three actors functioned as part of a single production organism, interacted and collaborated with each other, but they also defended their own interests. Periods of social harmony were accompanied by “turmoil” and conflicts. The author makes extensive use of archival materials and demonstrates a detailed picture of the growing social conflict. The state’s efforts to mitigate the contradictions between workers and factory owners were insufficient and the proliferation of conflicts led to the 1905 revolution in the long run.

Restorative Nodes of Governance in the Anthropocene: Iran's Kashaf River

Environmental collapse along the Kashaf River in Iran is about desertification, climate change and heavy metal pollution. The river concentrates a nest of intertwined crises about urban squatters, drugs, crime, public health, marginalization, state and city planning and threats to the legitimacy and survival of the state itself. Five Clifford Shearing ideas are woven into the theoretical fabric of the article: nodal governance; regulatory culture as a storybook (rather than a rulebook); justice as a better future; and AMP – networked discovery of Awareness, Motivation and Pathways for transformation; and a green ethic of care to guide transformation. These microdynamics arise in a Kashaf River imaginary that different societies might learn from. They involve nodes of local governance organized by front-line workers who restoried intertwined problems with an ethic of care. The challenge is that restorative micro-strategies proved promising when steering powerless actors, but frayed when faced with factory owners. More aggressive strategies of policycentric governance are needed for responsive escalation to confront privilege. Yet they too may be more creatively escalated nodes of conversational regulation.

“Ghostly Voices Rose from the Fields”:Nebraskaand Political Hopelessness

Promised power, many people in our democratic age find their lives swept away by a factory owner’s signature or their way of life eradicated by military violence. Dashed hopes produce anxiety and despair. Cornel West puts it succinctly: “despair and hope are inseparable.” In this article, I argue that Bruce Springsteen’s Nebraska explores the despair produced by the failure of hopeful agency and responds to that danger with a counterconception of agency (influenced by horror and sound) that conceives of a world in which objects actively participate. Ghostly sounds rise from earthy fields (as he sings on “My Father’s House”), calling to action with neither hope nor despair.

Власть, заводчики и рабочие: от социальных конфликтов к революции

Власть, заводчики и рабочие: от социальных конфликтов к революции

The Merchant's Tale: Yokohama and the Transformation of Japan by Simon Partner

Reviewed by: The Merchant's Tale: Yokohama and the Transformation of Japan by Simon Partner Anne Walthall (bio) The Merchant's Tale: Yokohama and the Transformation of Japan. By Simon Partner. Columbia University Press, New York, 2018. xxiv, 291 pages. $60.00, cloth; $59.99, E-book. Shinohara Chūemon was 51 when he left his village in the province of Kai to become a merchant in Yokohama. As a rural entrepreneur (gōnō), he already had experience in commerce and in local administration. Even so, appealing to the shogunate for permission to open a store in a city that had [End Page 148] yet to be built in order to conduct business with foreigners was a gamble. Although Chūemon's exact motivation remains unknown, Simon Partner emphasizes a risk-taking mentality that led him into one business venture after another. Partner sees this willingness to seize new opportunities as characterizing many of the men who went to Yokohama in the pursuit of profit and new ideas. Yokohama has long loomed large in the history of modern Japan. Some of the Westerners who flocked there in search of fortune kept journals that have been published. Everyone who studies Japan's opening to the West and the treaty port system in particular deals with Yokohama. Its role in the opening of Japan to foreign commerce thus constitutes an oft-told tale, but Partner provides new nuance through his attempt to paint a picture of daily life in the city from the point of view of an ordinary Japanese merchant. Chūemon had his successes and failures, each of which serves to illuminate changes in global demand for Japanese products, the technologies of trade, and the character of information networks. In Partner's eyes, these had a greater impact on ordinary Japanese people and on Japan's future than many of the policies inaugurated by statesmen. I am sympathetic to Partner's desire to center individuals such as Chūemon in historical accounts because examining the choices and the experiences of people like him provides compelling illustrations of social transformations. When Japanese historians turned away from Marxism to pursue people's history (minshū shi), they argued that commoners made a greater contribution to economic progress and social change than samurai not only because there were more of them but because they had a well-developed sense of conventional morality (tsūzoku dōtoku) that structured their actions. Although Partner does not discuss Chūemon's moral code, it can be seen in his work ethic and his trustworthiness. His backers and business partners lived in Kai where he could communicate with them only through letters sent to his son, yet even though he often had to postpone paying off his debts at year's end, they trusted him enough to keep extending credit to him. Without this degree of mutual confidence, even the strictest contracts would not have sufficed to guarantee the shipment of goods to Yokohama. In the course of his dealings with multiple partners, Chūemon got burned by a fellow Japanese only once—a remarkable testimony to the strength of the social bonds at that time. Partner derives his time frame for this study from Chūemon's arrival in Yokohama in 1859 to the last letter he wrote to his son in 1873. One of the pleasures of doing history is reading other people's mail, and Partner makes the most of his opportunity. Many of the letters pertain strictly to business, especially in the early years when Chūemon was struggling to raise capital and to find products that would appeal to foreigners. Would they like dried grapes? Alas, no. They liked to keep their houses warm, so they needed a [End Page 149] plentiful supply of charcoal, but not in the summer months when a large shipment that Chūemon had commissioned finally arrived. When a blockade of southern ports during the American Civil War prevented textile factories in England from getting the supplies of cotton they had heretofore relied on, Chūemon manfully strove to fill the gap with cotton from Kai. Factory owners preferred the cotton with longer fiber that they could get...

Działalność Wyższej Szkoły Rzemieślniczej w Łodzi w przekazie „Dziennika Łódzkiego” pod koniec XIX wieku

The Technical Academy was established in Łódź in 1869. For many decades, it was the only occupational academy in the city. During a six-year’s course, it provided general education and educated specialists in textile studies and mechanics. As the activities of the institution largely revolutionized education of employees for the fast-developing industry and gradually gained more and more recognition among factory owners, “Dziennik Łódzki”, a newspaper published from 1884 to 1892, largely covered various aspects of the Academy’s operations. The newspaper presented the curriculum, listed all the subjects with the number of hours in a week and mentioned the mandatory apprenticeships in laboratories. It also provided information on mandatory internships in factories, specifying the names of the facilities. The newspaper published announcements on entry exams and described the celebrations of the end of the academic years. It also presented lists of graduates as well as information on school reunions. Information was published on a campaign of supporting poor students, including lifting the tuition fees, scholarships granted mainly by factory owners, or one-off cash support and free deliveries of student books, clothes, and shoes. “Dziennik Łódzki” also published information on two educational institutions operating at the Technical Academy, that is Sunday drawing courses for the labourers, junior foreman and technicians, and a four-year’s Sunday trading school for financial clerks.

Knights across the Atlantic: The Knights of Labor in Britain and Ireland by Steven Parfitt

<i>Knights across the Atlantic: The Knights of Labor in Britain and Ireland</i> by Steven Parfitt

Pengaruh Berbagai Merek Oli terhadap Temperatur Mesin Honda Scoopy dan Emisi Gas Buang

&lt;p class="default"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;The development of automotive technology in Indonesia is directly proportional to the use of a lubricant that consumption is also developed from the technology. But from the proposal, we could not confirm whether the factory owners of output oil is better than the oil output in the factories. Of motor vehicle, gas emissions as a source of air pollution reached 60-70 % largest, compared to an industry that is only around 10-15 %. the remembrance of the danger of exhaust gas emissions, business needs to be to control air pollution so that the negative impact of mankind can be minimized. This report is written with the experimental methods, by doing observation experiment every new brand oil and gas emissions. This report is written with the experimental methods are, with supervising the case spread experiment luminance to the change of a brand oil and test it of gas emission of the exhaust. The results of this honda motor vehicle Scoopy 2013 is better to use the oil the list of top 1 oil because having the value of the wide range of temperatures 64.6 &lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C. Honda motor vehicle scoopy 2015 is better to use the Ahm Mpx2 oil because having the value of the wide range of temperatures 73.6 &lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C Honda motor vehicle scoopy 2017 is better to use the Top 1 oil because having the value of the wide range of temperatures 66.7 &lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C. Condition and exhaust gas emissions could be lowered in concluded that honda Scoopy 2013 with Top 1 oil is about CO which better for that which is 0.96 while for the program the nature of all that HC and CO2 that is good uses Ahm Mpx2 oil. Honda Scoopy 2015 with Ahm Mpx2 oil is about CO, HC, and CO2 who good and stable. Honda Scoopy 2017 with Top 1 oil is about CO which better for that which is 0.81 while for the program the nature of all that HC that is good uses Ahm Mpx2 oil and CO2 that is good use Evalube oil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The tragic legacy of the Sennan asbestos disaster

The tragic legacy of the Sennan asbestos disaster

Inicjatywy opiekuńcze i oświatowo-wychowawcze łódzkiej społeczności żydowskiej w latach I wojny światowej – Przytulisko dla Dzieci Wyznania Mojżeszowego

In 1914–1918, the Łódź Jewish community organized activities for children and teenagers in more than ten social and charitable organizations and institutions. Some of them were established even before 1914, some were opened during WWI. The Shelter for Jewish Children was among the centres operating during the difficult war times and dating back to the time before the Great War. The Shelter was established on the initiative of Sara Poznańska, wife of Maurycy Poznański, a prominent Jewish industrialist and social activist in Łódź. Members of the Board of the new institution included rich, middle class Jewish women, factory owners and merchants. In 1917, they were joined by S. Poznańska as President, Maria Hertzowa as Vice-President, Stefania Hirszbergowa as Treasurer and Paweł Becker as Secretary of the Board. Several sections were identified in the Shelter with different functions in mind: the Pedagogical, Medical, Food, Maintenance, and Clothes Sections. The task of the Pedagogical section was care for the intellectual and physical development of the children. Efforts were made to propagate Polish issues in education (the children were taught history and the Polish language). The Medical Section focused on hygiene and the children’s health. The Food Section prepared hot meals, i.e. dinners and breakfasts. The Maintenance Section’s responsibility was to develop a sense of cleanliness and order in the children. The Clothes Section put an emphasis on maintaining the children’s clothes in order, mainly by mending them. During WWI, the Shelter took care of over 200 pre-school and school children (aged 4–12).

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF BUSINESS IN THE SYSTEM OF ORGANIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY (on the Example Of The Implementation of the “Law On June 2, 1903 ...”)

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the tendency of growth of the social responsibility of Russian business in the sphere of industrial production through the prism of law enforcement practice of implementing the articles of the law adopted on June 2, 1903 “On remuneration of owners of industrial enterprises of workers and employees who lost their ability to work due to accidents” on the example of industrial enterprises in the provinces of the Middle Volga region. Methods of research. The range of applied research methods when considering this topic is determined by the intersection of several subject areas: social, economic and legal. In order to reflect all the complexities of their interaction, the methodology of socio-institutional analysis has been used. The application of the modernization theory enabled the inclusion of social transformation processes in the trend of industrial modernization. The work also used the paradigm of the “new working history”, the heuristic potential of which consists in shifting the focus of research from the “working masses” to the “working man”. The method of micro-history allows us to see the mechanism for implementing the “Law of 1903...” through the prism of the life of persons who entered into legal relations in the process of implementing its articles (workers, factory owners, plant management) and supervising their implementation (factory inspectors). Results. The study of archival and published materials containing information on the implementation of the provisions of the “Law of 1903...” on the territory of the provinces of the Middle Volga region allows us to speak about the onset of a new stage of labor relations, not only in the industrialized regions of Russia, but also in the Middle Volga province, which did not differ grandiose successes in industry, but already covered by a powerful wave of industrial modernization. Its characteristic feature is gradually approving a new practice of resolving labor disputes and conflicts – following the letter of the law. Discussion. The studied materials show that the implementation of this law obliged the owners and the management of the industrial enterprises of the Kazan, Penza, Samara and Simbirsk counties to comply with the requirements of the “Law of 1903...” and bear responsibility to the workers who suffered as a result of the accident. Nevertheless, in practice, the implementation of the law was hampered by a number of circumstances, both objective and subjective, accompanied by complaints, drafting protocols, fines and legal proceedings. Factory inspectors tried to curb the pernicious practice of avoiding the responsibility of owners and plant management before the injured workers, performing intermediary functions in resolving the disputes that arose. Conclusion. The adoption of the “Law of 1903...” was part of the government activities of the late XIX – early XX centuries, personifying the transition to a contractual system of labor relations, which established the socio-economic interaction between entrepreneurs and workers of the rule of law. The legislation on labor that was formed in this period made it possible to bring the resolution of labor disputes to a qualitatively new level, while substantially increasing the legal status of industrial workers. The most important role in the implementation of this law was played by the factory inspection institute. Forcing owners and factory management of industrial enterprises to strictly comply with the requirements of the “Law of 1903...” before the injured workers, factory inspectors largely contributed to increasing the social responsibility of business.

MONETARY FORMS OF PAYMENT OF WORK IN THE RUSSIAN PATRIMONY INDUSTRY IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION)

Introduction. The article is devoted to the consideration of changes which took place in the system of remuneration for work in the patrimonial industry of Russia in the first half of the XIX century. The methods of mobilizing of workers for industrial enterprises are considered, the value of the monetary form of payment for different categories of workers is characterized. The methods of labor stimulation applied by noblemen-industrialists with a view of increase of labor activity of workers and increase in labor productivity are investigated. Methods and Materials. When solving the set research tasks, materials from the funds of federal and regional archives, published sources, as well as scientific literature were used. To analyze the nature and direction of the processes that took place in the industry of serf Russia, the modernization theory was applied. When processing quantitative data, a statistical method was used, and for a more detailed immersion in the subject of the study, a micro-historical approach was applied. Results. The conducted research showed that capitalist experiments at the patrimonial enterprises of the Middle Volga region, connected with increasingly firmly established industry in the first half of the XIX century the tradition of applying monetary forms of labor for their own serf and household people, was used by many noble entrepreneurs in their industrial manufactures. The monetary forms of remuneration were methods of intensifying forced labor and were aimed at increasing the profitability of the patrimonial enterprises. Discussion and Conclusion. In the patrimonial industry of the Middle Volga region in the first half of the XIX century, the use of labor of serfs and household people was gradually transferred to a commercial basis, and only serfs were employed in the form of corvee labor for auxiliary servicing. While maintaining the connection with the land and legal dependence on the owner, the position of the working patrimonial manufactory acquired a dual character: on the one hand, elements of contractual employment relations were present on a market basis, and on the other, feudal features of forced recruitment were preserved. The statistical analysis of payroll data in patrimonial factories, mainly cloth, revealed significant differences in its size, depending on gender, age, professional specialization and skill level of workers. But in general, the size of the monetary payment of labor remained rather low. The absence of any formally fixed rates often allowed the factory owners, at their own discretion, to evaluate certain types of labor, and on this basis to compile the wage pay tables for industrial workers, the vast majority of whom were also in a state of non-economic coercion.

Design on Conceptual Model for Continuation of Lean Manufacturing Implementation in Wood Processing Factory using Soft System Methodology.

Wood Industry nowadays require productivity improvement to handle gap between customer demand for good quality product with reasonable prices, while factory owners always expect profit making and business continuity. Problem facing wood processing factory is incapability to implement Lean Manufacturing (LM) continuously for performance achievement. This research has objective to set up conceptual model of LM using Soft System Methodology (SSM). Field investigation of 8 (eight) factories in Java found that only 25 percent successfully execute LM Regularly. Using Purposively Activities Model (PAM) as results of constructing rich picture and root definition; this research conclude that key success factor of LM implementation is top and middle management commitment. Those are needed to support LM concept in technical training, LM culture witch is safety, quality and kaizen; as well as encourage employees participation with infrastructure production. Strategic efforts must be done through effective communication with multimedia. Furthermore, appropriate LM Model should be selected according to company condition.

Morley, Rachel Performing Femininity: Woman as Performer in Early Russian Cinema (review)

REVIEWS 559 story ends with the creation of new beau mondes in the GULag after many members of Kharkiv’s beau monde were arrested. This engaging book is a model of interdisciplinary work, undoubtedly facilitated by Fowler’s background in theatre. She defines ‘theatre’ broadly to incorporate various performance genres. Her study challenges established historians who ignore cultural production, and it deserves to read by scholars of diverse disciplines. Department of History Susan Costanzo Western Washington University Morley, Rachel. Performing Femininity: Woman as Performer in Early Russian Cinema. I. B. Tauris, London and New York, 2017. xv + 288 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Filmography. Index. £64.00: $120.00. The main thesis of Rachel Morley’s book is elaborated in its title: the motif of woman as performer is examined as the key to the history of early Russian cinema. Early Russian cinema does indeed begin and end with the image of woman as performer, but between the Persian princess from the first Russian film, Sten´ka Razin (1908), who performs a fiery dance, and the circus artiste Pola in Molchi, grust´, molchi… (1918) there are dozens, even hundreds of other dancers, actresses and singers. Having established this trajectory, Morley has written a new history of Russian pre-Revolutionary cinema. Morley emphasizes the motif of woman as performer in a large number of pre-Revolutionary films, both those that have been preserved and those that have not: the absolute majority of early Russian films have been lost, and Morley’s broad approach to the material is undoubtedly the most productive. It is another matter that within the corpus of films examined in the book too strong an accent, to my taste, is placed on those of Evgenii Bauer: sometimes it seems that other directors are left in the shadows. Each of the book’s seven chapters is devoted to a detailed examination of the variations on the motif of woman as performer: the oriental dancer, the peasant girl, the opera singer, the tango-dancer, the gipsy dancer, the ballerina and the early modern dancer, the actress. Morley’s analysis is cyclic in structure, beginning with a thorough (and extremely witty) analysis of Sten´ka Razin and ending with a no less interesting analysis of Bauer’s late film, After Death (1915). Thus her synchronic approach to the material grows into a diachronic approach. There are some aspects of Morley’s study that deserve criticism. First, the survey of scholarly literature on Russian pre-Revolutionary cinema (pp. 1–5) seems incomplete and a little tendentious. In particular it is surprising that SEER, 96, 3, JULY 2018 560 both in this chapter and in the book as a whole there is not a single reference to one of the most recent and comprehensive books on Russian pre-Revolutionary cinema, Irina Grashchenkova’s Kino Serebrianogo veka (Moscow, 2005). Not only does Grashchenkova propose her own concept of the history of early cinema, but she also touches upon the questions which directly interest Morley. In addition, the tendency to examine the history of early cinema as the history of film direction — reflected, in particular, in the filmography (pp. 274– 78), where the films mentioned in the text are not listed either alphabetically or chronologically, but grouped by directors — does not seem to me to be fully justified. In Russia at the end of the 1900s and the beginning of the 1910s the director was scarcely the author, the main creator of a film. Often he carried out only technical functions, while the main responsibility lay on the shoulders of the cameraman and the film factory owner. The names of directors did not begin to appear on posters and in advertisements until 1914, thanks to the initiative of Vladimir Gardin. The formula of describing a film in terms of its director, for example, ‘Romashkov’s Sten´ka Razin’ (p. 5), does not, therefore, seem quite correct. It is also a pity that in a book devoted to early film plots questions of film dramaturgy are hardly discussed and the names of the greatest scriptwriters are mentioned either in the margins or else not at all. Each of these criticisms, taken individually, can of course be considered...

Factors Affecting Vulnerability of Ready-Made Garment Factory Buildings in Bangladesh: An Assessment Under Vertical and Earthquake Loads

The importance of workplace safety in the ready-made garment (RMG) industry in Bangladesh came to the forefront after a series of disastrous events in recent years. In order to reduce the loss of lives and to ensure sustainable development, an in-depth understanding of the determining factors governing structural vulnerability in the RMG industry is needed. This research explores the key factors influencing the vulnerability of factory buildings under both vertical and earthquake loads. For this purpose, an ordered probit model was applied to 3746 RMG factory buildings to determine the key factors that influenced their vertical load vulnerability. A smaller subset of the original sample, 478 buildings, was examined by the same modeling method in greater detail to assess the key factors that influenced their earthquake load vulnerability. This research reveals that column capacity, structural system, and construction materials are the most influential factors for both types of vulnerabilities. Among other factors, soil liquefaction and irregular internal frame affect earthquake load vulnerability significantly. These findings are expected to enable factory owners and designers to better weigh the appropriate vulnerability factors in order to make informed decision that increase workplace safety. The research findings will also help the designated authorities to conduct successful inspections of factory buildings and take actions that reduce vulnerability to both vertical and earthquake loads.

Discovery of a rare hybrid specimen known as Maria’s bird of paradise at the Staatliches Naturhistorisches Museum in Braunschweig

The discovery of a rare hybrid specimen of Maria’s bird of paradise (Paradisaeamaria, i.e., P.guilielmi × P.raggianaaugustaevictoriae) in the ornithological collection of the Staatliches Naturhistorisches Museum in Braunschweig (SNMB) is reported. Until today only six male specimens (deposited in the natural history museums in Berlin and New York) and presumably one female have been identified in collections world-wide. The male specimen in Braunschweig corresponds well in its plumage colouration with an historical illustration and photographs of the original type specimen from the 19th century housed at the Berlin collection. It shows intermediate characteristics between both parental species, viz. the Emperor bird of paradise (P.guilielmi) and the Raggiana bird of paradise (P.raggianaaugustaevictoriae). In addition, we try to elucidate the circumstances how this rare specimen of hybrid origin, which formerly belonged to the natural history collection of the factory owner Walter Behrens from Bad Harzburg, came to the SNMB. Our unexpected discovery highlights the importance to maintain, support and study also smaller private natural history collections, since they may house historical voucher specimens of high scientific value.

Vera Hjelt and the calling of theosophical universal work, 1894–1904

This article discusses the theosophy of Vera Hjelt (1857–1947), who was inspired by Annie Besant. Hjelt led an active life as a schoolteacher, factory owner, writer, occupational safety inspector and member of parliament. Hjelt experienced a theosophic-al awakening at the latest during the summer of 1894, after which her theosophical endeavours in Besant’s spirit and in imitation of her are revealed in Hjelt’s letters to her friend Cely Mechelin. These letters have not previously been used in scholarly study. The article argues that it is not possible to understand the underlying ethos behind Hjelt’s activities without considering her esotericism. In the worldwide unity of all creations, all bad deeds done to one were done to all. Thus it was essential to improve the working conditions of women in factories, for instance. When Hjelt experienced difficulties in her position as an inspector during the Voikka strike, and became an object of hatred amongst the workers against all her wishes, she was comforted by her theosophical thinking. This article for its part shows the many ways in which Western esotericism exerted an influence on late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Finnish culture, politics and policy making.

دور التجارة الإلکترونية کأحد قنوات ترويج الموضة فى مجال الملابس الجاهزة The role of e-commerce as one of the channels of promotion of fashion in the field of garments

دور التجارة الإلکترونية کأحد قنوات ترويج الموضة فى مجال الملابس الجاهزة The role of e-commerce as one of the channels of promotion of fashion in the field of garments

Perbedaan Tekanan Darah Sebelum dan Sesudah Terpapar Tekanan Panas (Studi pada Pekerja di Pabrik Tahu Bu Lis di Kec. Donorejo Kab. Pacitan tahun 2017)

ne"&gt; A comfortable work environment, one of which can be seen from the physical factors in the working environment, especially in the aspect of the working climate (heat-pressure). The working climate (heat-pressure) in the workplace can affect the health of the workforce that will ultimately decrease productivity. According to the research results of Ari, Suwondo and coauthors in 2008, that the pressure the heat affect the workers blood pressure. Tofu factory belonging to the "Ibu Lis" is the manufacturer knew the only residing in Donorojo Subdistrict of Pacitan Regency. The results of measurements on a preliminary survey of the working climate in 3 point at the production of known average temperature 31,28 ºC. These results show has exceeded the threshold Value (NAB) based on the regulation of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration Number PER 13/DOWNLOAD/X/2011 about the value of the thresholdfFactors are physical and chemical factors in the workplace amounted to 25.9 °C so that it can have an effect on the health of workers, in particular the blood pressure. In general, this research aims to know the difference in blood pressure before and after exposure to heat pressure on workers at Lady Lis’s tofu factory Donorojo Subdistrict of Pacitan Regency and in particular aiming to identify the characteristics of the workforce, the employment climate measure, measure the blood pressure of the workers before and after work, analyzing the difference of blood pressure before and after exposure to heat pressure, described the influence of characteristics of workers against blood pressure and climate control efforts work in the factory. This research includes the kind of observational studies and timebased data retrieval include cross sectional study. A large sample of 30 people taken in random, data is collected and processed and analyzed statistically (analytic) to test the hypothesis. The results showed there was a difference in blood pressure before and after exposure to heat pressure. Blood pressure changes also affected the characteristics of workers, among others, age, period of employment, and the habit of exercising. Factory owners are advised to install the ventilation is natural or manmade in the form vetilasi giving a fan or exhauster, workers should be more drinking lots of water, and take advantage of the break well. Key words : heat pressure, blood pressure, tofu factory