Factory Legislation Research Articles

An inspection authority's experience of difficulties met in the operation of steam plant

In the United Kingdom, for historical reasons, it is the Engineering Insurance Companies which carry out the examinations of steam boilers and steam vessels required under the factory legislation. Although the legislation requires only the inspection of completed steam plant during operation the companies also carry out inspections during construction in manufacturers' works so that they get a comprehensive knowledge of difficulties which occur over a wide range of plant.

The Illusion of State Socialism and the Contradiction between Wage Labor and Capital

Abstract The following article provides a synopsis of different versions of the revisionist theory of the state, and of its immanent tendencies. Further, it outlines a critique of the establishment of income distribution as an autonomous sphere, independent of production, and of the way state socialism is presented as carrying out its specific functions, as Marx indicated by means of the Factory Legislation. Only on the basis of these preliminary considerations it is possible to relate the concrete manifestations of the state's social and political-economic functions to the process of capital realization and its contradictory development. Although this deals with revisionist theories of the state, it is not an actual analysis of contemporary state socialism.

Emergence of occupational medicine in Victorian times.

<b>Lee, W. R. (1973).</b><i>British Journal of Industrial Medicine,</i><b>30,</b> 118-124. <b>Emergence of occupational medicine in Victorian times.</b> The events surrounding the establishment and development of legislation to protect the health of people at work in Victorian times are already well documented. This paper deals with some other aspects of the development of occupational medicine. Medical opinions at the time did not always see the misuse of child labour as due simply to avaricious mill owners, but in part due to the parents and in part to the workmen subcontractors. The establishment of the certifying surgeons is briefly reviewed and their coming together to form an association in 1868 may be related to questions about the need for medical certificates of age which were being requested by the many factory owners brought under factory legislation for the first time in 1864 and 1867. The plight of injured workmen and their dependents was early recognized, although it was late in the Victorian era before any statutory provision was made for them. The idea of linking compensation with preventive measures came to the fore in 1845 when some Manchester doctors, later supported by Edwin Chadwick, examined the workings at the Woodhead railway tunnel across the Pennines. When compensation legislation was passed some half a century later the idea was lost, and to this day compensation for and prevention of industrial injury and disease remain separated. The change of industrial diseases from a medical curiosity to a problem requiring State intervention is traced over the latter part of the Victorian era. The whole piecemeal pattern illustrating the precept that `social problems come first, social philosophy after9 has persisted until the far-reaching changes in health and safety legislation of the present day.

FACTORY LEGISLATION &amp; SAFETY TRAINING

The factory legislation in this country has been concerned with safety training in one way or another for a very long time; but it is only relatively recently that it seems to have squared up to the needs of those who have to organise and give the training, by being more explicit. The statutory requirements are contained in a wide range of legislation: in the Factories Act, 1961 itself, numerous codes of Special Regulations, ordinary regulations, so‐called Welfare Orders and other Orders. Some of the subsidiary legislation is very old: the Electricity Regulations, applying to nearly every factory in the land are dated 1908.

WHITE-COLLAR CRIME AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF FACTORY LEGISLATION

Journal Article WHITE-COLLAR CRIME AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF FACTORY LEGISLATION Get access W. G. CARSON W. G. CARSON Lecturer in Sociology, Bedford College, University of London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The British Journal of Criminology, Volume 10, Issue 4, October 1970, Pages 383–398, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a046261 Published: 01 October 1970

Становлення та розвиток міжнародних стандартів щодо правового регулювання праці

Стаття присвячена становленню й розвитку законодавства ЄС та міжнародних стандартів щодо правового регулювання праці. Аналізується перша спроба правого регулювання праці – «фабричне законодавство», його особливості, спільні та відмінні риси у Англії, Німеччині та Франції. Зазначено, що англійське «фабричне законодавство» на початок XX cт. було більш досконалим і охоплювало більше коло трудових відносин. Доведено, що на той момент німецьке законодавство щодо регламентації праці значно відставало у своєму розвитку від англійських і навіть французьких аналогів, тоді як система державного соціального страхування була найкращою в світі. Аргументовано, що на початок ХХ ст. склалися передумови для виникнення міжнародної організації з регламентації праці, яка б могла виробити загальні стандарти щодо регулювання трудових відносин. Першою подібною організацією спочатку стала Міжнародна Асоціація з правового захисту трудящих, яка і прийняла перші дві конвенції щодо міжнародно-правового регулювання праці. Доведено, що новий етап у виробленні міжнародних стандартів регулювання праці розпочався після Першої світової війни і створення Міжнародної організації праці. В ході дослідження авторами встановлено, що закріплені в перших конвенціях МОП міжнародні стандарти були вироблені на основі німецького, англійського і французького «фабричного законодавства».

Factory Legislation and Management Modernization during Japan's Industrialization, 1886–1916

Faced with a labor shortage at a crucial point in the industrialization of Japan, tradition-oriented businessmen reacted not by raising wages but by longing for the authority-ordered labor relations of the past. Given this situation, the Meiji government moved to improve working conditions through non-economic means. Professor Taira shows that the debate over proposed factory legislation, along with the coming-of-age of a new generation of entrepreneurs, produced a “conversion” to modern management among businessmen of the late-Meiji generation.

The Modernizer as a Special Case: Japanese Factory Legislation, 1882–1911

The ‘modernizer’ is a special species of the genus ‘innovator’ and one which only in the last century has appeared in large numbers on the human scene. There have, to be sure, been groups and individuals at many moments in world history who would qualify under the definition of the modernizer which I propose to use: ‘one who seeks the transformation of his own society or segments of it in imitation of models drawn from another country or countries’. Those Japanese court officials of the seventh century who tried to remould their country on the model of T'ang China are a case in point, and one could probably find many examples on the fringes of the great empires of the past. But it is only in the last century of Western colonialism and rapid technological change that this has become a world-wide phenomenon. It is also only in the last century that the doctrine of human progress has achieved such implicit world-wide acceptance that the imitated models have been seen not simply as ‘superior’ but also as ‘more advanced’—further ahead, that is, in some imputed scale of linear progressive development. The consciousness of backwardness, the concept of underdevelopment, are relatively new.

体制再統合の試みと「帝国」イデオロギーの形成

After the Sino-Japanese war, the schism between nationalism and democracy deepened and split into two different directions. The former expanded into Empire-ism, the latter was absorbed into socialism which grew from the beginning of this century. After the Russo-Japanese war, especially, social contradictions became evident, and antagonisms and so-called “social problems” emerged. Under these circumstances, reintegration policies were sought by many leaders. In this period, the main and common concern of political opinion leaders was to build a “strong and rich state” which was not only militarily powerful but strong industrially and commercially. To achieve these ends, they urged the suppression of socialism and the labor movement, and pushed for policies strengthening “constitutionalism (esp. policial parties)”, “social reform (esp. factory legislation)” and “new education”.To expand markets abroad and enhance international prestige, certain domestic reforms were inevitable. Symbolically speaking, “Empire can exist neither in name nor in reality, if it keeps slums in it”. This was their belief.And thus gradually “great nation” building and “Empire” formation became their main concern.Based on certain domestic reforms, arousing the people's loyality to the Tenno-state, they prepared for expansion of Japan's influence abroad, economically. They named their policy “ethical-” and “constitutional-” or “economic-” and “peaceful-” Empire-ism.Thus the Meiji absolute monarchy was transformed into “Empire-Japan” from the end of the Meiji Era to the beginning of the Taisho Era. Empire-ist Okuma's cabinet and its intervention policy in China symbolized this process.In this article, I will discuss, at first, “the premature imperialistic practice” and ideology of Meiji state, and then analyse the ideology of “economic-” and “constitutional-” Empire-ism, and then, trace the characteristics of, “the theory of social policy school” and its relation to Empire-ism. Finally I will trace the real process of post-Russo-Japanese war policy, and point out that the ideology of “Empire-ism” became dominant gradually and grew from a ideology to the controlling policy abroad and at home, and at the same time, I will show that this process of reintegration was primarilly against the growth of socialism.

Foundry safety--statute and standard.

This paper traces the origins of the principal factory legislation affecting foundries and shows how British Standard Specifications amplify legislative provisions. It demonstrates some of the more apparent anomalies which exist in some of the regulations and makes a case for consolidation of foundry legislation. The paper concludes with tentative suggestions for improving the effectiveness of accident prevention organisation.

In Quest of an Effective Program of Factory Legislation in Russia: The Years of Preparation, 1859‐1880.

In Quest of an Effective Program of Factory Legislation in Russia: The Years of Preparation, 1859‐1880.

The Formative Tears of the Russian Factory Inspectorate, 1882-1885

The origins of Russian factory legislation date essentially from the decade of the 1880s, when the Industrial Revolution began to affect the economy and society of the Russian Empire. During the reign of Alexander II there had been a growing dissatisfaction with the poor working conditions in Russian factories. Desire on the part of certain officials to eliminate some of the worst abuses of the factory system led to the formation, beginning in 1859, of a number of commissions to study conditions in the factories and to make recommendations for their improvement. But, with the exception of a decree issued by the government in 1866 which sought the enforcement of more stringent sanitary measures, attempts to introduce legislation of the character recommended by these commissions were for a long time unsuccessful.

Industrial health: meeting the challenge.

The modern industrial system had its origin in England just over 200 years ago. This period historically is referred to as the Industrial Revolution. It was marked by mechanical inventions in textile machinery, by advances in the manufacture of iron, and by the introduction of steam power. These, in turn, were the foundations of the factory system. In 1784 at a cotton mill at Radcliffe, near Manchester, an epidemic of malignant fever affected the operatives and spread to the surrounding population. The situation became serious and the local justices invited Dr. Thomas Percival, a leading local physician, to investigate the nature and circumstances of the outbreak. With his colleagues and leading citizens he formed the Manchester Board of Health. The Board, through authoritative reports, made recommendations for the control of such epidemics by the establishment of isolation hospitals. They also urged the need for the improvement of environmental conditions in mills and factories and for the diminution of working hours, especially for children and women. In pursuance of these objects the Government in 1802 passed the Health and Morals of Apprentices Act. This was the first Factory Act. Since then factory legislation has been greatly extended and is the basis of statutory supervision of factories and factory workers under the inspector of factories. The development of this supervision is traced with special reference to the work of the certifying surgeons, now the appointed factory doctors, and the medical inspectors. Concurrently, public health education and workmen9s compensation were advanced through legislation. Since 1935 voluntary medical services have been developed in industry. These services have not been restricted to the observance of the minimum standards prescribed by statute and so have been able to pioneer advances directed to the promotion of safety, health, and welfare in factories and other places of employment. Radcliffe, Percival, and steam power are recognized as the growing points of the challenge to health by the Industrial Revolution. The means whereby the challenge was met are discussed. Towards the end of the nineteenth century scientists increasingly concentrated their studies on the elements. This culminated in the isolation of the atom. During the last 10 years atomic power has become a reality and the foundation of the second Industrial Revolution. While the potential hazards of ionizing radiations had long been known and proved at Hiroshima, the inherent dangers for the general population only became impressed on the public mind by a breakdown at the Windscale No. 1 plutonium pile on October 10, 1957. Radio-active iodine escaped, contaminating the atmosphere as far afield as western Europe. A committee under the chairmanship of Sir Alexander Fleck was appointed to investigate the cause of the accident and its consequences and to make recommendations. The report, which laid special emphasis on safety and health, was published early in 1958. So by analogy, Windscale, Fleck, and atomic power are identified as the growing points of the challenge of the Second Industrial Revolution. How this challenge is to be met by doctors is discussed. It is submitted that the urgent need is to formulate now a basic philosophy for future development of industrial medicine. Continuation of the old order will not suffice: ideas must again become revolutionary. The responsibility for leadership rests on the Industrial Health Advisory Committee established in 1955 under the chairmanship of the Minister of Labour and National Service.

A Forgotten Classic of English Life and Government

Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton belongs to the group of Benthamite disciples who, in the generation after the publication of Mill's Essay on Government, initiated that programme of legislative and administrative reform which transformed the England of Eldonian Toryism into that of Gladstonian Liberalism. In half a dozen fields of first-class importance—education, law, factory legislation, colonial administration, the reform of the civil service—they applied the Benthamite principles with energy and enthusiasm. The two Mills in the India Office, Southwood Smith in the Poor Law Commission, Cornewall Lewis, whose book on political semantics has been too long neglected, at the War Office, Sir Henry Taylor at the Colonial Office, all combined the Radical application of disinterested intelligence to the art of government with a genius for administration which outraged both aristocratic sinecurist and Cobdenite business man. With a passion for statistics worthy of Dickens' Gradgrind, factory inspectors like Leonard Horner and medical officers like John Simon gathered the material which Marx later employed in his brilliant indictment of industrial capitalism. They married theory to practice; Austin elaborated from his naval experience a theory of sovereignty in which the ability to command became the essence of government, while the younger Mill discovered in the running of the East India Company principles of efficient public administration which the ancient universities were quite incapable of supplying. They obtained a new prestige for the public servant; the growth of the English civil service in the nineteenth century, indeed, is nothing much more than the gradual fulfilment in practice of the major ideas outlined in Bentham's fertile Constitutional Code.

A production engineer's guide to factory legislation

A production engineer's guide to factory legislation

A Mid-Victorian Employer on Factory Management

In the economic affairs of Britain the mid-nineteenth ccntury was the age of the relatively small and independent employer, conscious of a long-established prowess which had been surpassed nowhere in the world and in the conduct of the affairs of his works but little affected by the embryonic factory legislation and the feeble trade unionism of the time. Equally the large combine with its tendency towards standardization of conditions had still to come. Lord of all he surveyed, the employer's views on conditions of work are a good index of what actually was.

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A production engineer's guide to factory legislation

A production engineer's guide to factory legislation

The Early Factory Legislation: A Study in Legislative and Administrative Evolution. By Maurice Walton Thomas. Leigh-on-Sea, England: The Thames Bank Publishing Company, 1948. Pp. 470.

The Early Factory Legislation: A Study in Legislative and Administrative Evolution. By Maurice Walton Thomas. Leigh-on-Sea, England: The Thames Bank Publishing Company, 1948. Pp. 470. - Volume 9 Issue 2

The Early Factory Legislation.

Journal Article The Early Factory Legislation Get access The Early Factory Legislation. By MAURICE W. THOMAS. (Leigh-on-Sea: The Thames Bank Publishing Company, 1948. Pp. xiii + 470. 355.) J. Henry Richardson J. Henry Richardson The University, Leeds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 59, Issue 235, 1 September 1949, Pages 409–411, https://doi.org/10.2307/2226876 Published: 01 September 1949