Factory Building Research Articles

Supporting BIM-driven Factory Design by Engineering Data Management Capabilities

Nearly six thousand factory buildings requiring approval in Germany with a volume of almost 5 billion euros per year. According to recent studies, more than two-thirds of these buildings miss their cost targets by at least 10 percent. Building Information Modelling (BIM) promises considerable potential for optimization in the management of projects (e.g., through the targeted use of digital methods and technologies in project management) and through digital platform-based collaboration between stakeholders in building planning and production system planning in the early design and decision-making phases of engineering. This is where the research project "Holistically plan, build, and operate factories with Building Information Modeling (FaBIM)" comes in. The article presents an IT architecture concept based on a design reference process developed in the research project by experts from construction and factory planning. This supports integrated production system and building planning. The concrete application of an integrated BIM-driven data environment approach along the design reference process is demonstrated using the example of a battery cell factory and platform technology from CONTACT Software.

Analysis of Product Costs Using the Full Costing Method and Determining Selling Prices at CV Artha Jaya

The aim of this research is to assess the process of determining product cost prices and selling prices at CV Artha Jaya. The results of this research indicate that there are deficiencies in the company's calculation of the product cost, with it being known that the company's product cost price for Prentol roof tiles is IDR. 2,200, mantili roof tiles Rp. 2,100, trihek paving Rp. 1,300, and hexagon paving Rp. 1,200. However, after evaluation, the basic product price for Prentol roof tiles became Rp. 2,299, mantili roof tiles Rp. 2,125, trihek paving Rp. 1,343, and hexagon paving Rp. 1,581. This inaccuracy occurred because the company did not include a number of production costs in calculating the cost price, including depreciation costs for factory buildings, as well as depreciation costs for machinery and equipment

PIV experimental analysis of the escape phenomenon of air spraying jet in factories

Inefficient air spraying can release a large amount of paint particles from a spraying jet, which can seriously endanger the health of operators. The flow field characteristics of air atomizing spray guns have a significant influence on spraying efficiency. To investigate the reasons for the escape of paint particles during air spraying, improve efficiency at the source and curb the escape of pollutants into a factory building, this study measured the whole flow field of an air spray gun via a 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) system. The results showed that the spraying jet velocity reached a maximum of 28 m/s near the spray nozzle with a Reynolds number of 3000 and subsequently decayed rapidly due to the strong momentum exchange with the surrounding air. The radial velocity at the junction of paint mist and air first increases and then decreases (maximum 0.5 m/s). The turbulence intensity was relatively high at the spraying jet boundary. In addition, the spay flow at the nozzle and the jet boundary showed high intermittency. The turbulence structures were studied by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The results indicated that the radial velocity of spray was the major source underlying the development of spraying jet radial diffusion. Finally, the spraying efficiency was calculated to be between 53 % and 58 %. For air spraying, suppressing radial movement can improve spraying efficiency by up to 40 %, which is essential to controlling the escape of paint mist and improving the working environment in spray booths.

Reliability analysis of single-story industrial buildings under wind load based on Monte Carlo simulation

Uncertain disasters such as typhoons can affect buildings. Single-storey industrial building is an important type of factory building. In this paper, the reliability of a single storey industrial building under wind load is studied by taking one typical factory in Hunan, China as an example. Firstly, finite element method is used to analyse the structure in the range of linear elasticity. Then, based on Monte Carlo simulation, the probability of failure of the structure under wind load is obtained. The results show that the probability of damage is relatively small, which is also in line with the fact that inland areas are not easily affected by typhoons. In order to obtain a deeper understanding of its reliability, the structural fragility curve considering the variability of steel strength is also studied. The results showed that the smaller the variability of the steel, the more beneficial it is for the reliability of the structure.

The Influence of Construction Project Management on the Planning and Design of Residential Green Buildings

<p>我國綠建築評估系統EEWH至今已有20年歷史，然而在住宿類建築當中綠建築標章案件數仍僅占總使用執照數量1%以下，標章案之總樓地板面積僅占總使用執照總樓地板面積20%以下，因此對於推廣綠建築之成果仍有進步空間。分析綠建築申請率低的原因，包含大眾認為綠建築之成本較高、綠建築標章之總建築專案期程較久、所需之審查資料繁多…等。再者，申請綠建築標章時之分數常少於申請候選綠建築證書時之分數，甚至有案件未申請綠建築標章。專案管理係指對於專案生命週期之各項工作項目予以妥善管理，以減少專案成果與預期目標的落差。於過往在建築業的案例與相關研究中，指出專案管理對於管控建築成本與工期具有實際績效，然而案例多為大型工程與廠辦類建築物，對於住宿類建築物之探討相對較少。故本研究先透過專家問卷探討建築專案管理管控綠建築指標項目之能力，以提出在專案管理思維下，設計住宿類綠建築時可優先考量採用之建築技術，以消除大眾對於綠建築在成本與時程上之顧慮。研究成果顯示，不同綠建築技術與設施設備之採用情形，對於建築專案的管控能力確實具有差異性。在EEWH-RS版本下之指標項目，以日常節能指標與二氧化碳減量指標下之指標項目，較能夠受專案管理管控。但綠化量指標、水資源指標以及汙水垃圾改善指標等，由於其技術已經成熟、成為標準配備或已規格化，致使專案管理對其無法具有較高的影響能力。研究成果係可協助建築設計師於住宿類綠建築規劃設計時，擬定出較易管控成本與時程之方案，進而提升業主採用綠建築技術與設施設備之意願。</p> <p> </p><p>Taiwan’s green building assessment system (EEWH) has a history of 20 years, but the number of green building label cases in residential buildings still accounts for less than 1% of the total number of Building Use permit, and the total floor area of the label cases are less than 20% of the total building which get Building Use permit. So there is still room for promoting the achievements of green buildings. Analyze the reasons for the low green building application rate, including the public’s view that the cost of green building is relatively high, the overall construction project period of the green building label is longer, and the amount of review information required is more than general building... Furthermore, the score for applying for a green building seal is often less than the score for applying for a candidate green building certificate. There are even cases where the green building seal is not applied. Project management refers to the proper management of various work items in the project life cycle to reduce the gap between project results and expected goals. In the past cases and related research in the construction industry, it was pointed out that project management has actual performance in controlling construction costs and duration. However, most of the cases are large-scale projects and factory buildings, and there is relatively little discussion on residential buildings. Therefore, in this study, an expert questionnaire will be used to discuss the ability of the construction project management to control the green building index project, in order to put forward the construction technology that can be considered first when designing residential-type green buildings under the project management thinking, so as to eliminate the public’s cost and schedule for green buildings Concerns. The research results show that the adoption of different green building technologies and facilities and equipment has indeed different management and control capabilities for construction projects. The indicators under the EEWH-RS version are more able to be controlled by the project management based on the daily energy saving indicators and the CO2 reduction indicators. However, the greenery indicators, water resource indicators and sewage and garbage improvement indicators, etc., because their technology has matured, become standard equipment or has been standardized, the project management cannot have a high influence on it. The research results can assist architects in the planning and design of residential-type green buildings, and draw up plans that are easier to control costs and schedules, thereby enhancing the owners’ willingness to adopt green building technologies and facilities.</p> <p> </p>

Multi Heat Source Collaborative Heating Scheme and CFD Assisted Air Distribution Design for a Large-Space Factory Building

With the increase in the number of large space buildings, especially those far away from the centralized Heat-supply network, how to design the indoor heat and humidity environment under the dual-carbon national strategy has become a matter of concern. This article focuses on a large space warehousing and logistics building in Harbin Logistics Park. Based on the calculation and analysis of typical annual heating and cooling load data, combined with the location of the building and the combination of cold and heat sources, air-cooled heat pump units are selected for annual cooling. CFD simulation is used to simulate the air distribution design, determine the stratified air conditioning mode with ejector nozzle air supply outlets and radiator, the paper provides a reference for the indoor environment creation of Large-space Factory Building under the condition of dual carbon background distributed heat sources.

Adaptive reused heritage building based on sustainable architecture

Selective reuse of heritage buildings should be based on consideration of strategic issues of sustainable development. Research that discusses the reuse of cultural heritage buildings in the field of architecture still does not implement the concept of sustainable architecture. The purpose of the study is to obtain a strategy formulation that can be used as a parameter for adaptive implementation of reuse in cultural heritage buildings in line with sustainable development. The research took a case study of De Tjolomadoe building in Surakarta City, Indonesia. The building is a former sugar factory building currently converted as a meeting place, tourist destination, and educational communal space. The benefits of the research provide recommendations for adaptive reused strategies for cultural heritage buildings with the concept of sustainable architecture to support sustainable development. The study used in-depth observation with interview techniques and secondary data from the literature as the determination of the most important factor of the concept of sustainable architecture in optimizing the management of cultural heritage buildings. The results show that there are four architectural aspects that need to be considered so that adaptive reused cultural heritage buildings can provide sustainable benefits, i.e., the need for integration and synergy between building history, culture, environment.

Google Earth Augments Viewing the Spectacle of Ruin in Selected ‘In-Between Places’ of Old Industrial Johannesburg

South Africa is said to have the worst social inequality in the world, and examples of this inequality can be seen in the shack settlements, backyard shacks and hijacked properties in many parts of the city of Johannesburg. These unsafe and neglected ‘interstitial places’ are where the poor live in inadequate housing, squeezed between factory buildings, railway lines and motorways in the city. One of the challenges of capturing visual information about these settlements in these difficult settings is getting access to the areas where photographs can be taken. In Johannesburg, many areas are no longer safe for outsiders to visit. These unsafe, informal and often well-hidden areas can be considered ‘interstitial’ in relation to other areas where middle-income earners live in decent houses in pleasant suburbs with amenities. It is these ‘unsafe’ areas that the author wished to explore as a source of images and impressions for creative works.
 This study takes an autoethnographic approach to exploring three neglected suburbs of Johannesburg, South Africa (Cleveland, Denver and Jeppestown), which all date from soon after the first discovery of gold in 1886. Through this work, the author hoped to make sense of observed changes within the city and the proliferation of informal, survivalist settlements seemingly arising without town planning interventions. Many open areas and dilapidated buildings are now occupied by low-income earners, perhaps because city governance has been overwhelmed by the thousands of work-seeking migrants arriving in the city on an ongoing basis.
 To explore the many visual indicators of poverty in these selected areas of Johannesburg, the author used Google Earth remote sensing images and Google Earth Street View to augment site visits. Google Earth is a valuable research tool, as one can quickly explore marginal areas that are not safe for outsiders to visit. One can also view activities that are not visible from the street – for example, illegal motor repair operations occurring behind high walls. Ethical issuesabound in these acts of anonymous looking at the poor and destitute and finding the picturesque in neglected buildings, dismal living conditions and slums, as well as the privacy and surveillance issues relating to those being observed. This essay will dwell on some of the benefits of the Google Earth virtual globe software, as well as the ethical discomfort that can result when observing people, poverty and informal living places – whether using remote sensing methods and driving around these areas with a camera, or using the images and perceptions gained for personal use as a source of inspiration for art making and fiction writing.

Pendekatan Highest and Best Use dalam Pelestarian Bangunan Bersejarah

<p>The concept of "Highest and Best Use" (HBU) refers to the optimal utilization of a property that would result in the highest value or benefit. In the context of a heritage building, which conceives historical or cultural significance, adaptive reuse concept becomes particularly relevant. Adaptive reuse involves repurposing a heritage building, such as a former factory building, for a new function that aligns with its historical and architectural characteristics. This approach allows for the preservation of the building's heritage value while also meeting contemporary needs and promoting sustainable development. This study examined the incorporation of HBU features in the three conversions of historical former factory buildings into tourist attractions, namely De Tjolomadoe, Rumah Atsiri, and The Heritage Palace. This study utilized four dimensions of HBU—the legal, physical, financial, and the maximum production dimension—to evaluate the three previous cases that employed adaptive reuse strategies. Results indicated that De Tjolomadoe serves as a noteworthy illustration of the effective implementation of HBU in renovating historical buildings, as evidenced by its achievements.</p>

Quantifying the contribution of industrial zones to urban heat islands: Relevance and direct impact

Industrial production activities are an important source of urban heat emissions. Quantifying the contribution of industrial zones to urban heat islands (UHIs) is crucial for urban planning and management. However, few studies have explored the quantitative relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and urban industrial zones (UIZs) at the urban scale, especially the direct impact of industrial expansion or contraction on LST. Linyi City, the largest city in Shandong Province, was selected as the study area. This study aims to analyze the spatial-temporal variation in the UIZs in Linyi City from 2013 to 2022, focusing on the quantitative relationship between LST and UIZs. Using remote sensing images, a novel spectral index (called the BCCSI) was constructed to identify factory buildings. The performance of the BCCSI was validated using five existing indices and Google Earth images. Over the past 10 years, the UIZ area of Linyi has increased by 137.16 km2. The UIZs in Linyi are mainly distributed in counties near the urban center, and counties with large UIZ areas are also hotspots for UIZ changes. Moreover, we found that the contraction or expansion of UIZs has obvious effects on LST. After the contraction (or expansion) of UIZs, the LST decreased (or increased) by 0.48 °C (0.39 °C). In addition, we found that there is an exponential relationship between LST and the industrial unit area (P value less than 0.01). This research is valuable for environmental assessment and fine management of industrial cities.

Analisa Pemborosan Biaya Pada Proyek Pembangunan PT. Fortindo Mengunakan Metode Rekayasa Nilai (Value Engineering)

The construction of a factory building often requires large costs. This is due to the lack of attention paid to the effectiveness and efficiency of the use of materials, materials and also from the implementation method which is almost the same but in terms of costs it is more economical. The large amount of funding in the construction of factory buildings is an attraction for further analysis with the aim of finding materials and also implementation methods that require more economical costs than before. The purpose of this research is to find savings in construction costs, especially in architectural work by replacing the initial design with a new alternative design. This study uses the Value Engineering method. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that in architectural work, the largest construction cost lies in wall work, which costs Rp. 1,649,566,000 and floor work which cost Rp. 1,509,219,969. the results of the job function analysis show that the wastage of costs in architectural work lies in wall work and floor work. Where, work items with C/W > 2 include: wall work: C/W = 3.1 and floor work: C/W = 2.15

Evaluation of Project Budget Due to Price Fluctuations Based on Digital Technology in Factory Construction Projects

The development of industrial construction requires adequate resources to avoid the failure and risk of the project. The resources required are materials (building materials), human resources (human resources), machines (equipment), capital (money), methods (methods of implementation), timing, and information on the implementation of the construction. According to data from the Central Statistical Agency (BPS), wages of labor in Indonesia of Rs. 2.89 million increased by 1.12% by 2022. In addition, the price of construction materials has also increased, such as steel, steel bones, concrete, and other construction materials. Especially steel price increases, starting in the second year of the pandemic, have risen about 30%–40%. Generally, the construction of factory buildings uses more steel profiles for the construction of warehouses—storage of raw materials or warehousing of production sites. This has a huge impact on the project budget that has been estimated prior to material price fluctuations. Therefore, the re-evaluation of the project budget in PT. XYZ, which has been estimated by the company at Rp. 219.5 billion, has a total budget change to Rp. 276.1 billion.

Fostering Employability Skills for Engineers with Serious Games: A gamified GBL concept

The world is becoming increasingly complex, and as a result, the demand for individuals with strong employability skills is growing rapidly. It is essential for engineering education to adapt to this reality and provide opportunities for students to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, communication, teamwork, adaptability, and leadership skills. By doing so, engineering graduates will be well-equipped to navigate the complex challenges of the modern world and make meaningful contributions to society. Engineering education needs to adapt to this reality by incorporating more opportunities for students to develop their employability skills. This can be done through a variety of methods, such as experience- or project-based learning, internships, co-op programs, and industry partnerships. Game-based learning offers an engaging and immersive experience that can promote the development of these skills in a fun and interactive way. Within the Game-based learning approach implemented in our lecture the students play two subsequent game modules in which they first plan and build a factory building together and then put it into operation in the second part. The players are confronted with problems and situations that can only be overcome through communication and cooperation. This paper presents the self-developed online platform that uses gamification aspects such as micro-achievements for each student to represent the progress with the learning materials as well as within the gaming parts. The platform aims to provide students with an engaging and interactive way of learning, while also assessing their performance through collected data.

Reducing Rebar Cutting Waste and Rebar Usage of Beams: A Two-Stage Optimization Algorithm

While various approaches have been developed to minimize rebar cutting waste, such as optimizing cutting patterns and the lap splice position, reducing rebar usage by minimizing the number of splices remains uninvestigated. In response to these issues, a two-stage optimization algorithm was developed that prioritizes the use of special-length rebar to achieve a near-zero rebar cutting waste (N0RCW) of less than 1%, while also reducing overall rebar usage. The two-stage algorithm first optimizes the lap splice position for continuous rebar considering the use of a special-length rebar, which reduces the number of splices required. It then integrates a special-length minimization algorithm to combine the additional rebar. The algorithm was applied to beam structures in a small-sized factory building project, and it resulted in a notable reduction of 29.624 tons of rebar, equivalent to 12.31% of the total purchased quantity. Greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by 102.68 tons, and associated costs decreased by USD 30,256. A rebar cutting waste of 0.93%, which is near zero, was achieved. These findings highlight the significant potential of the proposed algorithm for reducing rebar waste and facilitating sustainable construction practices. The algorithm is also applicable to other reinforced concrete projects, where the associated advantages will be amplified accordingly.

A robust capacity configuration selection method of multiple-chiller system concerned with the uncertainty of annual hourly load profile

In conventional method, capacity configuration of multiple-chiller system is optimized to achieve the required annual EER (energy efficiency ratio) limit according to a certain annual hourly load profile. However, it usually results in that the required annual EER limit may not be reached because the uncertainty of annual hourly load profile is not concerned. To improve the tolerance for uncertainty of annual hourly load profile, this paper presents a robust method of capacity configuration selection of multiple-chiller system. The maximum acceptable uncertainty region is defined as the maximum range of load variation that a capacity configurated multiple-chiller system can satisfy the required annual EER limit. The robustness index of a capacity configuration is defined according to the area of the maximum acceptable uncertainty region. A novel configuration framework is proposed based on robustness index. The proposed method is validated by configuring multiple-chiller system of a factory building. Results show that multiple-chiller system configurated by proposed method is more robust than that by conventional method. The proposed method can ensure the annual EER of multiple-chiller system to satisfy the required annual EER limit with uncertainty of annual hourly load profile, and its reliability is improved by 14% compared with conventional method.

Within-Community Conflict on Mining Policy: Assessing Implication in Rural Indonesia

The case of Kendeng, Rembang regency, Central Java, due to the expansion of cement factory buildings in Tuban and Gresik East Java, has led to conflict not only between the community and policymakers but also between community members. This paper discusses the fragmentation in the community by mapping argumentation behind pro and contra the policy. Based on research during 2018-2019, applying desk study, interviews, and direct observation, this paper identifies that the conflict has led to the social grouping into pro-, anti-cement, and neutral people, which impacted the daily social life of the community. The grouping has created tension in daily social relationships, creating fragmentation among the village community members. The case allows us to reflect more on the need for the policy to be aware of the social impact of a development policy within the community; moreover, for rural communities, the neighborhood is a crucial institution for them.

Measuring the availability of the requirements of the quality management system (ISO 9001:2015) clause leadership, performance, and planning: a case study

The study aims to identify the application of the criteria of a quality management system as defined by an international standard ISO 9001:2015. It analyzes the gap between the actual reality and the requirements of the specification that would raise the level of performance, preparing the selected factory to obtain a certificate of conformity with the specifications of the global standard ISO 9001:2015. This is achieved through identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the system, diagnosing the gap and finding ways to address such a gap. This study selected one of the prefabricated building factories which belongs to the Iraqi Ministry of Construction and Housing as the sample of the study. The data were collected using three methods, namely, field visits, records and documents and checklists. The collected data were, then, analyzed using percentages and weighted arithmetic means. The findings revealed that the application of the quality management system in the prefabricated building factory was estimated to be at 67.14%, which is close to being partially implemented and partially documented. This indicates there is a gap of about 32.86%; such a gap can be addressed through continuous improvement, management review of the system, problem-solving, and the documentation of some requirements.

1899年紀伊・大和地震の被害に関する文献調査

Literature survey on damage due to the 1899 Kii-Yamato earthquake was carried out continuing to the previous paper of the 1936 Kawachi-Yamato event. This earthquake had rather deep focal depth as 50km and caused moderate damage in wide areas of Kinki district. Detailed damage was picked up from the reports and newspaper articles at that time. These data were sorted by municipalities in table and mapped. Heavy building damage was limited in focal area but damage to brick masonry factory buildings including chimneys is dominated in Osaka. In mountainous areas landslides and rockfalls occurred and caused casualties.

SEISMIC RETROFIT OF STEEL FACTORY BUILDINGS WITH DUCTILITY ENHANCEMENT APPROACH: PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS

The majority of steel factory buildings constructed in 1960-70’s in Japan do not display satisfactory seismic performance due to the lack of strength in the brace-end joints or the foundations. The retrofit works that simply add lateral bracings would be undesirable because it would prevent ordinary factory operations. Then, another retrofit approach could be alternative by enhancing ductility of each structural member. In this study, the practical applications to the existing steel factory buildings are presented and the efficiency of the seismic retrofit with ductility enhancement is discussed.

Application and Practice of Variable Axial Force Cable in Powerhouse Truss Reinforcement System

Long-span steel structure trusses are widely used in factory buildings. However, with the increase in service time and dynamic load fatigue, transverse cracks at the bottom of the middle span and oblique deformation of the abdomen during the operation process may appear in a considerable part of long-span trusses with dynamic load. The U-shaped cracks at the bottom and belly, as well as the mid-span down deflection of the main truss, can also reduce the functionality of the factory building truss structure and limit the original crane load, thus affecting the normal safety and durability of the structure. Therefore, the principle of variable axial force cable system in the long-span factory building truss structure and 3D3S software modelling were applied. Analysing and studying the reinforcement method of large-span powerhouse trusses can provide practical experience for subsequent similar projects. In view of the above phenomenon, the large-span powerhouse trusses of Hongcheng Powerhouse No. 1 and No. 2, located in Tonglu, Zhejiang Province, were used as the research objects, and the variable axial force cable method was proposed to strengthen and lift the load. Considering the span of the powerhouse truss, a cable system with 22 m and a controlling force of 400 kN was proposed for Powerhouse 1, and a cable system with a variable axial force of 24 m was proposed for Powerhouse 2. The force model of large-span trusses was established by using the finite element method, which is commonly used to analyse the force of the truss. The influence of the reinforcement effect was analysed under two working conditions and compared from three aspects: stiffness, bearing capacity and stability. Furthermore, the phenomenon of uneven stress distribution was analysed. The stress distribution characteristics of each node were understood by simulating the most disadvantageous node plates with the greatest internal force before and after reinforcement.