Years Of Factors Research Articles

Understanding ‘many’ through the lens of Ukrainian багато

We reveal an ongoing language change in Ukrainian involving a construction with a subject comprised of the indefinite quantifier багато ‘many’ modifying a noun phrase in the Genitive Plural. Number agreement on the verb varies, allowing both Singular (in 69.1% of attestations) and Plural (in 30.9% of attestations). Based on statistical analysis of corpus data, we investigate the influence of the factors of year of creation, word order of subject and verb, and animacy of the subject on the choice of verb number. We find that, while all combinations of word order and animacy are robustly attested, VS word order and inanimate subjects tend to prefer Singular, whereas SV word order and animate subjects tend to prefer Plural. Since about the 1950s, the proportion of Plural has been increasing, overtaking Singular in the current decade. We propose that this Singular vs. Plural variation is motivated by the human embodied experience of construing a group of items as either a homogeneous mass (and therefore Singular) or a multiplicity of individuals (and therefore Plural). This proposal is supported by the identification of micro-constructions that prefer Singular and show reduced individuation of human beings.

Novel risk patterns of vasovagal reactions in NZ blood donations complicated by COVID-19 restrictions.

Vasovagal reactions (VVRs) are common but complex donor adverse reactions (DAEs) in blood donations. VVRs have been extensively studied with a multitude of risk factors identified including young age, female gender and first-time donor status. How they may interplay remains obscure. A total of 1,984,116 blood donations and 27,952 immediate VVRs (iVVRs) and 1,365 delayed VVRs (dVVRs) reported between 2011 and 2021 in NZ were used in multivariate logistic regression analyses each concerning donations with iVVRs as cases and those free of DAEs as controls. For each analysis stepwise selection was used to identify the best model and risk factors carrying significant main effects and/or interactions. Identified interactions informed further in-depth regression analyses to dissect iVVR risk patterns. Over 95% of VVRs were iVVRs that had lower female preponderance and deferrals than dVVRs. iVVRs had a school seasonal pattern in whole blood donations driven by first-time donors from schools/colleges, and interactions between gender and age group differentiating the first-time from repeat donations. Subsequent regression analyses identified the known and novel risk factors of year and mobile collection sites and their interactions. iVVR rates were roundly elevated in 2020 and 2021 probably because of COVID-19 restrictions like facemask wearing. Exclusion of the 2020 and 2021 data removed the interactions with year, but confirmed interactions of gender with mobile collection sites (p = 6.2e-07) in first-time donations only and with age group in repeat donations only (p < 2.2e-16), together indicating young female donors at the highest risk of iVVRs. Our results also revealed that donation policy changes contributed to the year effects; donors had a lower iVVR risk at mobile sites than well-medicalized donation centers probably because of under-reporting. Modeling statistical interactions is valuable in identifying odds and revealing novel iVVR risk patterns and insights into blood donations.

Influence of climatic conditions on infection of sunflower lines by phoma black stem

The purpose of the research was to analyze three year observations (2018–2020) for the climate changes effect on infection of the breeding sunflower lines (Helianthus annuus L.) by a Phoma black stem pathogen Plenodomus lindquistii (Frezzi) Gruyter, Aveskamp &amp; Verkley in the central zone of the Krasnodar region. The disease was monitored on fields of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, Krasnodar. Analysis of climatic factors in years of the research resulted that heavy rainfalls (119.2?134.6 mm) exceeding multi-year averages (60.0 mm) by two times and the optimal average daily temperature 23.0?26.4 ?С in July are favorable for stem infection by Plenodomus lindquistii in the second half of the summer, in a phase of sunflower flowering – maturing. In 2018, the moisture deficit in June (11.0 mm) and August (6.8 mm) was a factor suppressing the viability of an infectious matter of a fungus that led to a low frequency of Phoma black stem on the sunflower lines (in average 20.3%). In 2019 and 2020, prevalence (P) and development (R) of Phoma black stem in average on sunflower lines were equal 23.3?29.9% and 21.4?28.1%, respectively. A line L 107 demonstrated a stable resistance to Plenodomus lindquistii infection during three years: amount of infected plants was within 5.7?8.3%, development was 3.8?8.3% at the infection level of 1–2 points. A susceptible line L 116 was selected (P: 47.5?62.8%, and R: 38.0?40.0%). Among the studied breeding lines, the sample VK 900 was the most susceptible to weather conditions of the year: prevalence of the Phoma black stem varied within 21.1?45.5% at the infection level of 1?3 points.

A Cross Sectional Study to Investigate Work Satisfaction among Nurses: The Impact of Occupational Features

The aim of the present study was to investigate work satisfaction among nurses as well as the impact of occupational features. A hundred and fifty two nurses (28 men and 124 women) participated in the survey. To collect the data, Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) was used. There were statistically significant differences between the positions regarding satisfaction (total score) (p&lt;0.05) with those nurses who had a position of responsibility (supervisors) showing the greatest satisfaction (p&lt;0.05). Also, there were statistically significant differences between hours regarding satisfaction (dimensions) (p&lt;0.05) with those nurses who had morning work showing the highest satisfaction (p&lt;0.05) in the salary dimension. An effect on the level of satisfaction of the nursing staff is observed from the factors of years of service, position of responsibility, working hours and monthly salaries.

Study of soft wheat by the canopy temperature depression under Altai territory conditions

Results of research in the field of wheat drought tolerance breeding by infrared thermometry method are presented. It is noted that in Russia this method is still not widespread. The parameter Canopy temperature depression (CTD) among collection samples of spring wheat was studied. The experiment was conducted in the Altai Territory in 2019-2021. Yield, elements of its structure and the duration of seedling – heading period were studied in 55 varieties of spring soft wheat. The canopy temperature was measured with a portable infrared thermometer. CTD was defined as the difference between the air temperature and the canopy temperature. The average CTD across the varieties was 6.1, -0.8, and 2.6 °C in 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. Significant influence on the variability of this trait had both the factor of year and genotype. During the three years of the study CTD had a stable reliable relationship with the duration of the seedling - heading period (r = 0.27- 0.37), and in two of the three years - with the yield (r = 0.32 and 0.60). In the driest year (2020), CTD was positively correlated not only with the yield structure elements (r = 0.17-0.48), but also with the plant height (r = 0.55). The highest average CTD value for three years was recorded for Altayskaya zhnica (3.5 °C), Stepnaya niva (3.6 °C), Burlak (3.8 °C), Obskaya 2 (3.9 °C), Lutescens 360/96, Merzana, Alexander (4.0 °C) and Lutescens 208/08-4 (4.4 °C) cultivars.

Effect of national curriculum reform on medical students’ preparedness for practice: a prospective cohort study from undergraduate to postgraduate periods

BackgroundIn recent years, a national curriculum reform was implemented in undergraduate medical education in Taiwan to reduce clinical rotation training from 3 years to 2 years. The last generation of the old curriculum and the first generation of the new curriculum both graduated in 2019. This study aimed to compare the learning outcomes of the medical students in these two curriculum groups in terms of preparedness for practice during the transition from undergraduate to postgraduate study.MethodsThis was a 3-year prospective, longitudinal, comparative cohort study between 2017 and 2020. Medical students from both the 7-year and 6-year curriculum groups received biannual questionnaire surveys starting 18 months before graduation and running until 11 months after graduation. The measurement tools were the Preparedness for Hospital Practice Questionnaire (PHPQ) and Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). Personal demographic information was also collected. Linear mixed models were used to determine the effect of curriculum change on learners’ preparedness and burnout levels.ResultsA total of 130 medical students from the two cohorts provided 563 measurements during the study period. Compared to their counterparts following the old curriculum, the participants following the new curriculum showed a lower level of preparedness when first entering clinical rotation (p = 0.027) and just after graduating (p = 0.049), especially in the domains of clinical confidence (p = 0.021) and patient management p = 0.015). The multivariate linear mixed model revealed gradual increases in preparedness and burnout in serial measurements in both curriculum groups. Students following the new curriculum, which involved a shortened clinical rotation, showed a slightly lower overall preparedness (p = 0.035) and the same level of burnout (p = 0.692) after adjustment. The factor of year of change did not show a significant effect on either preparedness (p = 0.258) or burnout (p = 0.457).ConclusionShortened clinical rotation training for medical undergraduates is associated with a decrease in preparedness for practice during the transition from undergraduate to postgraduate study. Clinical confidence and patient management are the main domains affected.

Ergonomic Risk Factors of Fourth- and Fifth-Year International Medical University Dental Students

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to identify and compare the ergonomic risk factors of year 4 and year 5 dental students attending International Medical University. MethodsThis was an exploratory, observational study evaluating ergonomic risk factors among year 4 and year 5 dental students, with a total of 89 participants. The students’ ergonomic risk components were evaluated using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) worksheet. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the RULA scores, and the Mann-Whitney U test served to determine the difference of ergonomic risk between year 4 and year 5 dental students. ResultsThe descriptive analysis showed that the participants’ (N = 89) median final RULA score was 6.00 (standard deviation = 0.716). One-year difference in the years of clinical practice did not produce a significant difference in the final RULA score (U = 913.0, P = 0.49). The final RULA scores showed year 4 dental students had a higher mean ranking (year 4 = 46.65, year 5 = 43.23). Furthermore, the Mann-Whitney U test indicated that this was not statistically significant (U = 913.0, P = 0.49). ConclusionThe descriptive analysis showed that the final RULA score of the participants indicated that the participants were in a high-risk category for experiencing work-related musculoskeletal disorders due to poor ergonomics. Contributing physical factors included working in asymmetric, awkward, and static positions in a confined workspace, infrequent use of dental loupes, and utilization of dental chairs that were not ergonomically appropriate.

Impact of Abnormal Climatic Events on the CPUE of Yellowfin Tuna Fishing in the Central and Western Pacific

To explore the impact of climate change on fishery resources, the temporal and spatial characteristics of the thermocline in the main yellowfin tuna purse-seine fishing grounds in the western and central Pacific Ocean during La Niña and El Niño years were studied using the 2008–2017 Argo grid data (BOA_Argo) and the log data of commercial fishing vessels. A generalized additive model (GAM) was used to analyze the variables affecting yellowfin tuna fishing grounds. The results showed that in La Niña years, the catch per unit effort (CPUE) moved westward as the high-value zone of the upper boundary contracted westward to 145° E, and in the El Niño years this moved eastward to 165° E. Compared with normal years, the upper boundary depth difference of the thermocline on the east and west sides of the equatorial Pacific was larger in La Niña years, and the upper boundary depth of 80–130 m shifted westward. The thermocline strength was generally weaker in the west and stronger in the east. The thermocline had two band-like distribution structures with an axis at 15° N and 15° S. The CPUE was distributed from 120 m to 200 m. The CPUE distribution was dense when the temperature range of the upper boundary of the thermocline was 27.5–29.5 °C, and the intensity was 0.08–0.13 °C·m−1. The upper-boundary temperature had the greatest impact on the CPUE. The eastward shift of the CPUE during El Niño and the westward shift during La Niña were associated with the optimal thermocline parameter values. The factor of year had a fluctuating effect on the CPUE, and the influence of the La Niña years was greater. The areas with high abundance were 5° N–5° S and 150° E–175° E. The results showed that the changes in the thermocline caused by abnormal climate events significantly affected the CPUE.

Investigation of Defensive Role of Silicon during Drought Stress Induced by Irrigation Capacity in Sugarcane: Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics.

Water stress may become one of the most inevitable factors in years to come regulating crop growth, development, and productivity globally. The application of eco-friendly stress mitigator may sustain physiological fitness of the plants as uptake and accumulation of silicon (Si) found to alleviate stress with plant performance. Our study focused on the mitigative effects of Si using calcium metasilicate (wollastonite powder, CaO·SiO2) in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) prior to the exposure of water stress created by the retention of 50–45% soil moisture capacity. Si (0, 50, 100, and 500 ppm L–1) was supplied through soil irrigation in S. officinarum L. grown at about half of the soil moisture capacity for a period of 90 days. Water stress impaired plant growth, biomass, leaf relative water content, SPAD value, photosynthetic pigments capacity, and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II. The levels of antioxidative defense-induced enzymes, viz., catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, enhanced. Silicon-treated plants expressed positive correlation with their performance index. A quadratic nonlinear relation observed between loss and gain (%) in physiological and biochemical parameters during water stress upon Si application. Si was found to be effective in restoring the water stress injuries integrated to facilitate the operation of antioxidant defense machinery in S. officinarum L. with improved plant performance index and photosynthetic carbon assimilation.

Impacts of Whale-Watching on the Short-Term Behavior of Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in a Marine Protected Area in the Southeastern Pacific

Whale-watching (WW) is an activity which has been increasing worldwide due to the great interest of tourists and the economic benefits it provides to local communities. However, it has been reported that this activity affects the behavioral patterns of some cetaceans, although for some species such as the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) this has not been extensively studied. To identify the effects of WW on the behavioral patterns of this species, we studied its traveling and resting behaviors in a locality of north-central Chile from 2015 to 2018. Using a theodolite, we calculated the response variables of swim speed, directness index, and reorientation for each behavior. We used the number of WW boats and the WW scenarios of “before”, “during”, and “after” the presence of boats as possible factors to explain the differences in the response variables of the whales, along with the factors of year, month, group size, and distance from the observation point. Reorientation increased significantly and the directness index decreased significantly for both traveling and resting behaviors from “before” to “during” WW scenarios, indicating more erratic and sinuous movements in the presence of boats. These changes in movement patterns are a commonly reported evasion response of cetaceans to the presence of WW boats. For traveling behavior, the swimming speed significantly increased, and trends showed increased reorientation and a decrease in the directness index in the “after” WW scenario, which suggests perturbation of the whales potentially associated with the speed and the direction in which the boats left. During resting behavior, the trajectories of the fin whales became straighter (decrease in reorientation) as the number of boats increased, thus evasion (more erratic and sinuous movements) is a behavior used less by fin whales as the number of boats increases. Notwithstanding the fact that tourism development in the study area is small in scale, we found that WW generates adverse effects that are reflected in changes in the whales’ movement patterns. This kind of information is valuable to the adjustment and/or design of management strategies for the species, which is fundamental for WW to continue to be a sustainable activity.

The Role of Cognitive Factors in Year Five Pupils' Algebraic Thinking: A Structural Equation Modelling Analysis

Algebraic thinking in children can bridge the cognitive gap between arithmetic and algebra. This quantitative study aimed to develop and test a cognitive model that examines the cognitive factors influencing algebraic thinking among Year Five pupils. A total of 720 Year Five pupils from randomly selected national schools in Malaysia participated in this study. Two mathematics instruments were used to evaluate the participants’ number, symbol, operation, and pattern senses and their algebraic thinking respectively. Data was analysed using a structural equation modelling and Partial Least Squares regression. The results indicated that the proposed cognitive factors influence algebraic thinking significantly, with the most influential factor being symbol sense followed by pattern sense, number sense, and operation sense. The finding implies that educators should consider implementing activities related to these cognitive factors when teaching mathematics to enhance the pupils’ transition from arithmetic to algebra.

Cowpea yield variation in three dominant soil types in the Sudan Savanna of West Africa

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a legume crop widely cultivated across the Sudan Savanna. Despite its importance for farmers’ food security in this region, the grain yields are highly variable among years and locations. To identify environmental and plant factors underlying this yield variation and select cowpeas with a stable yield, the grain yield variation of 16 cowpea genotypes in three dominant soils in the Sudan Savanna, namely, Ferric Lixisols (LXfr), Petric Plinthosols (PTpt), and Pisoplinthic Petric Plinthosols (PTpt.px), were analyzed in two consecutive years with different precipitation. In this study, the three soils were located near each other at the experimental site and thus the meteorological conditions were assumed to be identical for the soil types. Results of analysis of variance showed that the factor of year, representing the effect of precipitation, was the largest cause of annual yield variation although there was a significant interaction between year and soil type. Based on this result, environment was defined as each combination of year and soil type in a subsequent additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model analysis to detect the effects of the environment, genotype, and genotype-environmental interaction (GEI) on grain yield variation. Then, additive Bayesian network (ABN) analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between environmental and plant factors. The AMMI model revealed that the effect of GEI on grain yield was the complete opposite between the years even for the same soil type, indicating no single genotype achieved both stable and high yields across these soil types. The ABN analysis suggested that the primary cause of yield variation among the different soil types under same precipitation was the difference in soil total nitrogen and available phosphorus content rather than that in available soil water. The larger GEI in LXfr and PTpt was caused partly by their high water holding capacity, which led to excess water stress under high precipitation for LXfr and PTpt, and partly by deep soils, which led to drought stress under low precipitation for LXfr because of infiltration into the subsurface layer. However, the higher fertility of these two soils compensated for excess water/drought stress, and thus, the average yields were higher than that in PTpt.p × . PTpt.px showed the lowest mean yield and the smallest GEI because of poor soil fertility, although the soil with low water holding capacity was prone to drought stress even during short dry spells. The AMMI model uncovered two cowpea genotypes with stable yield across all the environments; however, the grain yields of these genotypes were not the highest in each environment. Selection of a genotype with a medium but stable yield would be favorable to improve long-term average yield in the Sudan Savanna, where multiple soils with a large GEI are distributed in mosaic patterns.

Impacts of Climatic and Agricultural Input Factors on the Water Footprint of Crop Production in Jilin Province, China

Water consumption ensures crop production and grain security, and is influenced by many factors. Analyzing the impact factors of water consumption during crop production will be beneficial to the full use of water resources and crop growth. Jilin Province is one of the major crop production areas in China and is facing water shortages. Using the water footprint as an indicator, this study evaluated the water consumption of crop production in Jilin Province during 2000–2016, explored the impacts of climatic and agricultural input factors on the water consumption of crop production, and identified the most influential factors in years under different levels of rainfall. The results indicate that the crop water footprint exhibited a decreasing trend during 2000–2016, and the most influential factors of the crop water footprint changed over the years with different levels of rainfall. Precipitation and the effective irrigation area were the most influential factors in the drought year, and accumulated temperature, machinery power, and chemical fertilizer consumption were the most influential factors in normal and humid years. The most influential factors of the crop water footprint differed in different regions with the differences in natural and human interfered conditions. Identifying the impacts of the most influential factors on the water consumption of crop production would be conducive to optimizing farmland management and achieving sustainable agricultural production.

Effectiveness of Hydrogalvanic Bath on Improving Pain, Disability, and Quality of Life in Individuals with Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background Neck pain is one of the world's leading factors in years lived with disability. Ambiguity in the effect of electrotherapy modalities for the treatment of chronic nonspecific neck pains (CNSNP) needs to be examined further. This study sought to elucidate the effectiveness of hydrogalvanic bath on improving pain, disability, and quality of life among individuals with CNSNP. Methods Thirty-four individuals with a diagnosis of CNSNP were selected through convenient sampling and randomly divided into two groups by block randomization. The control group treatment underwent low Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and exercise, and the experimental group was subjected to hydrogalvanic bath therapy (HGBT) and exercise. Individuals were evaluated for pain using a visual analog scale (VAS), disability with the Neck Disability Index (NDI), and quality of life with Short Form-36 (SF-36). These measures were applied at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. Results The pretreatment and posttreatment results for VAS, NDI, and SF-36 were compared for both control and experimental groups. We found that all the three variables showed significant differences between the two time points with p < 0.05 in both the groups but the experimental group improvements were more significant than the control group with p < 0.05. Conclusion Twelve weeks of low TENS or HGBT along with exercises can decrease pain and neck disability and increase the quality of life in individuals with CNSNP. However, HGBT along with exercise has superior effects relative to low TENS along with exercise. This randomized controlled trial was registered in the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trials Number-ISRCTN29695190 and registered on 05/02/2020. This study is a retrospective registration.

Community assembly mechanisms and succession processes significantly differ among treatments during the restoration of Stipa grandis \u2013 Leymus chinensis communities

Understanding community assembly mechanisms is helpful to predict community dynamics. To explore which community assembly mechanism(s) drive(s) the grassland restoration in semi-arid region, we investigated the relationships between plant trait and species relative abundance (SRA), and estimated community functional diversity indices for each community under different treatments (enclosure, grazing and mowing treatment) in a restoration region of Stipa grandis – Leymus chinensis communities in the northern China from 2010 to 2012. There was a high fraction of significant relationships between trait value and SRA, suggesting that niche theory structured the grassland restoration in this region. The functional richness was higher and the functional divergence was lower in the enclosure community than that in the grazing or mowing community, and significantly positive plant height - SRA relationship was found in the enclosure community. These findings demonstrated that limiting similarity based on niche theory was more important in structuring the enclosure community and that environmental filtering based on niche theory played a more important role in driving the grazing or mowing community. Only the factor of year significantly affected the functional evenness (FEve), and the lowest FEve in 2011 implied that the relatively lower precipitation could enhance the effect of limiting similarity on community assembly in the semi-arid grassland.

Resident Practice Audit in Gastroenterology (RPAGE): an innovative approach to trainee evaluation and professional development in medicine

The Resident Practice Audit in Gastroenterology (RPAGE) captures assessments of knowledge, professionalism, and technical skills, in real time. This brief report describes this innovative instrument and aspects of its utility. Assessment data on colonoscopy, endoscopy, and sigmoidoscopy procedures in 2016 were submitted to a repeated measures ANOVA with six within subjects' assessments and one between subjects' factor of year of specialization to evaluate construct validity. The validity hypothesis tested was that more experienced residents would be rated higher than less experienced residents. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. The proportion of completed assessments was relatively low (9 to 22%). Overall reliability was high (α >0.8). There was evidence of validity as global ratings indicated higher competence for senior residents at colonoscopy (1.6) and upper endoscopy (1.4) than for more junior residents (1.9 and 2.1 respectively). These differences were significant for both colonoscopy, (F (1, 282) = 14.8, p <0.001) and endoscopy, F (1, 136) = 56.9, p <0.001. These findings suggest RPAGE is an acceptable electronic log of practice data, but may not be acceptable for workplace based assessment. A key next step will be to evaluate how information collected through RPAGE can help inform resident competency committees.

An Analysis of Factors associated with Annual Trends in Childbirth Plans by Female Workers

Purpose: The aim of this study is to identify factors of Korean female workers'' childbirth plans and to establish measures to improve the childbirth plan. Methods: Study subjects were selected part in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th year surveys of the Korean Longitudinal Panel Survey of Women and Families. The selection criteria were as follows: women who had a spouse; were salaried workers currently employed for the last one month; belonged to a childbearing age; and had less than 3 children. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate factors associated with childbirth plans. Results: Childbirth plans by female workers decreased each year. The analysis of associated factors revealed that age, number of children were associated factors in all years. In addition, education, satisfaction about dividing household chores with the husband, and satisfaction about working environment were associated with the lack of planning for childbirth in female workers in the 1st survey year. Satisfaction about dividing household chores with the husband, family-work conflict, and satisfaction about the potential for personal development were associated factors in the 3rd survey year. Finally, family-work conflict, satisfaction about employment stability, and satisfaction about job task at work were associated factors in the 5th survey year. Conclusion: It is important to know the measures focusing on the lack of planning for childbirth, and hence these factors can be improved by assessing in general, family, and occupational characteristics. Additionally, employer policies regarding women employees who are pregnant or have children at home need to be reviewed.

Socioeconomic position and alcohol related harm in Danish teenagers

Introduction Social inequalities in adverse consequences of alcohol consumption, i.e. alcohol-related disease and death, have consistently been found in adult populations with people from lower socioeconomic position experiencing harm more frequently, also when level of alcohol consumption is taken into account. This phenomenon is known as the alcohol harm paradox. Among adolescents, alcohol use is the leading global risk factor for years of life lost due to premature mortality or disability. In Europe, 13% of adolescents aged 15–16 years have been intoxicated within a 30-day period. Therefore, it is relevant to explore if alcohol consumption pattern translates into an alcohol harm paradox already in adolescence. In this age group, alcohol causes acute harms such as violence, accidents, problems with parents or friends, unprotected sexual intercourse and illicit drug use. We aim at testing the hypothesis that in Danish teenagers, lower socioeconomic position is associated with higher odds of experiencing alcohol related harm, also after taking level of alcohol consumption into account. Methods Data from the Danish National Youth Study 2014 including a total of 70,566 high school students from 119 high schools were included. Socioeconomic position was measured as parents’ educational level, family income, parents’ occupational status and financial strain. The former three were obtained by linkage to Danish national registers with high validity whereas financial strain was self-reported. Alcohol related harm was measured as having been in a fight, been involved in an accident, had problems with family or friends, had sex that was regretted afterwards, and done drugs that was regretted afterwards. A combined measure was constructed defined as having experienced any of the individual harms more than once. Analyses were adjusted by age, sex, perceived ethnicity, school type and frequency of binge drinking. Results Higher frequency of binge drinking was associated with higher odds of alcohol related harm in all socioeconomic groups. Lower socioeconomic position measured by parents’ educational level, family income, parents’ occupational status, and financial strain was associated with higher odds of having experienced alcohol related harm more than once as compared to higher socioeconomic position. For example, students having parents with elementary school as the highest education had the highest odds of experiencing alcohol related harm more than once (OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 1.12;1.42) compared to students with parents with long education. Lower socioeconomic position was associated with higher odds of being in a fight, having problems with family or friends, having sex and regretting afterwards, or doing drugs and regretting afterwards. All associations were similar between boys and girls. There was no statistical significant interaction between frequency of binge drinking and socioeconomic position ( P = 0.2). Conclusions A dose-response relationship was observed between frequency of binge drinking and odds of alcohol related harm, and this was consistently observed in all social strata. However, odds of alcohol related harm were generally higher among students whose parents had low socioeconomic position as compared to those with high socioeconomic position.

A Study on Emotional Intelligence and Job Satisfaction among School Teachers

This study attempts to find the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Job satisfaction by analysing factors of years of Experience, Educational level, Family Income and Structure. The sample for this study consisted of 51 school teachers who were currently teaching in a school setting. This sample was selected from volunteer school teachers who are working in St. Patrick’s ICSE School Chennai. Emotional Intelligence by Dr. Immanuel Thomas and Sushama, S.R. (2003). And Job Satisfaction by Bubey, B.L., Uppal, K.M and Verma , S.K (1989) Tools used for this study. The result is that Emotional Intelligence has positive impact on Job satisfaction. Therefore, individuals who have capacity to be aware of, control, and express one’s emotions and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically will be able to handle work place challenges and that could in turn lead to Job satisfaction.

Associations among animal, carcass, muscle characteristics, and fresh meat color traits in Charolais cattle

This study investigated the effects of animal, carcass and muscle characteristics on initial color traits of steaks from 887 Charolais cattle. First, the fixed factors of year of birth, experiment and sex had strong impacts on color traits. From the covariates, increased age lead to intense color (low h*, −1.55 units) and darker and vivid meat (high a*, b* and C*: +4.56, +3.41 and +5.61, respectively). Increases in fatness score and carcass fat weight were associated with increases in a*, b* and C* (redness; +2.90 to +4.06 for a*; yellowness; +2.60 to +3.76 for b*; and vividness, +3.87 to +5.49 for C*) and a darker colored lean (L*; −1.56 to −3.23). As pH24h increased, a* (less red) and C* (less vivid) decreased (−3.06), whereas hue angle increased (+2.69) leading to poorer color. The selection of animals for high degree of muscularity or slaughter weight resulted in lighter and darker meat, respectively. The studied covariates could be used as indicators of Charolais beef color traits.