Factors Of Subjective Well-being Research Articles

Competing Models of the Structure of Subjective Well-Being: Have All Won and Must All Have Prizes?

The tripartite model of subjective well-being (SWB) posits three components: positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction. The fundamental issue regarding the structure of SWB and the meaning of the general SWB factor remains unresolved. Across three studies and six samples (total N = 9304), we evaluated competing models of SWB and tested the criterion-related validity of SWB components operationalized within different models. In addition to a standard confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and bifactor-CFA, we used exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and bifactor-ESEM approaches. Latent factor models were applied to examine the nomological network of SWB in relation to several external criteria (e.g., positive expectations, depression, and anxiety). We found evidence supporting the three-factor and bifactor-ESEM models of SWB. The meaning and interpretability of the general and specific factors of SWB were found to depend on the indicators used to assess affective well-being. Several issues concerning the bifactor-CFA model were identified. Both the general and specific factors of SWB exhibited meaningful and interpretable nomological networks. The structure of SWB, the value of incorporating a general factor, and the nature of general and specific SWB factors depend on the instruments used to measure SWB.

Determinants of pro-environmental behaviour: effects of socioeconomic, subjective, and psychological well-being factors from 37 countries

The investigation of the relationship between pro-environmental behaviour and the determinants of natural environment sustainability is increasing; however, the heterogeneous effects of these determinants remain unclear. Based on large-scale original cross-sectional data (100,804 observations) from 37 countries, this study investigated the average and heterogeneous effects of socioeconomic, demographic, subjective, and psychological well-being characteristics on individuals’ pro-environmental behaviour using quantile regression. The results confirmed that, on average, a positive association existed between subjective well-being, knowledge of environmental issues, educational attainment, life satisfaction, mental health, positive emotions, and pro-environmental behaviour engagement. Importantly, heterogeneous effects were confirmed in the majority of determinants, including knowledge of environmental issues, education, number of children, life satisfaction, income, negative and positive emotions, and mental health. Given the heterogeneous effect of the determinants, the results suggest that overall better characteristics, including knowledge level, educational attainment, well-being, and family structure, are associated with better pro-environmental behaviour engagement among individuals, contributing to creating an eco-surplus society.

Inequalities and Social Capital as Factors of Subjective Well-Being: Case Study from Western Province, Zambia

Understanding well-being’s complexities, including its subjective and context-dependent nature, is crucial for informing policy decisions and development interventions aimed at enhancing quality of life and reducing poverty. Unfortunately, subjective well-being (SWB) research, particularly in the context of Global South, has received relatively less attention, despite its fundamental importance in the field of human development. This research aims to contribute to the discussion on SWB by examining its association with diverse forms of inequalities and deprivations. Specifically, we investigate the impact of these deprivations, both at the societal and intra-household levels, on SWB among the rural population of the Western Province in Zambia. The study underscores low levels of SWB in the surveyed area. It reveals the impact of intra-household inequalities, demonstrating that the presence of a more educated individual in the household positively affects well-being. On the other hand, having responsibilities related to decision-making power within households diminishes SWB, probably due to related stress and anxiety. As expected, limited access to resources in the household also negatively affects SWB. Our main finding in the realm of societal inequalities revolves around the assertion that fostering social capital through active participation in formal or informal groups significantly enhances SWB. Empowering individuals through education and knowledge sharing, and promoting inclusivity and diversity in social interactions are key strategies that policymakers can adopt to enhance SWB in the Muoyo-Mukukutu area and similar regions.

A comparison of subjective well-being between urban and rural elderly in China: Differences and influences

Background: Among urban and rural elderly in China, comprehensive contextual factors of subjective well-being (SWB) have not yet been investigated systematically. Using a large and representative sample of Chinese elderly people, this study explored the predictors of SWB. As outlined in Andersen’s behavioral model, predictors can be classified as predisposing, enabling, needing, and health factors. Methods: The Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) is a nationwide, community-based and cross-sectional study conducted between 2003 and 2022. This study used data from 2018. There were 4415 participants aged over 60, including 1763 urban residents and 2652 rural residents. The SWB was measured on a five-point Likert scale ranging from very unhappy to very happy. Estimating potential predictors on SWB was accomplished by using ordinal logistic regression models in the generalized linear method. Results: In China, the SWB of urban and rural elderly has greatly improved, and the gap between them has narrowed significantly. Those with spouses, pensions, higher incomes, better self-reported health, and more social activities have better SWB. In the urban elderly, SWB is primarily determined by enabling factors such as personal income, while in the rural elderly, it is primarily determined by need factors such as social participation. Conclusions: A variety of factors influence SWB among the elderly. An emphasis should be placed on helping widowed elderly people, those without pension insurance, those with low incomes, and those less involved in social activities. Leisure activities, financial support, social security, and medical services can all be improved to promote the SWB of older people.

Resilience as a factor in psychologists' subjective well-being in war conditions

Resilience as a factor in psychologists' subjective well-being in war conditions

Religiosity as a factor of subjective well-being of Russian women in cross-cultural marriages with UAE nationals

The article presents some results of a qualitative research on the topic of religiosity as a factor of subjective well-being of Russian women in the cross-cultural marriages with UAE nationals. The study involved 11 Russian women from 22 to 50 years old. As a result of the thematic analysis and qualitative processing of the data of the research based on semi-structured interviews it was concluded that the religion all study participants profess, Islam, is a significant factor in the subjective well-being of the studied selection of women and contributes to the greater value of the unity with a foreign-cultural spouse. The results of the study can be used for further qualitative and quantitative research on the matter of cross-cultural marriages and in the practice of psychologists and social workers to help cross-cultural couples in order to fully realize their potential.

Research on the influencing factors of subjective well-being of Chinese college students based on panel model.

The subjective well-being of Chinese college students has always been a topic of concern. Subjective well-being is an overall evaluation of the quality of life according to the standards set by individuals, which is of great significance to the development of college students. Based on the data published in the past 5 years of China's comprehensive social survey, this study uses panel model and adversarial explanatory structure model to analyze the influencing factors of subjective well-being of Chinese college students from five dimensions: social equity attitude, parental education, use of network, social interaction and physical health. The results show that social justice attitude, parents' education, network use, social interaction and physical health have a positive impact on the subjective well-being of Chinese college students. Among them, the use of the network and the education of parents mainly affect the social justice attitude, social interaction attitude, physical health status, and ultimately affect the subjective well-being of college students. Based on the above conclusions, this study proposes strategies to improve the subjective well-being of college students, which has certain reference and guiding significance for educators and decision makers, and has reference significance for developing countries.

The relationship between time perspective, subjective well-being and personal resource capacity in late age

Introduction. Realisation of resources, access to education, and preservation of well-being of elderly people are topical issues for research and social practice since effective structuring of educational environment and methods of social support need empirically confirmed data on psychological characteristics and resources of a person in elderly age. The study of the relationship of time perspective with well-being personal resource capacity makes it possible to assess the implications of the educational environment’s influence on these characteristics. The aim of the article is to identify the nature of the conjunction of a person’s time perspective with factors of subjective well-being and components of personal resource capacity. Materials and methods. The empirical study involved 528 respondents (387 women, 152 men) aged from 45 to 75, with the average age of the participants being 58 years. A set of eleven psychodiagnostic techniques was implemented, united into three blocks: diagnostic techniques for time perspective, subjective well-being, lifeconscious and regulatory components of personal resource capacity. The methods of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used for data processing. Results. The peculiarities of conjugation of time perspective with the explored components of personal resource capacity were empirically established: subjective well-being (59 correlations with coefficients – 0.230 < r < 0.496), regulatory aspect (42 correlations with coefficients – 0.325 < r < 0.450), and life-conscious aspect (43 correlations with coefficients – 0.573 < r < 0.415). “Favourable” and “unfavourable” types of time orientation in the late age were defined. Their positive and negative influence on subjective well-being indicators, as well as on life-conscious and regulatory components of personal resource capacity, was specified. Conclusion. The obtained results made it possible to define the methods of managing time perspective by maintaining and developing its “favourable” types – orientation at the future, positive past, and hedonistic present, and reducing the negative influence of “unfavourable” types – orientation at the negative past and fatalistic present.

Evaluating the Structure of Subjective Well-Being: Evidence From Three Large-Scale, Long-Term, National Longitudinal Studies.

To inform the tripartite structure of subjective well-being (SWB), national longitudinal studies from the United States, Germany, and Australia were used to estimate random-intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM) in which between- and within-individual variation in life satisfaction (LS), positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) was examined over periods of up to two decades. The RI-CLPMs incorporated a hierarchical conceptualization in which LS, PA, and NA are indicators of a latent SWB factor and a causal systems conceptualization in which PA and NA are inputs to LS. Results from all three samples indicated substantial loadings from LS, PA, and NA on latent SWB factors between and within individuals. Cross-lagged effects were observed among all three SWB components, rather than unidirectional from PA and NA to LS. The present findings provide valuable new insights concerning the tripartite structure of SWB between and within individuals over extended periods of time.

Association between subjective physical function and occurrence of new fractures in older adults: A retrospective cohort study.

The Late-Stage Elderly Questionnaire has been incorporated into health assessments for older adults in Japan, encompassing three self-administered questions on subjective physical function: subjective gait speed decline, recent fall history, and exercise habits. Nevertheless, its efficacy in predicting new fracture occurrences remains uncertain. This retrospective cohort study utilized Japan's DeSC database, a large commercially available claims database. Participants were older adults aged ≥75 years and provided complete responses to the Late-Stage Elderly Questionnaire at health check-ups. We performed two Cox regression analyses for new fractures based on the responses to the three questions (Model 1) and on age, sex, and responses to the three questions (Model 2). The predictive abilities of the 1-year occurrence of new fractures were compared between the two models. Of 11 683 eligible older adults, 927 (7.93%) experienced new fractures. Model 1 revealed significant associations between new fractures and subjective gait speed decline (hazard ratio [HR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40-1.89), recent fall history (HR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.77-2.33), and absence of exercise habits (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.13-1.47). Model 2 demonstrated superior predictive ability (area under the curve, 0.677; 95% CI, 0.659-0.695) compared with Model 1 (area under the curve, 0.633; 95% CI, 0.614-0.652), with a net reclassification improvement of 0.383 (95% CI, 0.317-0.449). Three subjective physical well-being factors were significantly associated with new fracture development in older adults. These results suggest that the three-question assessment may be a valuable screening tool for identifying new fractures. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 337-343.

Subjective well-being and chronic illnesses: A combined survey and register study

Populations are ageing, and higher proportions live with chronic illnesses. Understanding the association between health and well-being and being able to predict who may experience the largest detriment in well-being is essential if societies are to maintain high levels of social welfare. Our study places itselfin the limited literature examining the association between chronic illness and subjective well-being (SWB). We offer a unique contribution to the literature by studying different domains of SWB and by investigating variation in SWB.A cross-sectional survey of a representative group of Danish citizens aged 50-80 is linked with national register data containing comprehensive information on health and social issues. We identify six common chronic illnesses. In addition to general life satisfaction, we also measure SWB in seven domains of life, including health, using the Personal Wellbeing Index. Health state is measured by EQ-5D-5L. We use OLS and adjust for socio-demographics, lifestyle, personal skills, preferences, and personality traits. In a range of heterogeneity analyses we explore the role of 22 personal characteristics as predictive factors of SWB when being chronically ill. We also examine two possible sources of variation in SWB.We find robust evidence of negative associations between chronic illness and older individuals’ SWB beyond the health domain. When ascertaining the influence of personal characteristics, we find that some factors predict vulnerability. Interestingly, heterogeneity in SWB across personal characteristics stem from differential health state and in some cases from differences in the association between SWB and health.

Gender, psychological distress, and subjective well-being two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.

This study aimed to examine gender differences in distress and well-being two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing risk and protective factors for psychological distress and subjective well-being. It is a repeated cross-sectional study with a sample of 1,588 women (50%) and men (50%) from the general Spanish population aged 18-74 years who were assessed online by seven questionnaires and scales. Descriptive, variance, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed. From February to April 2022, 57.4% of women and 38.7% of men had psychological distress, percentages that totaled 50.5% and 41.5%, respectively, from October 2022 to February 2023. Women also had greater perceived vulnerability to diseases, more negative feelings, and lower affect balance, resilience, and self-esteem than men. The most important predictors of greater psychological distress refer to lower self-esteem, resilience, and social support and higher perceived vulnerability to diseases. Other statistically significant predictors included lower educational level in women and neither being married nor living with a partner in men. Lower self-esteem also best predicted lower subjective well-being, with lower social support and lower resilience also constituting significant predictors. Moreover, lower educational level and higher perceived vulnerability to diseases statistically and significantly predicted lower subjective well-being in women, as did not being a student in men. We conclude that psychological distress remains greatly prevalent in Spain two years after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in women.

A study of the relationship between meta-emotions and subjective well-being among higher vocational students

This study intends to examine the relationship between meta-emotions and subjective well-being of higher vocational students through an actual survey of higher vocational students, aiming to provide a basis for enhancing the mental health of higher vocational students and improving their subjective well-being. Three hundred and eighty-seven higher vocational students were selected as subjects, and their meta-emotions and subjective well-being were investigated by questionnaire method. The results showed that: (1) there were two significant positive correlations between emotion attention, emotion discrimination and emotion recovery and subjective well-being. (2) There were significant differences in the levels of emotional attention by gender and being an only child; there were significant differences in emotional discrimination and subjective well-being by subject; and there were significant differences in the three factors of meta-emotions and subjective well-being by grade level, with freshman year being significantly lower than other grades. (3) Meta-emotions are positively predictive of subjective well-being. This study not only explores the relationship between meta-emotions and subjective well-being, but also provides empirical support and theoretical guidance for more targeted guidance to enhance subjective well-being of higher vocational students.

Analysis of the Status Quo and Influencing Factors of Subjective Well-Being of the Elderly in Xining Community

Analysis of the Status Quo and Influencing Factors of Subjective Well-Being of the Elderly in Xining Community

The ABC of happiness: Validation of the tridimensional model of subjective well-being (affect, cognition, and behavior) using Bifactor Polytomous Multidimensional Item Response Theory

BackgroundHappiness is often conceptualized as subjective well-being, which comprises people's evaluations of emotional experiences (i.e., the affective dimension: positive and negative feelings and emotions) and judgements of a self-imposed ideal (i.e., the cognitive dimension: life satisfaction). Recent research has established these two dimensions as primary parts of a higher order factor. However, theoretical, conceptual, and empirical work suggest that people's evaluations of harmony in their life (i.e., the sense of balance and capacity to behave and adapt with both acceptance and flexibility to inter- and intrapersonal circumstances) constitutes a third dimension (i.e., the behavioral dimension). This tridemensional conceptualization of subjective well-being has recently been verified using Unidimensional Item Response Theory (UIRT) and Classical Test Theory (CTT). Here, we use a recently developed and more robust approach that combines these two methods (i.e., Multidimensional Item Response Theory, MIRT) to simultaneously address the complex interactions and multidimensionality behind how people feel, think, and behave in relation to happiness in their life. MethodA total of 435 participants (197 males and 238 females) with an age mean of 44.84 (sd = 13.36) responded to the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (10 positive affect items, 10 negative affect items), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (five items), and the Harmony in life Scale (five items). We used Bifactor-Graded Response MIRT for the main analyses. ResultAt the general level, each of the 30 items had a strong capacity to discriminate between respondents across all three dimensions of subjective well-being. The investigation of different parameters (e.g., marginal slopes, ECV, IECV) strongly reflected the multidimensionality of subjective well-being at the item, the scale, and the model level. Indeed, subjective well-being could explain 64 % of the common variance in the whole model. Moreover, most of the items measuring positive affect (8/10) and life satisfaction (4/5) and all the items measuring harmony in life (5/5) accounted for a larger amount of variance of subjective well-being compared to that of their respective individual dimensions. The negative affect items, however, measured its own individual concept to a lager extent rather than subjective well-being. Thus, suggesting that the experience of negative affect is a more independent dimension within the whole subjective well-being model. We also found that specific items (e.g., “Alert”, “Distressed”, “Irritable”, “I am satisfied with my life”) were the recurrent exceptions in our results. Last but not the least, experiencing high levels in one dimension seems to compensate for low levels in the others and vice versa. ConclusionAs expected, the three subjective well-being dimensions do not work separately. Interestingly, the order and magnitude of the effect by each dimension on subjective well-being mirror how people define happiness in their life: first as harmony, second as satisfaction, third as positive emotions, and fourth, albeit to a much lesser degree, as negative emotions. Ergo, we argue that subjective well-being functions as a complex biopsychosocial adaptive system mirroring our attitude towards life in these three dimensions (A: affective dimension; B: behavioral dimension; C: cognitive dimension). Ergo, researchers and practitioners need to take in to account all three to fully understand, measure, and promote people's experience of the happy life. Moreover, our results also suggest that negative affect, especially regarding high activation unpleasant emotions, need considerable changes and further analyses if it is going to be included as a construct within the affective dimension of a general subjective well-being factor.

Examining the Factor Structure of a Subjective Well-Being Measure in a Medical Student Sample

Accreditation standards for U.S. medical education programming require that training programs promote trainee wellness and well-being, although constructs such as psychological distress and depression commonly serve as proxies for well-being. A direct measure of subjective well-being would be invaluable to inform programming efforts to promote medical trainees’ well-being and advance the study of the well-being construct itself. This study investigated the structural validity of subjective well-being as measured by the Well-Being Scale in a sample of 548 osteopathic medical students. Results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that subjective well-being is best represented by a bifactor model with a general subjective well-being factor and five well-being domain factors and that allowing items from two well-being domains to cross load brought significantly stronger model-data agreement. Some scale items were respecified to become pure indicators of the general well-being factor based on their patterns of factor loadings, and the final bifactor model brought an acceptable fit. To our knowledge, this study is among the initial research efforts to investigate the use of a holistic subjective well-being instrument in the medical student population. The use of a direct, multidimensional subjective well-being measure is foundational to medical education programs’ efforts to promote well-being, future investigations of predictors of medical students’ well-being, and longitudinal analyses of medical students’ well-being over their matriculation.

METACOGNITIVE CORRELATES OF SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING OF UNIVERSITY TEACHERS IN BORDER REGIONS IN MODERN CONDITIONS

The article explores the relationship of metacognition characteristics with the components of subjective well-being of university teachers in border regions in modern conditions. In the introduction, the main theoretical concepts of metacognition and factors of subjective well-being are considered, the purpose of the study and the hy-pothesis are formulated. The sample of the study was 705 people (72% women) — teachers of higher educational institutions of the border regions (Donetsk and Lugansk regions). To study the characteristics of metacognition and well-being, the following methods were used: Shamionov R.M., Beskova T.V. Methods of diagnostics of subjective well-being of the person, the questionnaire “MCQ-30” by A.Wells, the method “Diff erential type of refl ection”, the questionnaire of self-assessment of metacognitive behavior by E.G. Denisova. According to the results of the cor-relation analysis, the presence of the relationship of the components of subjective well-being with the characteris-tics of metacognition was revealed. It is shown that the level of subjective well-being of residents of border regions in modern conditions is signifi cantly higher with a high level of development of metacognitive skills, systemic refl ection, supporting metacognitive schemes. Indicators that reduce the level of subjective well-being have been identifi ed. In particular, it was found that negative metacognitive patterns are most closely associated with a low level of subjective well-being. In conclusion, the conclusion is made about the signifi cant role of metacognitions in the formation and maintenance of the subjective well-being of residents of border regions in modern conditions.

Typological features of subjective well-being of modern youth

Introduction. Interest in the research topic is associated with the request of university drivers, employers regarding the personal and regulatory resources of today's youth. The ability to set a goal and strive for its implementation, to realistically assess expectations and develop one's potential, reveals one's experiences through the solution of an experimental analysis. The aim of the study was to determine the individual typological characteristics of young people, taking into account their subjective wellbeing, conscious self-regulation and tolerance for uncertainty. We assumed that this or that type is largely due to the development of regulatory-cognitive processes and, in part, a specific set of regulatory-personal properties, as well as personal attitudes towards tolerance for uncertainty. Participants and research methods. The study sample consisted of young students aged 18 to 35 (average age 20.7±3.5 years, N=1435). Techniques were used to diagnose the subjective perception of a person, conscious selfregulation, tolerance/intolerance to uncertainty. Mathematical and statistical data processing includes standardizing, k-means clustering and configuration-frequency analysis of the distribution of selected clusters. Results. Cluster analysis revealed 7 groups of students who differ statistically significantly in all the diagnosed parameters. A comparative analysis of the selected groups was carried out, their psychological characteristics were given. It is established that the manifestation of typological features of subjective well-being is based, on the one hand, on certain structural and functional features of conscious self–regulation, and on the other hand, on the formation of an attitude of tolerance to uncertainty. It is proved that a high level of conscious self-regulation, perseverance and constancy in achieving the goal of activity in psychologically stressful conditions of life are significant factors of subjective well-being, preventing and/or leveling the development of dysfunctional states. It has been proven that a high level of conscious self-regulation, perseverance and sensitivity in the goal of activity (perseverance) in conditions of stressful states of life are identified as sensitive factors of subjective passage, preventing and/or leveling the development of dysfunctional vessels. Practical significance. The presented results of an empirical study clearly demonstrate the possibility of applying a differential typological approach to subjective well-being, allow us to describe the differential aspects of the relationship between subjective well-being, conscious self-regulation, attitudes to tolerance for uncertainty and identify the main directions of practical work with young people in the direction of developing conscious self-regulation and improving their subjective well-being.

Partner relationships, hopelessness, and health status strongly predict maternal well-being: an approach using light gradient boosting machine

No recent study has explicitly focused on predicting the well-being of pregnant women. This study used data from an extensive online survey in Japan to examine the predictors of the subjective well-being of pregnant women. We developed and validated a light Gradient Boosting Machine (lightGBM) model using data from 400 pregnant women in 2020 to identify three factors that predict subjective well-being. The results confirmed that the model could predict subjective well-being in pregnant women with 84% accuracy. New variables that contributed significantly to this prediction were "partner help", "hopelessness," and "health status". A new lightGBM model was built with these three factors, trained and validated using data from 400 pregnant women in 2020, and predicted using data from 1791 pregnant women in 2021, with an accuracy of 88%. These factors were also significant risk factors for subjective well-being in the regression analysis adjusted for maternal age, region, parity, education level, and the presence of mental illness. Mediation analysis, with “hopelessness” as the mediator, showed that both “partner help” and “health status” directly and indirectly affected the outcome.

Work self-efficacy and its role in promoting psychological health of the staff of educational organizations in the conditions of war and post-war revival: a theoretical analysis of the problem

Introduction. Today, psychologists are facing an important and urgent task of finding factors that promote educational staff's work performance and psychological health in war conditions. One of these factors is overall self-efficacy and, in particular, work self-efficacy of the individual. Aim: to make a theoretical analysis of the concept of work self-efficacy and determine its role in promoting the psychological health of the staff of educational organizations in the conditions of war and post-war revival. Results: In Western organizational psychology, the problem of self-efficacy is studied in relation to work efficiency and job satisfaction, as a staff's personal characteristics correlate, as an occupational stress-and burnout-reducing factor, and as a mental health and subjective well-being factor. Work self-efficacy is a type of personal self-efficacy and it is considered as part of professional self-concept and is defined as a person's belief in their ability to successfully perform work tasks. Work self-efficacy in foreign studies is considered as a significant correlate of such organizational indicators as career, job satisfaction, dedication, involvement in work and work productivity in general. Work self-efficacy acts as a "buffer" from occupational stress and burnout. In the conditions of war, the development of self-efficacy acquires special importance. On the one hand, self-efficacy in certain population categories has decreased, but on the other hand, self-efficacy plays a key role in reactions to stress and coping with threatening situations and traumatic events. In addition, self-efficacy is an important factor in post-war personal recovery and can be developed via psychological interventions. Conclusions: The results of the theoretical research can be helpful in empirical studies of educational staff's work self-efficacy in the conditions of war and for the development of special work self-efficacy promotion psychological technologies.