Situational Factors Research Articles

Factors associated with encounter-specific police procedural justice perceptions among Dutch detainees

ABSTRACT Previous research on police procedural justice shows that observed assessments of police behaviour, for example through systematic social observation, are not strongly correlated with citizen perceptions of the same police behaviour. There is a growing body of knowledge about how people form their perceptions of police behaviour and how personal and situational characteristics are associated with specific judgements about procedural justice. However, we know little about how this works for people who most frequently interact with the police and criminal justice system, such as offenders or arrestees. The present study uses data from the Prison Project to examine to what extent individual and situational characteristics relate to perceptions of encounter-specific police procedural justice among Dutch detainees. Male adults in pre-trial detention (N = 1380) were surveyed on how they perceived procedural justice during their arrest, which occurred approximately three weeks prior. In addition to individual characteristics (demographics, attitudes, psychosocial characteristics and criminal history), we measured characteristics that reflect the situation during arrest, such as location, police verbal abuse and unnecessary use of force. This allowed us to examine the relationship between situational factors and detainee perceptions, net of individual characteristics. Regression analyses show that next to pre-existing general attitudes towards the police, several situational characteristics (i.e. perceptions of use of force and verbal abuse, anger and outcome fairness) were strongly associated with encounter-specific procedural justice perceptions. Our results indicate that, beyond (pre-existing) individual characteristics, situational factors of the arrest play an important role in forming specific procedural justice perceptions of the police.

Increased feelings of nervousness among older Europeans post-pandemic

Abstract Background Feelings of nervousness are typically associated with situational factors and are temporary, less intense, and manageable with self-care. Study Aim This study examines which situational conditions are significant for feeling nervous among European older adults during the second wave of COVID-19. Methods Using data from Wave 9, COVID-19 Survey 2 (Summer, 2021) of the cross-national panel dataset the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), this study utilizes a sample of 49,253 adults over 50 years old from 27 countries in Europe. Analysis: Binary logistic regression indicates all variables are significant predictors of feeling nervous: Gender [Wald= 498.7, p = 0.001 (<0.05)]; chronic disease [Wald= 1635.002 p = 0.001 (<0.05)], employment [Wald= 164.544, p = 0.001 (<0.05)]; home care [Wald= 138.4, p = 0.001 (<0.05)], technology [Wald= 20.66, p = 0.001 (<0.05)]; social support [Wald= 106.66, p = 0.001 (<0.05)], and financial support [Wald=35.5, p = 0.001 (<0.05)] [Chi-Square=3216.401, df = 6 and p = 0.001 (p < 0.05)]. Findings The odds ratio (OR) for gender is .627 (95% CI .601- .653), for chronic disease, is 2.659 (95% CI: 1.716 - 4.119) and employment is .675 (95% CI: .635-.717) and homecare is (OR)3.47(95% CI: 2.83-4.28); OR for social support is 855(95% CI:.830-.881), financial support 1.779 (95% CI: 1.47-2.15), and technology (OR).956 (95% CI: 938-.975). The model correctly predicted 94% of cases without feeling nervous and 16% of cases where people did feel nervous, giving an overall percentage correct prediction rate of 68%. Implications for Policy and Practice: Knowledge from this study can inform the introduction of public health interventions for older adults targeted toward specific situational circumstances that reduce nervousness. Key messages • While feelings of nervousness can be situational, the impact on mental health can go beyond the contextual environment. • Public health policies can support targeted interventions aimed at developing the coping skills necessary to better respond in times of crisis.

When Time Is the Enemy: An Initial Test of the Process Model of Patience.

The process model of patience attempts to reconcile disparate approaches to understanding patience. This investigation provides an initial test of the tenets of this new theoretical model, which positions impatience as a discrete emotion and patience as a targeted form of emotion regulation. In three studies with diverse samples (N = 1,401; data collected 2022-2023), participants responded to hypothetical scenarios designed to tap into familiar experiences of impatience. Regarding impatience, findings support our claim that impatience arises in response to the perception that a delay is unreasonable or unfair, and situational and intrapersonal characteristics emerged as predictors of impatience. Regarding patience, findings were consistent with the conceptualization of patience as driven more by intrapersonal than situational factors and revealed a set of individual differences that predicted patience. This investigation lends support to the process model of patience as a viable approach, generative of testable research questions, with implications for well-being.

Black Caregiver Perspectives During a Developmental Diagnostic Interview.

Despite increasing autism prevalence rates across racial and ethnic groups, research has traditionally overlooked the influence of culture on developmental diagnostic conversations. Addressing this gap in research is crucial to understanding and mitigating potential disparities in diagnostic experiences, especially among Black caregivers. Black caregivers encounter frustration and discrimination during the diagnostic process, citing dismissiveness and a lack of cultural competence from healthcare providers. To address these issues, this study centers the perspectives of Black caregivers as they participate in a developmental diagnostic program for toddlers under three years of age. This retrospective qualitative study, conducted exclusively by a Black research team, involved nineteen Black caregivers of thirteen toddlers as they participated in semi-structured interviews conducted by a multidisciplinary clinical team. The research team employed a conceptual content analysis to examine caregivers' descriptions of their children's behaviors and characteristics, as well as the factors and experiences associated with their descriptions. Caregivers provided distinct descriptions of behaviors and characteristics in the categories of language and communication, learning, and temperament, associating them with situational and dispositional factors and experiences. The findings offer valuable insights for implementing culturally responsive diagnostic practices. Additionally, these results may enhance the quality of caregiver-provider interactions during developmental assessment, leading to earlier and more accurate diagnoses for Black children.

What does it take for rural-urban commuters to switch from driving to carpooling?

This study aims at identifying the potential ways to increase the willingness to carpool, particularly in rural–urban travel settings, where there is no/minimal public transit service (due to low population density) and purchasing a personal vehicle poses a significant financial burden for many households. To do so, we used time flexibility, defined as the tolerance for increased commute time (which can happen because of re-routing and picking up others when carpooling), as a proxy to willingness to carpool. Using structural equation modeling and survey responses from about 1000 workers and college students living in a rural county in Central Pennsylvania, we analyzed the sociodemographic, attitudinal, and situational factors that can lead to higher time flexibility when carpooling. We also investigated whether people’s time flexibility changes when they are offered monetary incentives (in terms of travel costs reimbursement). The results indicated that being a driving fan and seeking privacy when traveling reduces time flexibility, while being conscientious about environment and health leads to higher time flexibility. Moreover, females, people who had inconvenient past carpool experiences, and those living closer (within 20 min of driving) to their workplace/college showed lower time flexibility. On the other hand, people with lower income and higher driving costs were willing to tolerate longer commute times if reimbursed for a portion of their travel costs. We also found that if there is no initial level of willingness to carpool, reimbursement offers cannot do much to sway people’s decisions.

Language choice and code-mixing in a longitudinal study of an Estonian-English bilingual child

The input that bilingual children receive influences their language proportions, language development, and code-mixing. Most studies on these topics have included early bilinguals whose input proportions undergo large changes in early childhood and whose parents use the one-parent-one-language family language policy. This paper examines the input-output proportions of an Estonian-English bilingual child over a period of 2.5 years (2;3-5;01) using recorded spontaneous speech from a situation where the input language proportions did not change and where the family language policy was different from the one-parent-one-language policy that is presented in most studies: the family rotated the language they all spoke by the day of the week. Additionally, the child’s code-mixing rate and her MLU scores are investigated to provide an overview of these factors in an unstudied input situation. Lastly, it is analyzed whether code-mixing by older siblings influences the code-mixing rate of the younger sibling. The results indicate that in the early phases of language development the child uses all the linguistic resources available to her, and as her language develops, she responds more in the language of the conversation and code-mixes less. However, there is also a period where the child unexpectedly almost stops speaking in Estonian regardless of the unchanged input. The data shows that code-mixed utterances are the longest, hence supporting previous research findings and indicating that code-mixing is a tool that helps the child communicate better. Code-mixing by siblings does not show any signs of affecting the younger sibling’s code-mixing rate, though a more thorough analysis is necessary. Hence, the results indicate the importance of input and shed light on input effects in bilingual language acquisition in an understudied input situation.

Elevate The Employee Performance: Interplay of Job Satisfaction as Moderating on Transformational Leadership Style and Work Environment

This study meticulously examines the moderating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between transformational leadership, work environment, and employee performance in civil service police units members of Kampar Regency. The research method employs the SEM-PLS approach to provide better triangulation and elaboration of cases. Data is collected through surveys and follow-up interviews with civil service police officers in Kampar Regency as respondents. The findings reveal that transformational leadership style has a significant positive effect on employee performance, while the work environment has no significant effect. Transformational leadership style significantly influences performance through job satisfaction as a mediator. However, the work environment has no significant effect on performance through job satisfaction. These results highlight that leadership style and job satisfaction undeniably influence employee performance, but their effectiveness depends on various situational and contextual factors in civil service police units as public service agencies.

Implementation of a bundle to improve diagnosis in hospitalized patients: lessons learned.

The inpatient setting is a challenging clinical environment where systems and situational factors predispose clinicians to making diagnostic errors. Environmental complexities limit trialing of interventions to improve diagnostic error in active inpatient clinical settings. Informed by prior work, we piloted a multi-component intervention designed to reduce diagnostic error to understand its feasibility and uptake. From September 2018 to June 2019, we conducted a prospective, pre-test/post-test pilot study of hospital medicine physicians during admitting shifts at a tertiary-care, academic medical center. Optional intervention components included use of dedicated workspaces, privacy barriers, noise cancelling headphones, application-based breathing exercises, a differential diagnosis expander application, anda checklist to enable a diagnostic pause. Participants rated their confidence in patient diagnoses and completed a survey on intervention component use. Data on provider resource utilization and patient diagnoses were collected, and qualitative interviews were held with a subset of participants in order to better understand experience with the intervention. Data from 37 physicians and 160 patients were included. No intervention component was utilized by more than 50 % of providers, and no differences were noted in diagnostic confidence or number of diagnoses documented pre-vs. post-intervention. Lab utilization increased, but there were no other differences in resource utilization during the intervention. Qualitative feedback highlighted workflow integration challenges, among others, for poor intervention uptake. Our pilot study demonstrated poor feasibility and uptake of an intervention designed to reduce diagnostic error. This study highlights the unique challenges of implementing solutions within busy clinical environments.

Never bring a knife to a gunfight? Lethality of weapon use in Dutch homicides

Firearm violence is a serious issue in Europe, yet the validity of existing theoretical approaches to weapon use in violent encounters have not been explicitly tested in the European context. This study tested existing hypotheses on weapon use and lethality – the Adversary Effects Hypothesis, the Physical Strength Hypothesis, and the Social Distance Hypothesis – using homicide data from the Netherlands, where detailed data on weapon use in homicide are available. Based on these hypotheses, we expected victim characteristics and the social distance between the victim and perpetrator to affect the modus operandi. However, our results do not align with these expectations when situational control variables are included. We conclude that existing studies on weapon lethality have a limited generalizability due to their assumption of free weapon choice. This is only met in contexts in which legal availability of firearms is high, which is not the case in the Netherlands. In addition, the hypotheses focus too narrowly on victim characteristics, without accounting for the situational factors influencing violent encounters. Based on these insights, we provide suggestions for theoretical and empirical improvements on firearm violence research.

What’s on and who’s Watching? Combining People-Meter Data and Subtitle Data to Explore Television Exposure to Political News

ABSTRACT Understanding television viewing behavior is highly relevant, as it remains an important source of political news for many. Nowadays, viewers can choose between a growing diversity of formats covering political news, varying from traditional news broadcasts to late-night talk shows and satire. Yet, we have little to no information about the specific political content provided by television programs; and much less how this can be connected to viewing behavior and audience characteristics (political interest, ideology). Moving forward, using unique Dutch audience-meter data (3,672 viewers from 1,761 different households) from July 2017 to July 2018, we explore who is exposed to which (political) topic in what type of television program. We use automated content analysis to analyze the subtitles of television programs (N = 21,480). Our results indicate that situational factors, such as lead-in and lead-out effects affect news exposure. We also found that political interest does not only shape the volume but also the composition of audiences’ political information diets. Results show that higher political interest was associated with television audiences receiving a greater proportion of their news from public affairs and opinion programs. There does not appear to be any difference in patterns for political ideology; similar proportions of each type of program make up the information diets for both left and right viewers.

Patient-centered care model based on self-efficacy to improve self-care and quality of life of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A PLS-SEM approach.

The current model for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is healthcare provider-centered rather than patient-centered. This approach may overlook individual patients' unique needs, potentially impacting the effectiveness of T2DM management goals. This study aimed to develop a patient-centered care model based on self-efficacy to enhance self-care and improve the quality of life for individuals with T2DM. The study employed a cross-sectional design with a sample size of 250 respondents recruited through multistage random sampling, Jember regency, East Java, Indonesia. The study variables included exogenous factors (people with T2DM, situational treatment, family, and healthcare services) and endogenous factors (self-efficacy, self-care, and quality of life). Data were collected from August to December 2022 using a questionnaire and analyzed descriptively and inferentially using SEM-PLS. The developed model was a good fit with strong predictive relevance (SRMR = 0.065; Q2 = 0.049). All exogenous factors-people with T2DM, situational treatment, family, and healthcare services-significantly affected self-efficacy (42.2%, 37%, 8.1%, and 17.3%; p <0.001). Self-efficacy had a 61.6% effect on self-care, and self-care had a 27.1% effect on quality of life (p <0.001). Only situational treatment factors had a direct effect on self-care (21.7%; p <0.001). All exogenous factors also influenced the quality of life through self-efficacy and self-care (7%, 6.2%, 1.3%, and 2.9%; p <0.05). A patient-centered care model based on self-efficacy for managing T2DM can improve self-care behaviors and quality of life for individuals with T2DM. This model can be utilized by nurses in healthcare services to enhance the management of T2DM.

Predictors of emergency medical transport refusal following opioid overdose in Washington, DC.

Patient initiated transport refusal during Emergency Medical Service (EMS) opioid overdose encounters has become an endemic problem. This study aimed to quantify circumstantial and environmental factors which predict refusal of further care. In this cross-sectional analysis, a case definition for opioid overdose was applied retrospectively to EMS encounters. Selected cases had sociodemographic and situational/incident variables extracted using patient information and free text searches of case narratives. 50 unique binary variables were used to build a logistic model. Prehospital EMS overdose encounters in Washington, DC, USA, from July 2017 to July 2023. Of EMS encounters in the study timeframe, 14 587 cases were selected as opioid overdoses. Predicted probability for covariates was the outcome variable. Model performance was assessed using Stratified K-Fold Cross-Validation and scored with positive predictive value, sensitivity and F1. Prediction accuracy and McFadden's pseudo-R squared are also determined. The model achieved a predictive accuracy of 78% with a high positive predictive value (0.83) and moderate sensitivity (0.68). Bystander type influenced the refusal outcome, with decreased refusal probability associated with family (nondescript) (-28%) and parents (-16%), while presence of a girlfriend increased it (+28%). Negative situational factors like noted physical trauma (-62%), poor weather (-14%) and lack of housing (-14%) decreased refusal probability. Characteristics of the emergency response team, like a prior crew member encounter (+20%) or crew experience <1year (-36%), had a variable association with transport. Refusal of emergency transport for opioid overdose cases in Washington, DC, USA, has expanded by 43.8% since 2017. Several social, environmental and systematic factors can predict this refusal. Logistic regression models can be used to quantify broad categories of behavior in surveillance medical research.

Attitudes of French laypeople toward children’s medically-assisted dying

The issue of medically-assisted dying in pediatric care, including euthanasia and deep sedation, is ethically complex. Despite its relevance, no research has applied Information Integration Theory to evaluate the acceptability of these practices in pediatric care, which is what we did in the present study. A sample of 166 French laypeople read 54 scenarios involving end-of-life situations involving children and assessed the acceptability of a physician’s decision in each one. Scenarios included four factors: child’s discernment capacity, child’s request to die, parental consent, and physician’s action. Parental consent and the child’s request were the most influential factors in respondents’ judgments, followed by the child’s discernment and physician’s action. Cluster analysis revealed four groups: “Situation-dependent,” “Always acceptable,” “Not acceptable except in rare circumstances,” and “Parental consent.” Most people were sensitive to situational factors influencing the acceptability of children’s medically assisted dying.

Reacting to criticism: What motivates top leaders to respond substantively to negative social performance feedback?

The responses of organizations in situations of negative feedback from stakeholders are attracting increasing scholarly and societal attention. The literature has so far largely focused on situational factors that direct such responses, while calling for a more acute examination of individual factors. Anchored in Stakeholder Theory and Trait Activation Theory, this study examines how and to what extent prosocial motivation (a normative-oriented trait) and fear of failure (an instrumental-oriented trait) determine organizational leaders’ substantive responses to negative social performance feedback. We test our predictions on two waves of original survey data, including a conjoint experiment, on a sample of leaders of young organizations. Our findings contribute to literature and practice related to organizational responses to social performance feedback.

Фронтиры развития автопроизводства в РФ в условиях адаптации к новым вызовам

The automotive industry is one of the main industries in mechanical engineering. It accounts for a large share of capital investments. The conveyor assembly system, which was widely used in this industry at the time, radically changed the entire industry of the XX century. The multiplicative effect of car production makes the industry the "locomotive" of the economy. The automotive industry is today one of the frontiers in the development of our country's economy. The purpose of the study is to analyze the situation in the Russian car market and assess the prospects for the development of the Russian automotive industry in the context of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the strengthening of sanctions restrictions by unfriendly countries. In the process of working on the study, methods of analysis, synthesis, description, comparative, problematic, logistic and dynamic methods were used. According to the results of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: the automotive industry plays an essential role in the processes of globalization of the modern economy. However, the disruption of logistics chains had a negative impact on the situation in the domestic automotive industry and the consumer market, led to a reduction in production and an increase in unemployment in this industry. The way out of this situation is to reorient domestic car production to cooperate with companies from friendly countries, such as China, and establish logistics chains through intermediary countries, such as Kazakhstan, but adjusted for minimizing costs. An important role in solving this problem can be played by the development and implementation of an import substitution mechanism in the production of domestic cars, including electric cars. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the proposed frontiers in the stabilization of Russian automotive production have been identified taking into account the impact of both external and internal factors in the current volatile economic situation caused by the reaction of unfriendly countries towards Russia.

Perceived risks and benefits of telePrEP interventions: An interview study with rural sexual minority men in Texas.

Many rural areas lack brick-and-mortar HIV prevention resources despite the increasing rates of HIV. Although online HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) programs can potentially increase uptake among rural sexual minority men (SMM), their attitudes and preferences regarding telehealth-based PrEP (telePrEP) programming are uncertain. This qualitative study examined rural SMM's perceived risks and benefits of participating in a hypothetical telePrEP program. Twenty rural SMM living in Texas completed a semi-structured online videoconferencing interview between April 12 and June 14, 2023. Data were analyzed with reflexive thematic analysis. Four themes were constructed: (1) telePrEP interventions increase accessibility but completely online services might be inadequate; (2) telePrEP and mail-order interventions are convenient but face challenges; (3) telePrEP interventions need to address confidentiality and privacy within the context of the sociopolitical climate; and (4) telePrEP interventions need to address trustworthiness and transparency. Overall, our results indicate that rural SMM perceive telePrEP interventions that provide at-home and telehealth PrEP, HIV testing, and HIV care services as beneficial. However, overall utility and acceptability depend on perceptions of privacy, confidentiality, trustworthiness, and transparency. Given the HIV prevention and treatment service deserts in which many rural SMM live, telePrEP interventions must purposefully demonstrate how their operations and data will remain safe and secure. Further work should explore contextual or situational factors that influence the willingness and acceptability of rural SMM to participate in online HIV prevention intervention research studies.

Parenting and mental health in protracted refugee situations: A systematic review

BackgroundRefugees' parenting behaviour is profoundly influenced by their mental health, which is, in turn, influenced by their situation of displacement. Our research presents the first systematic review on parenting and mental health in protracted refugee situations, where 78% of all refugees reside. MethodsWe pre-registered our protocol and screened documents in 22 languages from 10 electronic databases, reports by 16 international humanitarian organisations and region-specific content from the top 100 websites for each of the 72 countries that ‘host’ protracted refugees. Our criteria were empirical papers reporting parenting and parental mental health data on refugees who are in a protracted refugee situation. Studies including only internally displaced or stateless persons were excluded. ResultsA total of 18,125 documents were screened and 30 studies were included. We identified a universal pathway linking macro-level stressors in protracted refugee situations, such as movement restrictions and documentation issues, to symptoms of depression and anxiety, which, in turn, led to negative parenting practices. Additionally, culture-specific pathways were observed in the way parental mental health and parenting were expressed. Situational (e.g., overcrowding) and relational factors (e.g., spousal dynamics) modulated both of these pathways. Biases in the research included the over-representation of specific protracted refugee situations, overreliance on self-reported data, and a heavy focus on mothers while neglecting fathers and other caregivers. Longitudinal research is needed to clarify the directionality and causality between specific macro-level stressors in a given protracted refugee situation and parental mental health and practices. Refugees were rarely consulted or involved in the design of research concerning their parenting and parental mental health. ConclusionIn recognising the existing links between protracted refugee situations, parental mental health, and parenting, our systematic review calls for a shift in thinking: from focusing solely on the micro aspects that affect ‘refugee parenting’ to understanding and tackling the broader macro-level stressors that drive them. We urge larger and long-term research efforts that consider diverse protracted refugee situations, greater investment in science communication and diplomacy with governments, and stronger implementation of durable solutions by states to alleviate the roots of refugee parents' distress and negative parenting practices.

The current attitudes and practices of dentists in Australia towards composite repair: A cross-sectional survey study.

Whether to replace or repair a composite restoration is controversial and varies among clinicians. This study was designed to collect information on the attitudes and practices of Australian dentists towards composite repair. An electronic 16-item questionnaire was distributed online on Australian clinicians' dental forum with a URL address and instructions on completing the survey. The questionnaire remained accessible for 2 months. The data collected were analysed statistically using descriptive, average rank, Pearson chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests at α = 0.05. Repair of composite restorations was a widely accepted treatment modality among surveyed dentists. Despite this, approximately half of clinicians reported the prognosis of repaired restorations to be worse when compared to replacement. The most cited indications for repair were partial loss or fracture of the restoration, while the most common reason for repair was because this treatment modality was more conservative in terms of tooth structure removal. Most important patient factor influencing decision to repair composite restoration was caries risk of the patient (n = 50). Most significant situational factor to consider in decision whether to repair was previous (failed) attempts to repair (n = 74). The most important tooth level factor was the proximity of restoration to pulp (mean statistic rank 2.22). The most common composite surface treatment employed by participants bonding to old composite was acid etching (n = 87), and the main reason participants employed their chosen surface treatment was based on personal experience (n = 72). The repair of composite restorations was a commonly performed procedure that is well accepted but may still be viewed as an inferior treatment to replacement by many Australian dentists. Most dentists agreed on indications for repair restorations and surface conditioning techniques, but there was wide variation in opinions overall. Due to the lack of high-quality evidence regarding composite repair techniques, dentists tend to rely on personal experience to guide their clinical decisions.

From Virtual Trees to Real Forests: Public Participation in Virtual Forest Realization Projects in China

With the rapid development of Internet technology, the channels for the public to participate in forest protection and ecological construction have been expanded. In China, virtual forest realization projects have successfully heightened environmental awareness among the public. However, these projects have also faced a “green gap”, characterized by a substantial disconnect between environmental intentions and actual participation behaviors. Based on 69 articles about virtual forest realization projects in China, this paper aims to reveal the roots of the intention–behavior gap, influencing factors, and potential mitigation strategies. Our findings indicate the following: (1) While virtual forest realization initiatives have made progress, they still face multiple challenges such as governmental inefficiencies and platform traffic bottlenecks. (2) The factors influencing public participation in virtual forest realization projects can generally be categorized into three types: external situational factors, internal psychological factors, and demographic variables. Initially, external influences like online word-of-mouth and gamified platforms played a crucial role in attracting the public. Over time, internal factors such as public trust in the platform and perceived enjoyment have become more prominent. Inconsistent findings regarding demographic variables suggest a need for further research. (3) Current solutions primarily focus on macro policies and have not fully addressed existing challenges. This study reveals the reasons and influencing factors of the intention–behavior gap, with the goal of offering valuable insights for future public engagement and project optimization.

Modelling the associations between parental depressive symptoms, hypomanic traits, and infant socio-emotional development: The mediating role of parental reflective functioning

BackgroundAlthough understanding of maternal hypomania in the postpartum period is gradually improving, the intergenerational pathways of risk associated with hypomania in the context of postpartum depression remain unknown. It is also unclear whether distinct or shared pathways of risk exist for infants exposed to different parental mood characteristics and whether these pathways are mediated by parental reflective functioning. MethodsAn online survey was administered to 1788 parents (89 % mothers, 50 % White) who were primary caregivers of a child under 2. Structural equation modelling techniques were employed to model direct and indirect associations between parental depressive symptoms, hypomanic traits and infant socio-emotional development, investigating the mediating role of parental reflective functioning. ResultsElevated levels of parental depressive symptoms, in the presence of hypomanic personality traits, were directly associated with infant socio-emotional challenges, without affecting parental reflective functioning. However, higher levels of parental hypomanic traits in the postnatal period displayed a fully mediated pathway of risk transmission to infants' socio-emotional development via their negative association with parental reflective functioning. LimitationsResults should be interpreted with caution as the reliance on self-and-parent-reported scales may have introduced biases influenced by individual perceptions and situational factors. Additionally, the cross-sectional design of this study inhibits establishing cause-and-effect relationships. ConclusionsOverall, these results highlight the critical role of both parental depressive symptoms and hypomanic traits on infant socio-emotional development, suggesting that supporting parental mood regulation and mentalizing abilities in the postnatal period could reduce the risk of early maladaptive socio-emotional trajectories in children.