Factors Of Posttraumatic Growth Research Articles

The prevalence and factors of posttraumatic growth among nurses based on the PTGI: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The urgency and risk of clinical nursing may cause nurses to experience traumatic stress, but it may also lead to posttraumatic growth. However, no study has comprehensively analyzed the prevalence of posttraumatic growth among nurses using a unified outcome measure and a validated assessment tool. This study aims to systematically assess the prevalence and factors of posttraumatic growth among nurses based on the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Ten databases, including The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Springerlink, Embase, Chinese Biomedical (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WanFang, and VIP databases, were searched as of December 31, 2022. The prevalence of posttraumatic growth was pooled using Stata 17.0 software. The PRISMA guideline was used to report the systematic review and meta-analysis. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022365620. A total of 30 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis, consisting of 14,022 nurses worldwide from four countries. In our study, the pooled mean score of posttraumatic growth among nurses was 66.34 (95% CI: 61.25-71.43). From 2015 to 2022, nurses' posttraumatic growth levels gradually increased. In addition, Turkey nurses have the lowest posttraumatic growth levelnurses who experienced workplace violence have a lower posttraumatic growth level compared with other nurses; while nurses aged over 30 and male have higher posttraumatic growth levels. While several studies on the prevalence of posttraumatic growth among nurses have been published, the reported data are quite different. Our systematic review and meta-analysis found that nurses' posttraumatic growth level was "moderate," and nurses' posttraumatic growth may vary based on publication year, country, traumatic event, age, and gender. Our findings may provide a theoretical basis for hospital administrators and policy makers to scientifically manage human resources, comprehensively evaluate nurses' mental health, and promote nurses' posttraumatic growth in different traumatic events, which is conducive to the formulation and implementation of relevant policy guidelines.

The underlying mechanisms by which Post-Traumatic Growth is associated with cardiovascular health in male UK military personnel: The ADVANCE cohort study.

Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) is associated with good cardiovascular health, but the mechanisms of this are poorly understood. This cross-sectional analysis assessed whether factors of PTG (Appreciation of Life (AOL), New Possibilities (NP), Personal Strength (PS), Relating to Others (RTO) and Spiritual Change (SC)) are associated with cardiovascular health in a cohort of 1006 male UK military personnel (median age 34). The findings suggest AOL, PS and RTO are associated with better cardiovascular health through cardiometabolic effects (lower levels of triglycerides, and total cholesterol) and haemodynamic functioning (lower diastolic blood pressure), but not inflammation. However, NP and SC were associated with poorer cardiovascular health through cardiometabolic effects (lower levels of high-density lipoproteins and higher levels of total cholesterol) and AOL had a non-linear association with low-density lipoproteins. These findings suggest that the relationship between PTG and cardiovascular functioning is complex and in need of further scrutiny.

Post-traumatic growth among pediatric transplant recipients and their caregivers: A scoping review.

Pediatric transplantation can be a stressful process for patients and caregivers. Some individuals may experience post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and post-traumatic growth (PTG) as a result. Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been well-studied in this population, the purpose of the present scoping review is to provide a first synthesis of the existing literature on PTG in pediatric transplant populations. We conducted a literature search of PsycINFO and Scopus in May 2023. Eligible articles must have included a sample of solid organ transplant (SOT) or stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients under age 18, siblings of recipients, or caregivers; and must have examined PTG. Twenty-three studies were identified, and nine studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the review (n = 5 cross sectional; n = 4 qualitative). Cross-sectional studies examined demographic, mental health, and medical correlates of PTG in children and caregivers. PTG was correlated with PTSS among caregivers. Qualitative studies identified themes along each of the five factors of PTG. Findings overwhelmingly focused on caregiver PTG. Qualitative study findings align with the theoretical model of PTG. Additional research is needed to investigate PTG in siblings of children with a transplant and associations between PTG and medication adherence. This scoping review provides insight into positive change processes following a transplant among children and their caregivers.

Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Post-Traumatic Growth: A Cross-Sectional Study of Psychiatric Nurses Suffering from Workplace Violence in Guangdong China.

Workplace violence (WPV) had become an important issue that endangered the occupational safety of psychiatric nurses. A growing number of studies showed positive post-traumatic growth (PTG) resulting from coping with trauma. To investigate the characteristics of PTG in psychiatric nurses who experienced violence in the workplace and analyze its influencing factors. A total of 1202 psychiatric nurses participated in the study. From October 2022 to December 2022, this cross-sectional study collected data on psychiatric nurses from five tertiary hospitals in Guangdong Province, China. Twenty-item Chinese version post-traumatic growth inventory (PTGI), Jefferson Scale of Empathy Health Professional (JSE-HP), Confidence in Coping with Patient Aggression Instrument (CCPAI), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), and Connor-Davidson ResilienceScale (CD-RISC) measured PTG level, empathy, the confidence in coping with WPV, post-traumatic stress disorder, and resilience, respectively.Bivariate analysis and multiple linear regression explored potential influencing factors of PTG. This study complies with the EQUATOR (STROBE) checklist. The sample was composed of a total of 1202 psychiatric nurses suffering from WPV. The average score of PTGI in psychiatric nurses was above average (65.75 points; SD = 20.20). Linear regression analyses showed from single-child family (β=0.052,95% CI=0.342,5.409, P<0.05), education background (β=0.108,95% CI=1.833,5.097, P<0.001), the confidence in coping with patient aggression (β=0.106,95% CI=1.385,4.317, P<0.001), empathy (β=0.057,95% CI=0.312,4.374, P<0.05), and resilience (β=0.484,95% CI=7.737,9.575, P<0.001) were associated with PTG level. Psychiatric nurses who were non-single child, had received higher education, had confidence in coping with patient aggression, had good resilience and strong empathy were prone to PTG after experiencing WPV. The study findings could help hospitals and nursing managers identify vulnerable individuals and take early intervention measures against such populations.

Protective and Vulnerability Factors of Posttraumatic Growth in Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background:The group population of older adults has suffered the highest number of deaths and impact on health associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Many older adults can perceive this pandemic as a traumatic experience. However, many older adults may have also experienced positive changes, defined as post-traumatic growth (PTG). Several factors may enhance or hinder this possibility of development.Objective:This study aimed to analyze if the effects of COVID-19 affection (direct and indirect), anxiety and depression on PTG would be mediated by the protective variables life purpose and resilience.Method:359 older adults over 60 years old completed a web-based survey during the COVID-19 pandemic including sociodemographic data, direct/indirect affectation by COVID-19, anxiety, depression, resilience, life purpose and PTG.Preliminary results on the ongoing study:63.2% of the participants were women and 58.2% were married. 89.1% had been infected by COVID-19, 1.7% had been hospitalized, 15.6% had lost a loved one and 17.2% have had a relative hospitalized because of COVID-19. Women (M = 56.77; SD = 18.00) showed higher levels of PTG than men (M = 52.41; SD = 17.84) (t = -2.19; p &lt; .05). Differences in the outcome variables based on direct or indirect COVID-19 affection were not found. The path analysis showed that the effect of COVID-19 symptoms on PTG was mainly mediated by life purpose, and anxiety to a lesser extent. We also confirmed two indirect effects: (1) the negative effect of depression on PTG through resilience and life purpose assessed simultaneously; (2) the positive effect of resilience on PTG through life purpose. Results showed an excellent model fit to this model (χ² = 3.759; χ²/gl = 5; p = .585; GFI = .997; CFI = .999; RMSEA = .001).Conclusion:The identification of protective and vulnerability variables is essential to protect older adults from mental disorders. This study highlights the need for developing interventions that aim to increase PTG by promoting life purpose and resilience.

The levels and related factors of posttraumatic growth among nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: While the negative effects of trauma on nurses have been well-documented, it is equally important to focus on ways to promote posttraumatic growth (PTG) among nurses. This study aims to explore the levels and related factors of PTG among nurses. A comprehensive search was conducted across nine databases up to 26 December 2022. The pooled mean score for PTG was calculated and presented with a 95% confidence interval. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to identify potential moderators of PTG among nurses. A total of 55 studies, involving 35,621 nurses from 11 countries and regions, were included in this review. The pooled scores of the PTG indicated that nurses experienced a moderate level of PTG (55.69, 95% CI: 50.67-60.72). Nurses commonly experience PTG following exposure to traumatic events, with a moderate level of PTG. Our systematic review highlights the potential determinants of PTG among nurses, including individual, work-related, and social and organizational factors. Targeting these factors in interventions can provide nurses with the necessary resources and support to effectively cope with stress and trauma, and potentially facilitate PTG.

Protective and vulnerability factors of posttraumatic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic

AbstractBackground and objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic is a major life event that has brought new challenges and threats. Some people may experience positive changes, such as post-traumatic growth (PTG). Several factors may enhance or hinder this possibility of development. There is extensive literature considering protective and vulnerability factors separately. However, there is a lack of studies considering both factors based on a holistic approach. This study aims to determine the weight of two protective factors (resilience and life purpose) and two vulnerability ones (anxiety and depression) in PTG, considering the COVID-19 affectation. Design and Methods: 749 Spanish people aged 18–84 years old completed a survey that included sociodemographic data, direct/indirect affectation by COVID-19, anxiety, depression, resilience, life purpose and PTG. Path analysis was used to test the predictors of PTG. Results: Women showed higher levels of PTG. The effect of COVID-19 symptoms on PTG is mainly mediated by life purpose, and anxiety to a lesser extent. Two indirect effects were found: (1) the negative effect of depression on PTG through resilience and life purpose assessed simultaneously; (2) the positive effect of resilience on PTG through life purpose. Conclusions:The originality of the approach of this research lies in the integration of vulnerability and protection factors to determine PTG. Identifying protective and vulnerability factors is crucial to prevent the development of mental disorders in risk populations. The development of interventions considering depressive disorders as PTG inhibitors while highlighting life purpose to strengthen mental health is needed.

Latent profile analysis and related factors of post-traumatic growth in young and middle-aged patients with acute myocardial infarction

BackgroundAMI incidence in young and middle-aged patients is increasing year by year, and such patients are prone to negative emotions after illness, which affects health outcomes. However, post-traumatic growth can bring about positive changes in the patient, which is beneficial to their recovery. ObjectivesThis study aimed to understand the different types of post-traumatic growth characteristics and their related factors in young and middle-aged patients with acute myocardial infarction to help find precise intervention measures. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study. Self-reported questionnaires were used to assess general demographic characteristics, post-traumatic growth, and rumination. The mean of the five dimensions of the Post-traumatic Growth Scale was used to perform a Latent profile analysis. ResultsA total of 312 participants, including 285 male and 27 female patients, with the mean age was 51.95±5.75. Latent profile analysis results showed that three-profile model was the most suitable. Three different profiles were named: the “Malgrowth group” (45.51%), the “Good growth group” (18.91%), and the “Excellent growth group” (35.58%). The related factors included rumination, age, monthly income, whether to return to work, marital status, residential address, classification of disease, and whether to perform PCI treatment (P<0.05). ConclusionAccording to our results, the post-traumatic growth of young and middle-aged AMI patients can be divided into three profiles, and targeted intervention can be carried out for patients according to the determined patient profiles.

Prevalence and factors of posttraumatic growth among Hubei residents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT The adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health has been widely concerned, but the research on positive psychological factors is insufficient, this study aims to investigate the prevalence and factors of posttraumatic growth (PTG) among residents in the worst-hit areas of China (Hubei Province). We were conducted in three disaster areas with different severity in Hubei Province three months after the outbreak, and the data were from 575 respondents. Instruments included the simplified Chinese version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (C-PTGI) and the public health emergency psychological questionnaire. Nonparametric tests, Spearman correlation analyses, and multiple linear regression equations were used to analyze the data. The results showed that three months after the outbreak of COVID-19, the PTG of Hubei residents was at a low level, and their sense of fear was the most prominent, with a positive detection rate of 82.09%. According to the results of this study, high PTG levels were associated with high levels of fear, married and healthcare providers, while low levels of PTG were associated with serious chronic diseases, males, good economic status, and poor prevention and control measures. Government departments should strengthen social support for residents, carry out necessary stress management training to help them correctly deal with negative emotions and promote their personal growth.

Post-traumatic growth experience of first-line emergency nurses infected with COVID-19 during the epidemic period-A qualitative study in Shanghai, China.

BackgroundIn March 2022, Shanghai, China, was hit by a severe wave of SARS-CoV-2 transmission caused by the Omicron variant strain. The medical staff was greatly infected during this period, which posed a traumatic event for them. Meanwhile, they also experience post-traumatic growth under introspection and positive change. However, the psychological coping and growth after infection with COVID-19 among medical staff have rarely been investigated.ObjectivesTo explore the process and influencing factors of post-traumatic growth among emergency nurses infected with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) so as to provide a new perspective and theoretical basis for psychological rehabilitation or intervention for medical staff who experienced traumatic events.MethodsThe study used a qualitative design based on the phenomenological approach. A purposive sampling method was used to explore the subjective feelings and post-traumatic growth among 13 first-line emergency nurses infected with COVID-19 in Shanghai, China. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted in June 2022. A Seven-step Colaizzi process was used for data analysis.ResultsThemes were described and extracted from the experience and insights at different stages during the fight against the virus. Three main themes, i.e., stress period, adjustment period, and growth period, as well as several sub-themes, were identified.ConclusionFirst-line emergency nurses infected with COVID-19 are a sensitive group that should be given more attention. Investigating how they achieve psychological adjustment and growth in the case of severe trauma can provide valuable references for nursing management and education in the future. Society, hospital and nursing managers should pay more attention to the PTG of nurses and establish supportive PTG strategies, which will benefit the retention rate and career development of nurses.

Factors associated with posttraumatic growth among spouses of women diagnosed with gynaecological cancer: A cross-sectional study.

The aim of this study was to explore the factors that are associated with posttraumatic growth among spouses of women diagnosed with gynaecological cancer. A cross-sectional descriptive study. A convenience sample of 312 spouses of women diagnosed with gynaecological cancer was recruited from two comprehensive hospitals in China, from March 2018 to March 2020. Demographic characteristics, cancer-related characteristics, posttraumatic growth, perceived social support and coping were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis were performed. The methods were guided by the STROBE checklist. The mean score of posttraumatic growth was 46.7 (standard deviation=16.7). The associated factors of posttraumatic growth were spouses' age, perceived social support, problem-focused coping, dysfunctional coping (e.g. denial) and cancer treatment received by partners, which accounted for 34% of total posttraumatic growth score. All participants contributed to the conducting of this study by completing self-reported questionnaires.

Prevalence and influencing factors of posttraumatic growth among nurses suffering from workplace violence: A cross-sectional study.

The purpose of this study was to (i) identify the level of posttraumatic growth among nurses suffering from workplace violence, (ii) clarify the relationship between nurses' posttraumatic growth and compassion satisfaction, burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and (iii) determine the influencing factors for posttraumatic growth among nurses suffering from workplace violence. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate 726 nurses suffering from workplace violence in 10 tertiary hospitals by using demographic, work-related information, lifestyle questionnaire, simplified Chinese version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, and professional quality of life scale. In the findings, (i) the participants' posttraumatic growth scores were 57.29 ± 21.56, while the compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress scores were 32.82 ± 6.80, 27.17 ± 5.53, and 26.67 ± 5.29, respectively, (ii) posttraumatic growth was positively correlated with compassion satisfaction and secondary traumatic stress, and negatively correlated with burnout, and (iii) compassion satisfaction, sleep hours per day, department, scheduling, alcohol, secondary traumatic stress, children, and work hours per day were influencing factors of posttraumatic growth, which explained 36.3% of the total variance. Our study indicates that Chinese nurses may experience moderate levels of compassionate satisfaction, burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and low levels of posttraumatic growth after suffering from workplace violence, while the posttraumatic growth of nurses suffering from workplace violence is more affected by work-related variables and lifestyle-related variables, but less affected by other sociodemographic variables. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the psychological evaluation of nurses and adopt targeted strategies to promote nurses' posttraumatic growth.

"I'm a Winner, Not a Victim": The Facilitating Factors of Post-Traumatic Growth among Women Who Have Suffered Intimate Partner Violence.

Post-traumatic growth (PTG) is a positive psychological change following trauma. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is one such trauma. The aim of this phenomenological study was to explore PTG from the perspective of women who have survived IPV as well as their perceptions of PTG. Twenty-two female IPV survivors aged 23–56 who reached PTG, according to the working definition used, were interviewed. The overriding theme of the study was “I’m a winner, not a victim”, which describes the essence of the women’s experience of PTG. They described their experience as a shift from being suffering victims of IPV to becoming winners who enjoyed PTG. They felt that their positive attitude and personal strengths had helped them to reach PTG as well as to face the fact that they had been in an abusive relationship, thus forgiving and believing in themselves and taking responsibility for their own health and well-being. They sought knowledge about violence, how to process it, and how to respond to triggers. They set boundaries for their perpetrators and were in as little contact with them as possible. They chose the company of positive, supportive, and constructive people and situations where they were not being controlled. It was concluded that, even though suffering IPV is a terrible experience that no one should endure, the participants’ experiences had resulted in PTG that they treasured.

FEATURES OF POST-TRAUMATIC GROWTH OF SOCIONOMIC SPECIALTIES STUDENTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR

The results of an empirical study of the features of post-traumatic growth of socionomic specialties students are presented in the article. The main requirements for specialists in helping professions are revealed: the ability to understand clients, provide emotional support, actively cooperate, help others in self-realization and make optimal decisions, etc. The emotional overload of specialists with such profiles in the conditions of war, as well as a decrease in the emotional state of higher education seekers, are shown. The importance of socionomic specialties students’ post-traumatic growth as a condition of personal readiness for future professional activity is explained. The results of the empirical research are summarized. Established such transformations related to the students’ experience of war events as a high level of growth in the value of life, low levels of changes in spiritual development, and attitude toward others. It is found that only a small number of students began to feel the inner strength and ability to overcome difficulties. The obtained data proved the insufficient personal readiness of higher education seekers to provide support to future clients. The hypothesis regarding a statistically significant relationship between indicators of post-traumatic growth (spiritual changes, index of post-traumatic growth, strength of personality, attitude towards others, and value of life) and the age of the interviewees is confirmed. The connection of age with the feeling of new opportunities and interests is not revealed. Hypotheses regarding a statistically significant relationship between the post-traumatic growth index and the chosen specialty, the post-traumatic growth index and the course of study are refuted. This emphasizes the need to clarify the internal factors of post-traumatic growth of socionomic specialties students.

Posttraumatic Growth and Impacting Factors in Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia

ABSTRACT Caregiving for a schizophrenic patient is traumatic for caregivers. Negative effects of this experience have been evaluated, however, the data about posttraumatic growth of caregivers of schizophrenic patients is limited. We aimed to investigate the posttraumatic growth and affecting factors in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in this study. Eighty patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and their primary caregivers (each, n = 80) were included. The patients’ demographic data and their caregivers’ psychiatric history, posttraumatic growth level, religious commitment, and social support were investigated. The impact of the factors associated with patients and their caregivers on posttraumatic growth level were analyzed with regression analysis. Regression analysis revealed that perceived social support, religious commitment, and posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis were independent affecting factors of posttraumatic growth level. The present study shows that perceived social support, religious commitment, and posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis are independent affecting factors of posttraumatic growth. Few studies have investigated posttraumatic growth in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia, and further studies should be performed to support caregivers effectively.

Adjustment Mechanisms in the Acute Phase of Myocardial Infarction in Men.

Stress and Coping Model and Post-Traumatic Growth Theory indicate adjustment procedures concepts after a crisis. The objective of this study was to assess the relationships between causal attributions, coping strategies and post-traumatic growth in male patients with acute myocardial infarction and variable cardiac function severity. Seventy-eight male patients surviving a myocardial infarction, were divided into two sub-groups based on left ventricular ejection fraction measurements [Group A (left ventricular ejection fraction: <45%, n = 34), Group B (left ventricular ejection fraction: ≥45%, n = 44)] and were interviewed after the acute phase of myocardial infarction, on the last day of their coronary unit stay. Medical data was obtained from their medical records. Causal Attributions' List, Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced and Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory were used. Causal attributions were found to be related to active coping, emotional support, religious coping and self-blame in both groups. Planning, positive reinterpretation and active coping were the strategies associated positively with most of the post-traumatic inventory subscales in total data analyses. Diverse coping strategies were associated with posttraumatic growth factors. It is important to assess adjustment mechanisms in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. A tailored scheme therapy, considering patient's needs, has to be planned.

Post-traumatic growth and its influencing factors among Chinese women diagnosed with gynecological cancer: A cross-sectional study.

The experience of cancer could lead to positive psychological changes following the struggle with diagnosis and treatment. Understanding post-traumatic growth and its influencing factors in women affected by gynecological cancer is essential to enhance their possibility of achieving positive changes. The purpose of this study was to describe the post-traumatic growth level and explore the influencing factors of post-traumatic growth in Chinese women diagnosed with gynecological cancer. A cross-sectional survey with a convenience sampling method was employed to collect data using the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Distress Disclosure Index (DDI), Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire (MCMQ), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The questionnaires were administered to 344 participants recruited from two hospitals in Hefei City, the capital of Anhui Province in China, between March 2018 and March 2019. All statistical analyses were performed using nonparametric tests. The Mann-Whitney U Test was used to distinguish the intergroup differences. Correlations were evaluated with Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Total score for PTGI was 56.5 (range 48.0-68.0). The subscale with the highest centesimal score in the PTGI was appreciation of life and the lowest was spiritual change. The top five items with the highest scores of PTGI belonged to appreciating life, personal strength, and relating to others. Self-disclosure, confrontation, avoidance, acceptance-resignation, perceived social support, education level, cancer type and the place they lived had significant influence on post-traumatic growth. The findings indicate that women who have high levels of perceived social support, confrontation, avoidance, self-disclosure and education level tend to experience more post-traumatic growth, while, conversely, high levels of acceptance-resignation have a negative influence on promoting post-traumatic growth. These meaningful findings propose new perspectives for promoting post-traumatic growth in Chinese women diagnosed with gynecological cancer.

Examining Post traumatic Growth After a Natural Disaster: An Appreciative Inquiry

With the frequency and intensity of natural disasters expected to increase as climate change persists, it is crucial for agricultural educators and extension agents around the world to develop the capacity to assist individuals in the wake of traumatic natural disasters. Data were collected in January 2019 and surveyed Georgia residents who they themselves, or someone they cared about, were affected by Hurricane Michael which occurred in October 2018. Data were measured using a modified version of Tedeschi and Calhoun’s (1996) 21-item posttraumatic growth inventory. Highest mean posttraumatic growth score was associated with the Relate to Others scale, while the lowest mean score was associated with the Appreciation of Life scale. Approximately 48% of respondents reported a large or very large change in their compassion for others and their appreciation of each day as a result of their traumatic experience. Female respondents scored higher than male respondents on all the posttraumatic growth factors. Significant differences at the .05 level between male and female mean posttraumatic growth scores were identified for five scale factors; personal strength; spiritual change; appreciation of life; and overall posttraumatic growth. These findings suggest females may be more adaptive to traumatic events and more likely to be receptive to the potential to perceive positive benefits resulting from traumatic experiences. An associated recommendation would be for agricultural educators and extension personnel to utilize the appreciative inquiry approach when assisting individuals recovering from natural disasters and other traumatic events. Keywords: posttraumatic growth; Hurricane Michael; natural disasters; appreciative inquiry

Correlation between stigma and posttraumatic growth in female infertility patients

Objective To explore the current situation of stigma and posttraumatic growth in female infertility patients, and to analyze the correlation between them. Methods From January to May 2019, this study selected 110 female infertility patients of reproductive medicine center in a ClassⅢ Grade A hospital of Zhejiang Province as subjects by convenience sampling. Those infertility patients were investigated with the general information questionnaire, Infertility Stigma Scale (ISS) and the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory-Chinese version (PTGI-C) . A total of 110 questionnaire were sent out and 104 valid of them were collected. Results Among 104 female infertility patients, the score of ISS was (67.14±14.33) with the intermediate level; the score of PTGI-C was (63.92±11.76) also with the intermediate level. There were statistical differences in the scores of post-traumatic growth among female infertility patients with different education levels, characteristics and whether being the only child (P<0.05) . The scores of ISS of female infertility patients had statistically negative correlations with the total score and dimension scores of PTGI-C (P<0.01) . Hierarchical regression analysis showed that the main influencing factors of posttraumatic growth in female infertility patients were the education levels, years of infertility, total score of stigma and scores of emotion and behavior with statistical differences (P<0.05) . Conclusions Stigma of female infertility patients is negatively correlated with the posttraumatic growth, which points that nurses could positively reduce the stigma of those patients so as to improve their posttraumatic growth. Key words: Female; Infertility; Stigma; Posttraumatic growth

A Qualitative Case Study on the Post-traumatic Growth Experiences of One Victim of Sexual Violence

This study is a qualitative case study that conducted an in-depth-interview with a sexual violence victim to find out what the participant experienced during the process of post-traumatic growth. The research questions include: what did the participant experience after sexual violence and what did she experience during the process of overcoming the trauma. The participant was a woman in mid-40s who experienced sexual violence by a relative when young. The transcribed data of the in-depth interview were analyzed using a qualitative case-study method, derving 56 concepts, 38 subcategories, and 18 categories. The results are as follows. First, the participant experienced post-traumatic stress symptoms such as invasive memory, negative emotion, and defense mechanism. Second, the participant experienced multiple factors of post-traumatic growth during the process of overcoming the post-traumatic stress of sexual violence, including growth through self-disclosure, sympathy and comfort from others, facing and acceptance of trauma, self and family perception, self-disclosure to family, acceptance by and emotional exchange with family, acceptance of others and trust restoration, struggle for growth, self-confidence and affection, acceptance of life, and so on.