Factors Of Intensity Research Articles

Objective analysis of capsulorrhexis factors and posterior capsular opacification in 420 postmortem eyes

ObjectiveTo evaluate the capsulorrhexis structure in postmortem eyes and determine factors associated with posterior capsular opacification (PCO). DesignExperimental study. ParticipantsPostmortem pseudophakic human eyes (n = 420). MethodsPostmortem eyes were obtained and examined. Photographs were taken of the eyes in Miyake-Apple view and of the extracted lens-capsule complexes. PCO and Soemmering's ring (SR) were quantified using automated detector opacification software as factors of intensity and area. Miyake-Apple views and ImageJ were used to assess capsulorrhexis diameter, area of anterior capsule-optic overlap, length of the shortest anterior capsular leaflet, and area and angle of capsulorrhexis-optic nonoverlap. Linear regression analysis and Welch's t test were used to determine the relationship of these factors with PCO and SR. All analyses were repeated in sample groups specific to the 5 most common intraocular lens models. ResultsCapsule-optic overlap was positively correlated with PCO (P < 0.0001) and SR (P = 0.0016). Capsulorrhexis diameter was negatively correlated with PCO (P < 0.0001) and SR (P = 0.014). Leaflet length was positively correlated with PCO (P = 0.009). Area and angle of capsulorrhexis-optic nonoverlap were not correlated with PCO or SR. Slopes and coefficients of determination were relatively low for all significant results. ConclusionsThe pathogenesis of PCO development after cataract surgery is multifactorial. This study shows that with modern operating technology, capsulorrhexis factors have at best a modest influence on PCO formation. Factors such as time from surgery to death and intraoperative techniques such as laser capsule polishing, posterior capsule vacuuming, and cortical cleanup are likely to play a more significant role.

Predicting China’s carbon intensity through 2050: an integrated analysis method

ABSTRACT Carbon intensity is one of the key indexes in the process of decarbonizing development. Therefore, our paper investigates possible pathways of China’s carbon intensity to 2050 depending on China’s development stage and trends. We first investigate the major influence factors of carbon intensity based on the Kaya identity, and then forecast China’s future carbon intensity with a generalized regression neural network model coupled with a scenario analysis with official data from 1978 to 2020. Our results show that: (1) China’s carbon intensity will decrease under the benchmark growth, high growth, and low growth scenarios but vary by amounts and rates of decrease due to the settings of the influences factors; (2) China is able to achieve the reduction targets of 2025 under the benchmark growth and low growth scenario, but cannot achieve the target under the high grow scenario. However, China can meet its reduction target by 2030 in all scenarios. (3) The Chinese government should aim to reduce carbon intensity by 23–25%, 40–44% and 64–70% by 2035, 2040 and 2050 as compared to the level in 2030. Therefore, China should keep promoting the deep low-carbon transformation of economic development model, and realize high-quality economic development in order to achieve these objectives.

Spatial Correlation and Influencing Factors of Environmental Regulation Intensity in China

In this study, we examined the spatial difference of environmental regulation intensity in 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) of China. It was found that there were significant differences in environmental regulation intensity in the four regions, with a decreasing trend of “west–central–northeast–east” on the whole. Applying the Theil index showed that intra-regional differences accounted for more than 85% of the overall differences in environmental regulation intensity. Goble Moran’s I index was used to verify the spatial correlation of China’s environmental regulation. It was found that the p-value of Goble Moran’s I index was less than 10% in 7 years from 2010 to 2019. It was verified that the environmental regulation intensity in China has had a spatial correlation. In addition, a positive spatial correlation between the environmental regulation intensity in each province was found, indicating that an increase in the environmental regulation intensity of one province will lead to an increase in the intensity of environmental regulation in neighboring provinces. Finally, through the construction of a spatial Markov model to test the spillover effect of environmental regulation intensity in China, it was found that the local environmental regulation intensity will change to different degrees when there are spatial differences in the intensity of environmental regulation in neighboring provinces. This research will be helpful for provincial governments to formulate appropriate environmental regulation targets based on regional characteristics, which is of great significance for China’s and other countries’ green economic development and other countries to solve the contradiction between environmental pollution and economic development.

Water Resources Liability Measurement and the Driving Factors of Water Resources Liability Intensity

Water Resources Liability Measurement and the Driving Factors of Water Resources Liability Intensity

Driving Factors of Carbon Emission Intensity for China's Planting: A Combination of LMDI and PDA

It is important to explore the driving factors of the carbon emission intensity (CI) for China's planting under the dual pressures of adequate food supply and carbon neutrality. Previous studies separately investigate the impact of technical or structural factors on the total carbon emissions of China's agricultural sector, but few studies assess the comprehensive effects of these two. To this end, this paper incorporates the production-theoretical decomposition analysis (PDA) into the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) and decomposes the changes of CI into seven components, namely, two technical effects, four structural ones, and one regional layout effect. Based on the panel data of the agricultural sector for 31 provinces in China from 2001 to 2018, the contribution rates of the seven components to the changes of China's planting CI are computed. The results indicate that China's planting CI presents a downward trend with an average annual decreasing rate of 11.4% over the whole study period. The improvement in technical efficiency (TEFF) plays a dominant role in the decline of CI for planting with a contribution rate of 83.19%, followed by the output structure (OS) change (27.28%). In contrast, technical change (TECH) (8.00%) promotes the increase of CI. Further, the effects present significant regional heterogeneities. Specifically, TEFF contributes the highest share to the decline of CI for producing-sales balance areas (BA), and OS plays the greatest role in the decrease of CI for main grain-sales areas (MCA) during the entire study period. Accordingly, some policy recommendations are put forward on how to reduce the CI of China's planting.

Enhancing Safety of the Electrical Personnel by Way of Professional Selection

The statistics of occupational injuries in the Russian Federation are analyzed. For 2019–2020 there was an increase in occupational injuries and fatal injuries. It was also revealed that among incidents at the workplace, electrical injuries are less common, but cases of electric shock most often result in high-severity injuries and fatal case. As a rule, electrical personnel suffer from electrical injuries. Professional selection of electrical personnel is proposed as one of the ways to reduce occupational injuries. Electrical personnel must have certain qualities (developed at the required level of thinking, attention, responsibility for the result of work, for their own and other people lives, communicative potential, moral standards, etc.) that allow employees to carry out their activities, which will contribute to improving occupational safety. Therefore, professional selection must consider the peculiarities of working with electrical installations. Occupational safety is also influenced by the tension of the labor process. In this regard, the fragments of the protocols on the indicators of the intensity of electrical personnel labor process, which were drawn up during the assessment of working conditions, were analyzed. It is noted that each profession related to electrical personnel differs in the class of working conditions according to the factors of labor process intensity at the workplace. Situations can also be observed when one profession at the different workplaces can have a different class of working conditions for the same indicators of labor process intensity. Based on the analysis of the protocols, it can be concluded that professional selection should consider the characteristics of the electrical personnel, as well as the classes of working conditions according to the indicators available in the protocols of the labor process intensity.

Multiple Wirelessly Powered Sensing Platform Scheduling Algorithm Based on Dynamic Priority Preemption

The available energy of a wirelessly powered sensing platform is not enough, and there are constant real‐time tasks to join the wirelessly powered sensing platform to run. So the wirelessly powered sensing system composed of many wirelessly powered sensing platforms is easy to enter the overloaded state, which may cause some tasks not to be executed on time. Therefore, to obtain as much task value as possible for the wirelessly powered sensing system when it is under the overloaded state, it is essential to design a reasonable task scheduling algorithm to arrange the task execution order. In this paper, we propose a policy named Wirelessly Dynamic Allocation Priority (WDAP) policy suitable for the wirelessly powered sensing system. The proposed WDAP is divided into a dynamic task priority allocation policy and a dynamic node priority allocation policy. Firstly, this paper analyzes the dynamic value density based on task value and execution time, studies the urgency of execution according to the execution time and the remaining idle time, and proposes the energy intensity through the task energy consumption and execution time. Based on the three impact factors of dynamic value density, urgency, and energy intensity, a policy for dynamic task priority allocation is proposed. Then, a policy for dynamic node priority allocation is proposed by combining the available energy and the energy acquisition speed of the nodes. Finally, the algorithm suitable for the wirelessly powered sensing system is proposed named Wirelessly Dynamic Real‐time Task Scheduling (WDRTS) algorithm based on the WDAP. The algorithm clarifies the execution order of each task, responds to high‐priority tasks first, and effectively guarantees task benefits. The experimental results show that compared with the main algorithms used in the literature among which is Generalized Earliest Deadline First, the WDRTS algorithm reduces the number of preemptive tasks by at least 36.49% and increases the successful scheduling rate of tasks by at least 15.17% and the overall system task income by at least 16.37% under high load.

Medico-geoinformaton system for suicide prevention among adolescents

The development of adequate measures to combat the spread of socially significant diseases requires the use of modern tools available to demographers and epidemiologists for entering, analyzing and visualizing data on the spread of population movement processes in space. A medical and demographic geoinformation system has been created to study the dynamics of suicidal behavior in the Amur region of the Russian Far East. The main factors involved in the psychopathogenesis of suicidal behavior are considered. The research was conducted using various ecological and mathematical methods to assess the quality of life of the human population in extreme the conditions of the Far Amur region of the East of Russia, taking into account various factors of interaction between the individual, society and the environment. The features of the spread of suicidal attempts in the Amur region are revealed. The set of the main causes and factors of low intensity characterizing the current suicidal situation in the Amur region of the Russian Far East is studied on the example of the Khabarovsk city. The medical-demographic and socio-psychological problems of suicidal behavior caused by depressive disorders are analyzed from the standpoint of the geoinformation modeling method. Original methodological approaches to the use of information models for medical-demographic and socio-economic studies of depressive spectrum disorders and the prevention of adolescents suicidal behavior are proposed.

Health and hygiene aspects affecting the development of the agricultural production environment

The results of a comprehensive multi-factor analysis of updated information about the demographic situation in rural settlements of the Russian Federation and working conditions in the agricultural sector of the economy are presented. It is shown that in the period from 2010 to 2018, stable population growth was registered only in 20.8 % of rural municipalities, while 79.2 % of settlements were characterized by a decrease in rural residents. Along with depopulation, critical for the sustainable development of rural areas is a prevailing explicit deformation of the age structure of the population and associated growth of demographic burden on the able-bodied rural population due to low birth rate and high death rate of men of working age, as well as the continuing migration outflow of the economically active population in the regional and Federal centers of Russia. The main place of employment in rural areas remains the production of agricultural products. Despite the differences characteristic of technological processes in certain types of agricultural activities, the specifics of labor in the agricultural sector have common aspects related to the impact of harmful factors of the production environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process. The number of people working in the agricultural sector in harmful and dangerous working conditions in the period from 2011 to 2017 decreased by 19.2 %, while the share of this category of people in the total structure of those employed in agricultural production decreased by 4.4 % to 29.4 % in 2017. According to the results of inspections of territorial bodies of Rospotrebnadzor in the period from 2011 to 2017, the share of jobs that do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards at agricultural enterprises decreased from 35.7 to 30.4 %, which indicates a trend of improvement in the sanitary and hygienic situation.

Modeling the Effectiveness of Employee Compensation Based on Financial Resources

Modeling the effectiveness of employee compensation by evaluating the relationship with the factors of the labor intensity of products, work experience, and incentive payments based on a linear model of multiple regression on the main components. In this paper, several methods are utilized, including the classical least squares method, variation inflation factor, principal component method. It is expected with theoretical representations that the labor intensity of products reduces the efficiency of employee remuneration, the experience and incentive payments in the General Fund of remuneration positively contribute to the increase in the efficiency of employee remuneration. The expediency of applying linear regression to the main components for measuring internal corporate factors of the employee remuneration system is shown since the linear model of multiple regression can give incorrect estimates due to collinear regressors. A methodological way to modeling employee remuneration effectiveness based on a regression on individual determinants of the motivation and remuneration system has been developed. The developed methodological means to modeling employee remuneration effectiveness has been tested on a poultry enterprise's data for the period from January 2015 to March 2020. The article's main conclusions can be used in the scientific and practical activities of agricultural enterprises in measuring and evaluating the effectiveness of using financial resources to pay.

What determines the climate mitigation process of China's regional industrial sector?

As a major carbon emitter in China, the emission mitigation in industrial sector performs great significance for China to achieve its emission reduction targets. Using the provincial panel data during 2000-2016 of China's industrial sector, this paper first used a gravity model to study the spatial distribution and center of gravity of industrial CO2 emissions. Then, an integrated decomposition approach based on Shephard distance functions was adopted to study the driving factors of industrial carbon intensity. Results indicate that during 2000-2016, industrial CO2 emissions center of gravity gradually moved to the west. China's industrial carbon intensity achieved considerable decline, with the annual change rate of 8.27%. The energy intensity decline, technology progresses of both production and energy saving were the most important factors facilitating carbon intensity decline. However, energy structure adjustment exerted positive effects in carbon intensity increase, although its effects were minor. Industrial carbon intensity witnessed decrease in almost all provinces except Xinjiang. The effects resulted from various factors were also different across provinces. Finally, suggestions were proposed to further decrease industrial carbon intensity.

STUDY OF ROAD AND STREET HORIZONTAL MARKING REFLECTIVITY

The article describes the change in the reflection of the horizontal sign examined in the scientific work taking into account the factors of road maintenance and traffic intensity. Methods applied in accordance with the standards in force in the European Union. In order to carry out the study in a smooth way, the scientific work analyzes the horizontal amount of road marking materials, types of markings, the change of reflection in the main traffic conditions. The current legal regulation of Lithuania and other European countries, the USA is also reviewed. “The research work also develops the topic of the effectiveness of the methodology of maintenance and renewal of horizontal road markings abroad and in the Republic of Lithuania.” Recommendations are provided on how to improve the quality of horizontal road marking maintenance. Analyzes of national legislation on horizontal vehicle signs, recommendations on how to improve them to ensure the quality of the production of larger horizontal signs, or the best traffic conditions for all road users. Evaluating the reflectivity of selected streets in dry and wet conditions, making suggestions on how to improve the horizontal reflections of road markings and, at the same time, traffic safety.

СТИМУЛИРОВАНИЕ ТРУДА В СИСТЕМЕ СОЦИАЛЬНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ПОСЕЛЕНИЯ

Modern market conditions dictate agricultural producers to create their own individual systems for involving workers into the activities of the enterprise within the framework of the company socio-economic development, as well as to combine various systems of labor incentives and use any other existing achievements, to apply to a limited contingent of workers or to be present only within the framework of certain structural divisions (crop and livestock), where their use will be most appropriate. The article provides a grouping of districts according to the main economic indicators with the aim of their influence on the size of wages. An increase in efficiency indicates an increase in its stimulating role. One of the main indicators that determine the effectiveness of the use of funds for labor remuneration is salary efficiency or labor process profitability. It indicates how many times the employer’s income received as a result of the employee’s work is greater than the total wage bill. The percentage of the influence of quantitative and qualitative factors of wage return and wage intensity on the final production result has been calculated. To identify the efficiency of spending on labor remuneration, one compares salary productivity with the indicator of salary intensity in dynamics for six groups in the context of districts of the Saratov region. A number of indicators are highlighted for calculating the bonus fund, on the basis of which the size of the bonus for one employee is determined separately for crop production (tractor driver-driver) and animal husbandry (pig breeding). The rating assessment of employees on the basis of labor contribution is determined using the selected performance criteria and calculating the percentage of their fulfillment. Stabilization of the demographic situation in conditions of economic growth is seen as one of the main ways to increase the labor potential of the region.

Efficacy of different load intensity and time-under-tension calf loading protocols for Achilles tendinopathy (the LOADIT trial): protocol for a randomised pilot study

BackgroundModifying variables in exercise prescription can produce specific effects on Achilles tendinopathy outcomes. This study aims to determine the feasibility of conducting an adequately powered randomised trial in the future to assess the efficacy of different load intensity and time-under-tension exercise parameters for improving pain and function in individuals with persistent midportion Achilles tendinopathy.MethodsThe trial is designed as prospective, four-armed feasibility and randomised pilot trial with 3 months follow-up. Interventions will be provided in a gym setting. The investigator, who will be blind to the allocation of participants, will conduct all pre- and post-intervention assessments. Forty-eight male participants with Achilles tendinopathy will be recruited from the community. We will use a 2 × 2 factorial design with factors of load intensity (six or eighteen repetitions maximum) and time-under-tension (two or six second repetitions). Participants will be randomised into one of the testing groups: six RM with two second repetitions, six RM with six second repetitions, eighteen RM with two second repetitions or eighteen RM with six second repetitions. Trial feasibility will be indicated by the rate of conversion, recruitment and retention, adherence to the interventions by participants, the utility of videoconferencing mode for weekly exercise supervision, incidence of adverse events, and feasibility of future economic evaluation. The secondary clinical outcomes will assess pain and disability, participant impression of change, satisfaction, health-related quality of life, physical activity, work absenteeism, psychological measures at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks, and plantarflexor contractile dysfunction (torque, rate of force development and muscle force steadiness) at baseline and 12 weeks. These clinical outcomes are primarily measured to provide information regarding potential treatment effects and trends.DiscussionThe proposed study and follow-up powered randomised trial will be a first step towards determining exercise dose parameters that may optimise outcomes for Achilles tendinopathy. We have chosen to focus on load intensity and time-under-tension, as these parameters are important for tendon adaptation. This work has the potential to lead to more effective exercise loading interventions for Achilles tendinopathy.Trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12618001315202. Registered retrospectively on August 6th, 2018.

Influence of adverse factors of low intensity on the frequency of malformations in fetuses and newborns

Extreme anthropogenic and technology-related environmental factors are known to have an adverse influence on the development of fetal and newborn malformations. The subject has been studied fully enough and is also practically assured. At the same time, the long-term impact of low-intensity factors (each of which does not exceed the maximum permissible concentration) both on the body of parents and the frequency of development (sentinel) structural changes in children has not been discussed in sufficient detail. Based on this, the analysis of the malformations frequency in fetuses and newborns was conducted from 2004 to 2014 if their parents lived in 5 districts of Chernivtsi region and the districts were known as technogenic polluted (ERF 2,0 or more). The obtained data has been compared to the malformations frequency in fetuses and newborns whose parents constantly lived in more favorable environmental conditions (ERF less than 2,0).Accordingly, the data provided make us consider that if parents lived where there was an increased risk of environmental factors influence their body, their children had major (sentinel) malformations more often than the comparison group. These malformations are recommended for mandatory registration in the EUROCAT register. Since these malformations with a fixed phenotype reflect the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, the data obtained, in particular, indicates the correctness of the selected group forming criteria.

When Conflict Recurs: Classification of Conflict When Hostilities Break Out Anew

Conflict classification — including identifying when conflict ends — is essential for determining the application of the law of armed conflict and the concomitant protections for persons and obligations of the parties to the conflict or potential conflict. What happens, however, when a conflict ends or appears to end but then violence and hostilities bubble up again? The complexity of conflict identification and classification and the challenges of understanding and analyzing the facts and actors in such new rounds of violence raise interesting and often difficult questions regarding the appropriate approach in assessing whether such new violence constitutes an armed conflict and when. This chapter analyzes the appropriate analytical tools and thresholds for identifying the existence of and characterizing conflict in the face of a resurgence of hostilities. For conflicts between two states, the threshold for such international armed conflict is quite low, such that it could be hard to envision a quicker identification of armed conflict when violence recurs in the aftermath of an inter-state conflict. However, such scenarios pose challenging questions of whether actions by a proxy group or other entity could constitute an international armed conflict and, if so, whether the threshold or standard for such determination might be easier to satisfy if a recent conflict between the two states forms the backdrop for that analysis. In the context of non-international armed conflicts, one overarching question is whether the now-classical Tadic test with the factors of intensity and organization is the right approach in such situations of violence recurring after conflict, or whether some lower threshold or “accelerated analysis” could be more appropriate in these situations. Similarly, the nature of the armed group engaged in the resurgence of hostilities may be consequential, such that the thresholds or framework for hostilities recurring with the same group may not be the same as that for new or reconstituted groups, as well as the location and nature of the conflict. After a brief discussion of the basis for this inquiry and an introduction to the basic legal framework for identification and classification of armed conflict in the first section, the second section explores how the specific problem of violence recurring after the end of armed conflict poses interesting and challenging questions for the conflict classification schematic.

An occupational hazard of workers of wagon-repair production

Introduction. Professional groups of railway workers engaged in the repair of wagons are directly responsible for the safety of railway traffic. The analysis of literature testifies to insufficient attention of researchers to the hygienic problems associated with labor activity of workers of wagon-repair production.The aim of the study is to assess the occupational risk to the health of wagon repair workers, due to the impact on them of factors of the working environment and the labor process.Materials and methods. The study used comprehensive hygienic studies using the methodology of occupational risk to worker’s health.Results. The leading factors of the working environment (class of working conditions 3.2–3.4), which are exposed to workers depending on the specifics of the work performed. Identified professional groups with medium (significant) high (unbearable) and very high (intolerable) category of a priori occupational risk: in wagon meintenance workshop — 17 groups (94% of jobs), in a wagon assembly workshop — 11 groups (80% jobs), in wagon wheel workshop — 3 group (100% jobs). At the same time, according to the request for medical care, employees were diagnosed with isolated cases of occupational diseases.The levels of morbidity with temporary disability of employees of the main workshops are statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) higher than those of the control group in 1.4–1.9 times. The influence of the complex of chemical factors of low and medium intensity on the levels of morbidity of respiratory diseases in the group of workers of the wagon wheel workshop, which were 1.7–2.0 times higher than in the control group, is confirmed by the average degree of causation of the production condition of this pathology (RR=1.7; EF=42.0%).The combined effect of vibration and severity of the labor process forms a high level of temporary disability of employees of the main workshops in connection with diseases of the musculoskeletal system, which was 2.7–4.4 times higher than in the control group, and also determines the prevalence of this pathology in the structure of diseases detected on medical examinations (23.2%). Diseases of the musculoskeletal system are caused by the production of employees of the wagon meintenance workshop (RR=3,9; EF=74,9%), as the most unfavorable in terms of hygiene on these factors.The stressful influence of the complex of harmful production factors on the health of wagon repair workers is manifested by the high risk of diseases of the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, neurological disorders, violation of adaptation of the cardiovascular system in 97% of the examined, as well as the predominance of diseases of the digestive system and circulatory system detected on periodic medical examinations.Conclusions. Harmful working conditions (class 3.1–3.4) cause the suspected occupational risk from small (moderate) to very high (intolerable) to 100% of the jobs of wagon repair workers. The results of the study of morbidity and risk of pathology indicate a significant risk of damage to the health of workers.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ПОШКОДЖЕННЯ ЩIЛЬНОСТI ЕЛЕМЕНТIВ БIОМЕХАНИЧНОÏ СИСТЕМИ ПIД ВПЛИВОМ ЗОВНIШНIХ СИЛОВИХ ФАКТОРIВ

На підставі обширного експериментального матеріалу досліджено поведінку біомеханічної системи, зокрема. лучезап'ясний суглоб, при дії на нього зовнішніх силових факторів різної інтенсивності. Первинними експериментальними даними були рентгенограми пошкоджених ділянок біомеханічної системи. Для кожного випадку проведено класифікація типу порушення щільності елементів системи. Методами непараметричної статистики вивчено вплив гендерного чинника на розподіл кількості пацієнтів за типами переломів. Отримано залежності типу перелому від віку пацієнтів.

Respect for Human Rights as a Predictor of Arab Spring Intensity

The popular uprisings of the Arab Spring have had a profound impact in the Arab World and beyond, and numerous researchers and commentators have explored the causes of these events. The present study sought to build upon an empirical exploration of political, economic, and social predictive factors of Arab Spring intensity by incorporating measures of countries' respect for human rights. Ordinal regression analyses found that countries' scores on the Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Physical Integrity Rights Index in 2010 significantly predicted levels of unrest experienced during the Arab Spring, such that countries who demonstrated less respect for physical integrity human rights experienced higher levels of unrest during the Arab Spring. The implications for future research and policy are discussed.

我国工业废水排放强度的影响因素研究——基于产业集聚度的视角

我国工业废水排放强度的影响因素研究——基于产业集聚度的视角