Division Factor Research Articles

The impact of religious diversity on the Kurdish identity within a geopolitical framework

Importance. The Kurds are currently dispersed across four countries (Turkey, Syria, Iran, and Iraq), which are quite negative towards them, trying to suppress expression of their identity. Historiographically, the Kurdish issue is usually perceived as another obstacle to regional stability in the Middle East, but the uniqueness of their position forces us to look at the situation from a different perspective. The aim of the study is to prove that the experience of asymmetric interaction of Kurds with various social actors can be extrapolated to address the problem of long-term stability in the Middle East and the resolution of other conflicts.Materials and Methods. The research is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity; chronological and structural methods and comparative analysis are used.Results and Discussion. The novelty of the study is that it allows us to consider the religious heterogeneity of the Kurds as a possible positive factor that can be used to build a new Kurdish identity. The peculiarities of the situation of the Kurds in different territories, including in a religious context, are also analyzed. The trends in ethnic relations in the territories of four nearby countries (Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Turkey) are determined.Conclusion. The eclectic nature of Kurdistan’s religious composition has greatly influenced Kurdish political identity, and despite external divisive factors, the diverse Kurdish population is united due to its culture of tolerance, which stems from its long history of diverse religious traditions. At the same time, it complicates their interactions with the neighbouring states that are intolerant of dissent and other faiths.

Equilibrium-Equation-Based Fast Recursive Principal Component Tracking With an Adaptive Forgetting Factor for Joint Spatial Division and Multiplexing Systems

Equilibrium-Equation-Based Fast Recursive Principal Component Tracking With an Adaptive Forgetting Factor for Joint Spatial Division and Multiplexing Systems

Analysis of the Influence of Driving Factors on Vegetation Changes Based on the Optimal-Parameter-Based Geographical Detector Model in the Yima Mining Area

The growth of vegetation directly maintains the ecological security of coal mining areas. It is of great significance to monitor the dynamic changes in vegetation in mining areas and study the driving factors of vegetation spatial division. This study focuses on the Yima mining area in Henan Province. Utilizing MODIS and multi-dimensional explanatory variable data, the Theil–Sen Median + Mann–Kendall trend analysis, variation index, Hurst index, and optimal-parameter-based geographical detector model (OPGD) are employed to analyze the spatiotemporal changes and future trends in the EVI (enhanced vegetation index) from 2000 to 2020. This study further investigates the underlying factors that contribute to the spatial variation in vegetation. The results indicate the following: (1) During the period studied, the Yima mining area was primarily characterized by a moderate-to-low vegetation cover. The area exhibited significant spatial variation, with a notable pattern of “western improvement and eastern degradation”. This pattern indicated that the areas that experienced improvement greatly outnumbered the areas that underwent degradation. Moreover, there was an inclination towards a deterioration in vegetation in the future. (2) Based on the optimal parameter geographic detector, it was found that 2 km was the optimal spatial scale for the analysis of the driving factors of vegetation change in this area. The optimal parameter combination was determined by employing five spatial data discretization methods and selecting an interval classification range of 5–10. This approach effectively addresses the subjective bias in spatial scales and data discretization, leading to enhanced accuracy in vegetation change analysis and the identification of its driving factors. (3) The spatial heterogeneity of vegetation is influenced by various factors, such as topography, socio-economic conditions, climate, etc. Among these factors, population density and mean annual temperature were the primary driving forces in the study area, with Q > 0.29 and elevation being the strongest explanatory factor (Q = 0.326). The interaction between temperature and night light was the most powerful explanation (Q = 0.541), and the average Q value of the interaction between the average annual temperature and other driving factors was 0.478, which was the strongest cofactor among the interactions. The interactions between any two factors enhanced their impact on the vegetation’s spatial changes, and each driving factor had its suitable range for affecting vegetative growth within this region. This research provides scientific support for conserving vegetation and restoring the ecological system.

Construction Tasks for Children With Blindness: Analyzing the Completion Ratio of Six Puzzles

Introduction: There are major differences when children with blindness perform construction tasks using haptics, without relying on sight, compared to when children with typical vision perform them through sight. When using sight, in all of the processes, the overall image can be grasped simultaneously while executing the task. When using haptics, the construction must be made by touching each piece sequentially and successively. In this study, framed block puzzle construction tasks that can be implemented by haptic means are developed with the objective of considering the order of difficulty of the task. Methods: In all, six framed block puzzle construction tasks were performed by 39 children with blindness, and the analysis was conducted from the perspective of the task-completion ratio. These six tasks were established on the basis of factors such as wood panel division and dimension, symmetry and asymmetry, and the number of block patterns. Results: A significant difference was observed in the completion ratio between one- and two-dimensional tasks, between two-dimensional symmetrical and asymmetrical tasks, and between two-dimensional asymmetrical tasks with multiple and single correct patterns. Discussion: This study clarified that the task order of difficulty is influenced by the factors of division and dimension, symmetry and asymmetry, and number of block patterns. Thus, we identified a task order wherein difficulty increases in the order of one- and two-dimensional symmetrical tasks and two-dimensional asymmetrical tasks with multiple and single correct patterns. Implications for Practitioners: Based on these hypotheses, providing instructions to children with blindness, in the order of simple to difficult tasks, is vital after ascertaining each child's level of capacity for spatial cognition.

Advances in the Pathogenesis of Pancreatitis

One of the common acute abdominal diseases of acute pancreatitis, the global incidence of about 34~80 people per 100, 000 people every year, in China and Europe and the United States have been increasing year by year[1]. The common causes of pancreatitis are biliary diseases, alcohol, and hyperlipidemia. Other relatively rare etiologies include drugs, hypercalcemia, split pancreas division, infection, trauma, genetic and autoimmune factors, and many more[2]. However, although the causes of diverse, but it has an important pathophysiological characteristics, namely from the clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain to progress to organ failure such as pancreatitis related lung injury caused by acute respiratory distress syndrome, pancreatitis related renal injury caused by acute renal failure or pancreatic local complications such as pancreatic pseudocyst and so on the pathophysiological process often need several days or even longer. Therefore, clarifying the core molecular events involved in the occurrence and development of acute pancreatitis during this time period can greatly curb the development of pancreatitis. Therefore, this paper will summarize the basic research progress of the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis in recent years, in order to have clinical guiding significance for the early treatment of acute pancreatitis.

Multidisciplinary Nature of the AEC Industry, and the Potential Distribution of AEC Firms

Abstract The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector is diverse. The industry’s market is run by businesses of different sizes, specialties, and subordinations, and each active company indirectly participates in adding value to the sector. This paper focuses on the functional distribution of local AEC firms in Southern Hungary, mainly in the South Transdanubia region. The work systematically gathers data about multidisciplinary AEC firms based in the region, introduces the main activities of the collected companies, and reveals the potential AEC divisions, by analyzing the popularity, net revenue, and number of employee factors for each professional division within the industry at the studied region.

QiDongNing induces lung cancer cell apoptosis via triggering P53/DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission.

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major cause of worldwide cancer death, posing a challenge for effective treatment. Our previous findings showed that Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) QiDongNing (QDN) could upregulate the expression of p53 and trigger cell apoptosis in NSCLC. Here, our objective was to investigate the mechanisms of QDN-induced apoptosis enhancement. We chose A549 and NCI-H460 cells for validation invitro, and LLC cells were applied to form a subcutaneous transplantation tumour model for validation in more depth. Our findings indicated that QDN inhibited multiple biological behaviours, including cell proliferation, cloning, migration, invasion and induction of apoptosis. We further discovered that QDN increased the pro-apoptotic BAX while inhibiting the anti-apoptotic Bcl2. QDN therapy led to a decline in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and a rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, QDN elevated the levels of the tumour suppressor p53 and the mitochondrial division factor DRP1 and FIS1, and decreased the mitochondrial fusion molecules MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1. The results were further verified by rescue experiments, the p53 inhibitor Pifithrin-α and the mitochondrial division inhibitor Mdivi1 partially inhibited QDN-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas overexpression of p53 rather increased the efficacy of the therapy. Additionally, QDN inhibited tumour growth with acceptable safety invivo. In conclusion, QDN induced apoptosis via triggering p53/DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission in NSCLC cells.

Temporal profiling of sediment microbial communities in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area discovered time-dissimilarity patterns and multiple stable states

Microbial communities play vital roles in cycling nutrients and maintaining water quality in aquatic ecosystems. To better understand the dynamics of microbial communities and to pave way to effective ecological remediation, it's essential to reveal the temporal patterns of the communities and to identify their states. However, research exploring the dynamic changes of microbial communities needs a large amount of time-series data, which could be an extravagant requirement for a single study. In this research, we overcame this challenge by conducting a meta-analysis of years of accumulations of 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing data from the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA), an ecological and environmental hotspot. For better understanding the microbial communities time-dissimilarity dynamics, three microbial communities time-dissimilarity patterns were hypothesized, and the linear pattern in the TGRA was validated. In addition, to explore the stability of microbial communities in the TGRA, two alternative stable states were revealed, and their differences in community richness, alpha diversity indices, community composition, ecological network topological properties, and metabolic functions were demonstrated. In short, two states of microbial communities showed distinct richness and alpha diversity indices, and the communities in one state were more dominated by Halomonas and Nitrosopumilaceae genera, facilitating nitrogen cycling metabolic processes; whilst the main genera of the other state were Bathyarchaeia and Methanosaeta, which favored methane-related metabolism. Moreover, different studies and environmental differences between mainstream and tributaries were attributed as the potential inducing factors of the state division. Our study provides a comprehensive insight into the dynamics and stability of microbial communities in the TGRA, and a reference for future studies on microbial community dynamics.

Bioactive profiling of Rumex vesicarius L. from the Hail region of Saudi Arabia: a study on its phytochemical and elemental analysis, antibiofilm, antibacterial, antioxidant properties, and molecular docking analysis.

Rumex vesicarius is a wild leafy plant belonging to the family Polygonaceae, renowned for its therapeutic benefits. The genus Rumex comprises approximately 150 species distributed globally. The study aimed to investigate the biological activities of R. vesicarius using in vitro and in silico methods. Rumex vesicarius was collected from the mountains in Hail and extracted with methanol. The phytochemical composition was qualitatively determined using colorimetric detection methods. Additional analyses included elemental analysis, in silico docking, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm properties. The extract contained various classes of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, terpenes, and saponins. Sixteen constituents were identified through molecular docking, revealing inhibition against the filamentous temperature-sensitive protein Z (FtsZ), a crucial factor in bacterial cell division. Six compounds exhibited low binding scores ranging from -8.3 to -5.0 kcal/mol, indicating efficient interaction at the active site. Elemental analysis identified 15 elements, with potassium being the most abundant, followed by calcium, aluminum, silicon, iron, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, titanium, strontium, zinc, manganese, bromine, and chromium. Antioxidant analysis revealed significant properties at lower concentrations compared to ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, and β-carotene. Antibacterial analysis demonstrated inhibitory effects on Bacillus subtilis MTCC121 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 741, with inhibition zones of 13.67 ± 1.0 mm and 11.50 ± 1.0 mm, respectively. The MIC and MBC values ranged from 250 to 500 μg/mL. R. vesicarius also exhibited anti-biofilm activity. Wild-grown R. vesicarius from the mountains of Hail is rich in bioactive phytochemicals and essential minerals, exhibiting notable antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

Kerr-induced synchronization of a cavity soliton to an optical reference.

The phase-coherent frequency division of a stabilized optical reference laser to the microwave domain is made possible by optical-frequency combs (OFCs)1,2. OFC-based clockworks3-6 lock one comb tooth to a reference laser, which probes a stable atomic transition, usually through an active servo that increases the complexity of the OFC photonic and electronic integration for fieldable clock applications. Here, we demonstrate that the Kerr nonlinearity enables passive, electronics-free synchronization of a microresonator-based dissipative Kerr soliton (DKS) OFC7 to an externally injected reference laser. We present a theoretical model explaining this Kerr-induced synchronization (KIS), which closely matches experimental results based on a chip-integrated, silicon nitride, micro-ring resonator. Once synchronized, the reference laser captures an OFC tooth, so that tuning its frequency provides direct external control of the OFC repetition rate. We also show that the stability of the repetition rate is linked to that of the reference laser through the expected frequency division factor. Finally, KIS of an octave-spanning DKS exhibits enhancement of the opposite dispersive wave, consistent with the theoretical model, and enables improved self-referencing and access to the OFC carrier-envelope offset frequency. The KIS-mediated enhancements we demonstrate can be directly implemented in integrated optical clocks and chip-scale low-noise microwave generators.

Diversification of division mechanisms in endospore-forming bacteria revealed by analyses of peptidoglycan synthesis in Clostridioides difficile

The bacterial enzymes FtsW and FtsI, encoded in the highly conserved dcw gene cluster, are considered to be universally essential for the synthesis of septal peptidoglycan (PG) during cell division. Here, we show that the pathogen Clostridioides difficile lacks a canonical FtsW/FtsI pair, and its dcw-encoded PG synthases have undergone a specialization to fulfill sporulation-specific roles, including synthesizing septal PG during the sporulation-specific mode of cell division. Although these enzymes are directly regulated by canonical divisome components during this process, dcw-encoded PG synthases and their divisome regulators are dispensable for cell division during normal growth. Instead, C. difficile uses a bifunctional class A penicillin-binding protein as the core divisome PG synthase, revealing a previously unreported role for this class of enzymes. Our findings support that the emergence of endosporulation in the Firmicutes phylum facilitated the functional repurposing of cell division factors. Moreover, they indicate that C. difficile, and likely other clostridia, assemble a distinct divisome that therefore may represent a unique target for therapeutic interventions.

Design of synchronous frequency dividers in 5‐nm FinFET CMOS technology

AbstractA method is presented for the design of high‐speed frequency dividers in which the divided output signals are phase aligned by means of a scheme based on cascaded retiming. The objective of the design method proposed is to break the accumulation of propagation delay occurring in a divider chain that may limit the speed of the phase synchronization. Compared to alternative approaches where the phase synchronization is achieved with additional logical gates applied to the divider outputs, the authors’ approach only uses latches that are identical to those already employed in the divider chain itself without any additional synchronization logic. Hence, a better uniformity and homogeneity of the layout can be achieved, which helps improve the phase balancing. The method proposed to design synchronous dividers has been implemented in 5‐nm FinFET CMOS technology by means of a synchronous 8b‐counter providing the division factors 1/2 through 1/256. Its output phase synchronization has been verified in measurements at 10 GHz. The measured power consumption is 720 μW and the silicon area of the divider implemented is 79 μm2.

Symboliczne wymiary tajwańskiego nacjonalizmu

THE SYMBOLIC DIMENSION OF TAIWANESE NATIONALISMA great majority of Taiwanese people declare themselves to be Taiwanese only (61% in 2022) or Taiwanese and also Chinese (additional 31%), which gives an impression of ethnic and national unity. However, the divisive factors of (sub) ethnic grouping, language diversity and historical consciousness are still present. Taiwanese nationalism, which in its civilian form is organized around present state of Republic of China (ROC) as opposed to the People’s Republic of China (PRC). However, ROC, although de facto an independent state is not de iure a Taiwanese state, as can be seen in its national symbolism. The paper analyses this enthosymbolical dimension of Taiwanese national identity, discussing four main symbolical spheres: the memory of the 2-28 Incident; memory and idealization of the Japanese colonial period; strong presence of local languages, used alongside the official northern mandarin standard; and finally, the presence of the Aborigine people and their cultures. All these spheres are important in Taiwan symbolical space, and their importance is further strengthened by the actions of the state (public commemorations, protecting the cultural relicts of Japanese period, removing the ones connected with authoritarian regime of Chiang Kai shek etc.). However, the author remains doubtful if they have enough emotional and symbolical power to unite Taiwanese in the face of the Chinese threat. Closely related question is the future effect of the recommendations of the report of the Commision of Transitional Justice about the monuments of the KMT period, whose fate is a strongly contested issue, and which needs further research.

Hederagenin suppresses ovarian cancer via targeting mitochondrial fission through dynamin-related protein 1

A triterpenoid isolated from the plant Hedera helix, hederagenin was discovered to have anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant and anti-fibrosis properties both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, the relationship between mitochondrial fission and hederagenin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer (OC) was investigated and the underlying mechanisms were deciphered. Hederagenin's cytotoxicity on OC cells was analyzed using colony formation and CCK-8 assays. The effect of hederagenin on OC cells was also verified by a mouse xenograft tumor model. Flow cytometric analysis was conducted to examine hederagenin's effects on mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis, and cell cycle OC cells. MitoTracker Red (CMXRos) staining was performed to observe the mitochondrial morphology. The protein levels of Bak, Bcl-2, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, Cyclin D1 and Bax were measured by Western blot. This study found that hederagenin could suppress the in vivo and in vitro SKOV3 and A2780 cell proliferation in an effective manner. Besides, hederagenin altered the mitochondrial membrane potential, induced S-phase and G0/G1-phase arrest, mitochondrial morphology changes, and apoptosis in OC cells. Additionally, our findings further demonstrated that hederagenin changed the mitochondrial morphology by suppressing dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a crucial mitochondrial division factor. Moreover, Drp1 overexpression could reverse hederagenin-induced apoptosis, whereas the Drp1 knockdown had the opposite effect. Furthermore, hederagenin may trigger BAX mitochondrial translocation and apoptosis in OC cells. These results provided a novel perspective on the relationship between the modulation of mitochondrial morphology and the suppression of ovarian cancer by hederagenin.

Effects of hTERT transfection on the telomere and telomerase of Periplaneta americana cells in vitro

Telomere and telomerase are crucial factors in cell division and chromosome stability. Telomerase activity in most cells depends on the transcription control by the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). The introduction of an exogenous human TERT (hTERT) in cultured cells could enhance telomerase activity and elongate the lifespan of various cells. Telomere elongation mechanisms vary between insects and are complex and unusual. Whether the use of exogenous hTERT can immortalize primary insect cells remains to be investigated. In this study, we used a recombinant virus expressing hTERT to infect primary cultured cells of Periplaneta americana and evaluated its effects on insect cell immortalization. We found that hTERT was successfully expressed and promoted the growth of P. americana cells, shortening their doubling time. This was due to the ability of hTERT to increase the activity of telomerase in P. americana cells, thus prolonging the telomeres. Our study lays the foundation for understanding the mechanisms of telomere elongation in P. americana, and suggests that the introduction of hTERT into insect cells could be an efficient way to establish certain insect cell lines.

Patriotic discourse in the publications of humanities scientists of the Republic of Dagestan

The article presents the results of a review of publications in scientific periodicals on the topic of patriotism, written by authors from the Republic of Dagestan who are specialists in the fields of humanities and social sciences. It is noted that the scientific discourse on patriotism is primarily developed in the republic by social philosophers, educators and sociologists. Most authors of the examined publications understand patriotism as a unifying idea aimed at uniting Russians based on the constitutional principle of equality of all citizens, regardless of their regions of residence, ethnic and religious backgrounds. The issue of patriotism itself is closely linked by the authors to the formation and strengthening of the all-Russian identity. Accordingly, the main problem aspects of the patriotic discourse in Russia, as seen by Dagestani authors, include questions of inclusivity within the modern Russian nation, the ability of the concept of the Russian nation to encompass and embrace the diversity of regional, ethno-cultural, and religious identities of Russians. According to the philosophical authors, the development of patriotic discourse in the public sphere should contribute to the introduction of such fundamental values as humanism, citizenship, statism, social justice, ethnic and religious tolerance, a high standard of living, pride in the country, its history, achievements in various spheres of life, and high culture into the mass consciousness of Russian youth. In the works of Dagestani sociologists, within the framework of the patriotic theme, the subjects of research include patriotic attitudes in the mass consciousness of Dagestan's residents, the relationship between civil, regional, ethnic, and religious identities in the context of the influence of both unifying and divisive factors, including various versions of radical Islamism, regionalism, and ethnic nationalism. Recent thematic publications indicate an increased level of activity by government authorities and the public in Dagestan in the patriotic education of the republic's youth. However, alongside the promotion of patriotism, efforts should also be directed towards improving the quality of life for the country's population.

Geometric characteristics and design optimization of parabolic trough concentrators with a flat mirror as the secondary reflector designed based on two components of a solar source

Parabolic trough concentrators with a tubular receiver (PTCs) are widely used for the production of solar thermal power. However, the geometric concentration ratio (CR) of PTCs falls short of thermodynamic concentration limit (C0) by a factor larger than π, and restricted by the angle subtended by solar sources (Δs = 2θa). To increase CR, a novel idea by dividing a solar source into two components in the open angle is proposed for the design of PTC equipped with a secondary reflector (SR), and PTC with a flat mirror (FM) is designed as a trial of the idea. For such design idea, rays incident at rims of primary parabolic reflector (PR) from one component (S1) are required to directly redirect onto on the absorber tube (AT) and those from another component (S2) are required to arrive on the AT after reflections from PR first then from FM. To investigate effects of the angular division factor (k) of solar sources (Δs2 = kΔs) and rim angle (ϕe) of PR on the effective CR (Cg), a mathematical procedure to characterize the geometry is suggested and examined by ray-tracing technique. The analysis shows that the geometry of PTC-FM is dependent on k, ϕe and θa, and a set of optimal k and ϕe for maximizing Cg can be obtained when θa is given. Calculation results show that the optimal k for maximizing Cg is 0.5 regardless of θa, but the optimal ϕe of PTC-FM for maximizing Cg, is sensitive to θa. As compared to conventional PTCs, the Cg of optimized PTC-FM is increased more than 80%, larger than 56.5% of C0, for k = 0.5 and θa < 1.0°. Empirical expressions for a quick estimation of optimal ϕe are also proposed based on numerical calculations. Results by ray-tracing analysis indicate that the optimal ϕe for maximizing CR and average solar concentration ratio are almost identical when the reflectivity of PR and FM is higher than 0.8. In principle, the novel idea is applicable for the design of other solar concentrators, therefore a further increase of Cg of PTCs is possible by using other imaging and non-imaging optics as the SR.

Hybrid synthesizer with two PLLs and DDS Part 2. Fine tuning circuit and main PLL

The use of a direct digital synthesizer (DDS) with a frequency converter in the frequency shift circuit of a hybrid synthesizer of high-frequency oscillations can significantly reduce its phase noise. This version of the frequency synthesizer (FS) has not been previously considered in known publications. There is a need to perform an analysis of existing circuits of hybrid FS with PLL to identify the elements that make the greatest contribution to the phase noise of the output oscillations, develop and experimentally test a FS with a low level of phase noise power spectral density. The performed calculations and experiments show that the use of a frequency shift circuit with frequency conversion based on a DDS operating in the first Nyquist zone in a hybrid frequency synthesizer makes it possible to minimize the effect of DDS phase noises on the FS phase noises. In this case, at frequencies of detuning from the carrier, where the flicker noise of the PFD of PLL circuits in cascade connection prevails, the contribution of the flicker noise of the PLL chips to the noise of the output oscillation of the FS will be equivalent. It is convenient to estimate the phase noise of the FS at the equivalent frequency, determined by the frequency of the phase detector and the division factor in the feedback circuit of the second (main) PLL ring. Taking into account the results of the first part of this work, the calculated relations obtained allow us to design hybrid frequency synthesizers with DDS and PLL with a low level of phase noise. The expressions obtained in the work for the phase noise of a hybrid FS and its components also make it possible to estimate the potentially achievable levels of FS phase noise and can be used in calculating the characteristics of oscillation sources and signal synthesizers.

An Efficient Fuzzy based MRI Brain Tumor Segmentation and Classification

Picture division is a significant testing factor in clinical picture division. This paper portrays the division strategy comprising two stages. In the initial step, the MRI cerebrum picture is gained from the patients' information base, in that film, relics and commotion are taken out after the Binarization strategy is applied for picture division. The Binaraization works with the assistance of the Fuzzy C Means Clustering calculation, hence the calculation assumes the principle part in the framework, in this most minimal level of the weight vector, higher worth of cancer pixels, calculation speed is accomplished by the Fuzzy C Mean with vector quantization. The point of this exploration work is to give an assortment of fluffy c-implies (FCM) calculation that gives picture bunching utilizing the MRI Brain Tumor data set. The proposed calculation joins the neighborhood spatial data and dark level data in an original fluffy manner. The new calculation is called Fuzziness Confined Message C-Means (FCM2). FCM2 can defeat the drawbacks of the known fluffy c-implies calculations and simultaneously improves the grouping execution. The significant trait of FCM2 is the utilization of a fluffy neighborhood (both spatial and dark level) closeness measure, expecting to ensure clamor heartlessness and picture detail conservation. Besides, the proposed calculation Experiments performed on manufactured and true pictures show that the FCM2 calculation is powerful and proficient, giving strength to uproarious pictures.

Ultimate effect of non-identity of resistive elements of high-voltage arm on frequency characteristics of broadband voltage divider (analytical research)

Purpose. Determination in the analytical form of the maximum limiting influence of the non-identity of the resistive elements of the high-voltage arm on the amplitude-frequency characteristic and phase-frequency characteristic of the voltage divider with parallel-series connection of R-, C-elements of the high-voltage arm. Methodology. Based on the previously developed theory of broadband voltage dividers with parallel-series connection of R‑, C-elements, analytical expressions for amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics of the voltage divider are obtained and investigated taking into account the limit case of non-identical resistive elements of high-voltage arm. Results. The nature of the dependencies of the frequency characteristics of the broadband voltage divider on the value of the tolerance of the resistive elements of the high-voltage arm, the division factor of the voltage divider in a wide range of frequency changes are determined. Simplified approximating expressions for the maximum values of frequency characteristics of the voltage divider are proposed and their error is determined. Originality. For the first time in the analytical form the limiting influence of non-identity of resistive elements of a high-voltage arm of a voltage divider on its frequency characteristics is considered. A mathematical model of this influence is constructed and the limit values of frequency characteristics of the voltage divider are determined. Practical value. It is recommended to introduce into the normative documentation of broadband voltage dividers the corrected value of the division factor, which allows to significantly reduce the deviation of the actual value of the division factor of the voltage divider from the normalized value in a wide range of frequency changes.