Factors In Bangladesh Research Articles

An in-depth PRISMA based review of cybercrime in a developing economy: Examining sector-wide impacts, legal frameworks, and emerging trends in the digital era

In today's digital age, the swift advancement of information and communication technology (ICT) has brought immense benefits to humanity, but it has also opened the door to various technological crimes, particularly cybercrime, which is becoming an increasingly significant issue in Bangladesh. This paper aspires to critically examine the nature and scope of cybercrime in Bangladesh, exploring its impact on individuals, businesses, and the economy as a whole. This study investigates the state of cybercrime in Bangladesh, its sector-wide impacts, and the effectiveness of existing legal government law in combating these crimes. a survey alongside semi-structured interviews and a variety of sources, including Scopus, Web of Science, DOAJ, Scimago, and Google Scholar databases. The study also utilized PRISMA based methodology to find out the research gaps in the context to increase deeper insights and understanding into technology-related crimes. Cybercrime (hacking, phishing and credit Card Fraud, financial fraud etc) greatly affected economic growth, emerging trends, different sectors, banking, finance and legal frameworks which are emerging economies that have the mediation process of expanding factors in Bangladesh. Additionally, financially motivated attackers, politically motivated attackers and espionage motivated attackers are the main reasons for cybercrime. As Bangladesh rapidly adopts digital technologies, the study identifies the emerging factors, patterns, underlying logic, the role of law enforcement agencies and cybersecurity measures related to cybercrime. The implication will be presented in the increasingly alarming consequences of cybercrime and suggests strengthening existing global cyber laws to more effectively fight these crimes.

P204 BANGLADESH HEARTS: LESSONS LEARNED FROM A NATIONAL HYPERTENSION CONTROL PROGRAM, 2018-2024

Background and Objective: In Bangladesh, 21% of all adults aged >=18 years have hypertension but among hypertensives, only 14.1% have blood pressure (BP) controlled (<140/90 mmHg) .1 To improve hypertension control and prevent cardiovascular disease, the Non-Communicable Disease Control Program under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare launched the Bangladesh Hypertension Control Initiative (BHCI) with technical support from the National Heart Foundation of Bangladesh and Resolve to Save Lives. Method: The BHCI gradually implemented the World Health Organization (WHO) HEARTS standardized hypertension control package in 172 sub-district facilities (35% of all sub-district facilities) & 10 district-level facilities in 23 districts from 2018 to 2024. BHCI facilities implemented a simple, evidence-based, step-by-step, and drug & dose-specific hypertension treatment protocol, a reliable supply of protocol medicines free of charge to patients, team-based care including non-physician members, and the Simple digital hypertension management app to collect real-time data and facilitate patient and program monitoring over time. A continuous quality improvement initiated in 2020 focused on lowering missed visit rate and raising blood pressure control. Missed visit rate was the proportion of all enrolled patients failing to attend a scheduled clinic visit in the prior three months; BP control was proportion with BP <140/90 mmHg at their last visit in the prior three months. Results: From March 2019 to February 2024, the BHCI had enrolled 364,038 hypertensive patients in treatment (Figure). Facility-based BP control increased from 37% in July 2020 when the quality improvement program started to 57% by April 2024. Missed visits decreased from 53% in July 2020 to 29% by April 2024. Conclusion: BHCI is on track for national scale-up in Bangladesh and can serve as a model for WHO-HEARTS hypertension control programs in other LMIC countries. Reference: 1. World Health Organization. National STEPS survey for non-communicable diseases risk factors in Bangladesh 2018. Panel A: number of hypertension patients enrolled in treatment. Panel B: rates of missed hypertension management visits and blood pressure controlled <140/90

Gender disparities in suicide prevalence and risk factors in Bangladesh

Effective preventive methods for suicide need a thorough understanding of the risk factors associated with this complex and varied public health issue. This research aims to explore instances of suicide as documented in Bangladeshi newspapers, specifically examining distinctive risk factors associated with gender and demographics. 13 national daily newspapers were selected purposively data in this investigation. The logistic regression method was used for analysis and fitting to the dataset. Higher suicide odds among individuals under 30 and employed individuals. Significant regional differences are noted, with Khulna having a rate of 1.05 (OR=1.05, 95% CI: [0.45-1.42]) and Chittagong the lowest at 76% (OR=0.24, 95% CI: [0.18-0.41]) compared to Sylhet. Certain methods like hanging, poisoning, and jumping show elevated odds 1.75 (95% CI: [1.51-1.86]), 1.83 (95% CI: [0.79-1.98]), and 1.72 (95% CI: [1.53-1.97]), respectively, compared to self-harm methods among women, while factors like family issues and blackmail exhibit significantly higher odds 2.82 (95% CI: [1.85-3.10]), 1.01 (95% CI: [0.89-1.12]), and 2.06 (95% CI: [1.99-2.15]), respectively, compared to physical illness among women. By elucidating the intricacies associated with suicide risk factors in Bangladesh, our study adds to the international conversation on suicide prevention by promoting a more sophisticated comprehension of gender differences to augment the efficacy of public health campaigns. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2024, 10(3), 110-118

Comprehensive Analysis of Gallstone Composition and Association with Risk Factors in Bangladesh: Insights into the burden and outlook for prevention and management.

Comprehensive Analysis of Gallstone Composition and Association with Risk Factors in Bangladesh: Insights into the burden and outlook for prevention and management.

Major Causes of Cerebral Palsy among the Children of Bangladesh

The most prevalent physical impairment in children is cerebral palsy (CP), although the exact etiology is frequently still a mystery. CP is a diverse collection of clinical symptoms that characterize long-term problems with posture and movement. It is typified by aberrant posture, mobility, and muscular tone, which restricts the affected person's range of activities. The current investigation was conducted to determine the sociodemographic characteristics linked to individuals with cerebral palsy, to investigate the age range most susceptible to the condition, to pinpoint the gender most impacted, and to ascertain the causes and prevalent forms of cerebral palsy in Bangladesh. A total of 100 children with cerebral palsy were selected from the Center for The Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed (CRP) and the outdoor and indoor departments of the Bangladesh Council for Children Welfare (BCCW), Dhaka, for a descriptive cross-sectional study. Out of the 100 children with cerebral palsy, the majority were male. The age range of the maximum percentage of children was 1 to 8 years. The majority of mothers (78%) of children with cerebral palsy had good health. 37% of the children's fathers and 28% of mothers had completed their bachelor's degrees. The majority of mothers, or 93% of them, were housewives. The siblings of the maximum children were all normal or had no disabilities. A maximum of 55% of children had normal deliveries, with no complications occurring during the child's birth. A maximum of 42% of children with cerebral palsy experience postpartum seizures due to birth damage. 45% of newborns suffer from asphyxia. The youngsters had ataxic cerebral palsy, which was the most prevalent kind of the condition. According to the study's findings, the main risk factors in Bangladesh are still infant convulsions, hospital deliveries, birth injuries, and hypoxia.

Increasing rates of cesarean birth in Bangladesh: A household-level pooled analysis.

Cesarean birth (CB) rates have been increasing rapidly globally, including in Bangladesh. This study aimed to assess national trends in CB rates and to investigate associated factors in Bangladesh. We analyzed data from the five most recent Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS) between 2003 and 2018. A total of 27,328 ever-married women aged 15-49 who had a live birth in the 2 years preceding the survey were included in this study. We estimated the prevalence of CB from 2003 to 2018, as well as changes in the prevalence. Logistic regression analysis was used to measure the association between dependent and independent variables. The overall prevalence of CB among Bangladeshi mothers was 3.99% in 2003-04; this rate increased to 33.22% in 2017-18. The annual percentage change in CB ratewas 16.34% from 2004 to 2017-18, which is alarming relative to the World Health Organization's cesarean birth recommended threshold. Several factors, such as maternal age, maternal and paternal education, working status of the mother, maternal BMI, age at first pregnancy, antenatal care (ANC) use, administrative division, and wealth status, had a significant influence on the rising rate of CB in Bangladesh. This study documents the alarming rate of CB increase in Bangladesh since 2003. It is critical that authorities implement more effective national monitoring measures to identify the causes of this dramatic increase and work to mitigate the rate of unnecessary CB in Bangladesh.

The burden of diseases and risk factors in Bangladesh, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Bangladesh has made substantial progress in improving socioeconomic and health indicators over the past 50 years, but data on national disease burden are scarce. We used data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to estimate the burden of diseases and risk factors in Bangladesh from 1990 to 2019. For this systematic analysis, we analysed data from vital registration systems, surveys, and censuses using multistage modelling processes to estimate life expectancy at birth, mortality rate, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Additionally, we compared the health status of Bangladesh with that of the other countries in the GBD south Asia region-Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. Life expectancy at birth in Bangladesh increased from 58·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 57·1-59·2) in 1990 to 74·6 years (72·4-76·7) in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, the age-standardised mortality rate decreased from 1509·3 (1428·6-1592·1) to 714·4 (604·9-838·2) deaths per 100 000 population. In 2019, non-communicable diseases represented 14 of the top 20 causes of death; the leading three causes were stroke, ischaemic heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. High blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, and smoking were the top three risk factors. From 1990 to 2019, the rate of all-cause DALYs decreased by 54·9% (48·8-60·4). In 2019, the leading causes of DALYs and YLLs were neonatal disorders, stroke, and ischaemic heart disease, whereas musculoskeletal disorders, depressive disorders, and low back pain were the leading causes of YLDs. Bangladesh has the lowest age-standardised rates of mortality, YLDs, and YLLs and the highest life expectancy at birth in south Asia. Over the past 30 years, mortality rates have reduced by more than half in Bangladesh. Bangladesh must now address the double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Cost-effective, multisectoral efforts are needed to prevent and control non-communicable diseases, promote healthy lifestyles, and prevent premature mortality and disabilities. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. For the Bangla translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Determinants of Institutional Delivery in Bangladesh: A Multilevel Analysis of a Nationwide Population-Based Survey

Background: A substantial number of mothers and infants lose their lives due to complications during childbirth. Institutional delivery can lower the number of fatalities. This study aims to explore the prevalence of institutional delivery and its multifaceted associated factors in Bangladesh.
 Methods: The data were extracted from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), conducted during the period of 2017-18. Following data preprocessing, a total of 4974 women were included in this study. This study attempts to identify and assess the variables (at the individual and community levels) having the significant impact on the institutional delivery by using a multilevel binary logistic regression model.
 Results: Approximately half of the Bangladeshi women's deliveries were done at the medical center. The study found that women aged 20 or older had a 1.53 times greater likelihood of using healthcare facilities during childbirth (OR 1.53, [1.31-1.78]) than those under 20. Women with higher levels of education were more than twice as likely to choose institutional delivery as those with no education, and the women whose husbands had higher education had the same likelihood. The likelihood of using an institutional delivery service was also boosted by women's higher socioeconomic status. Women with exposure to any form of media had a 36% (OR 1.36, [1.16-1.60] higher likelihood of accessing healthcare facilities during childbirth. Rural women had a 20% lower likelihood of receiving institutional delivery. The utilization of institutional delivery was positively correlated with religion, geographical region, child ever born, and antenatal care visits (ANC). This study discovered significant variations at the community level.
 Conclusion: In order to increase the prevalence of institutional delivery in Bangladesh, the study findings suggest that policymakers should focus on addressing socioeconomic and demographic factors, particularly on women's education, husbands' education, age at first delivery and frequency of ANC visits.

Socioeconomic Differential of Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors in Bangladesh: Findings From a Nationally Representative Survey

Diabetes, hypertension, and overweight/obesity are three major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, their distributions across socioeconomic status (SES) are debated despite its critical importance to design healthcare system. This study aimed to examine the associations between SES and diabetes, hypertension, and overweight/obesity in Bangladesh. Data was extracted from the 2017/18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Diabetes, hypertension, and overweight/obesity were outcome of interest. Three variables —wealth quintiles, education, and paid employment— were considered as proxy of respondents’ SES, as such the major explanatory variables of interest. Age-standardised prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and overweight/obesity by SES were estimated using direct standardisation. Associations between SES and CVD risk factors were examined using multilevel Poisson regression model with robust variance. The overall age-standardized prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and overweight/obesity in the sample were 9.82% (95% CI, 9.11-10.58), 27.37% (95% CI, 26.37-28.40) and 40.11% (35% CI, 38.82-41.42), respectively. We found a significant gradient of diabetes, hypertension, and overweight/obesity in Bangladesh with a higher prevalence among the respondents of advantageous wealth quintiles, education, and paid employment. In the fully adjusted models improved wealth quintiles and higher education were found as important predictors of diabetes and overweight/obesity. Prevalence ratio of hypertension and overweight/obesity was found lower among respondents with no education/pre-school or primary education as compared to the respondents with primary education. Diabetes, hypertension, and overweight/obesity are not distributed proportionately by SES in Bangladesh, especially by wealth quintiles and levels of education. Policies and programs to increase awareness on importance of controlling weight and regular screening for diabetes and hypertension are important. Treatment facilities for diabetes and hypertension should also need to be spread up at the community level.

Spatiotemporal characterization of relative humidity trends and influence of climatic factors in Bangladesh

The frequency and intensity of climate change and resulting impacts are more prevalent in South Asian countries, particularly in Bangladesh. Relative humidity (RH) is a crucial aspect of climate, and higher RH variability has far-reaching impacts on human health, agriculture, environment, and infrastructure. While temperature and rainfall have gained much research attention, RH studies have received scant attention in the research literature. This study investigated the trends and variability of RH levels in Bangladesh and the influence of other meteorological factors over the past 40 years. Variabilities in the meteorological factors were identified by calculating descriptive statistics. Innovative trend analysis (ITA) and Mann-Kendall test (MK-test) methods were utilized to assess monthly, seasonal, and annual trends. The magnitude of temperature, rainfall, and windspeed influences on RH variability were identified using Pearson's correlation, Spearman rank correlation, and Kendall correlation model. Variability analysis showed higher spatial variations in RH levels across the country, and RH skewed negatively in all stations. Results reveal that daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual trends of RH exhibited positive trends in all stations, with an increasing rate of 0.083–0.53% per year in summer, 0.43–0.68% per year in winter, and 0.58–0.31% per year in the rainy season. Both ITA and MK-test provided consistent results, indicating no discrepancies in trend results. All three models indicate that temperature, rainfall, and windspeed have weak to moderate positive influences on changing RH levels in Bangladesh. The study will contribute to decision-making to improve crop yields, health outcomes, and infrastructure efficiency.

Spatio-temporal variability of vegetation and its relation to different hydroclimatic factors in Bangladesh

Bangladesh, known for its remarkable ecological diversity, is faced with the pressing challenges of contemporary climate change. It is crucial to understand how vegetation dynamics respond to different climatic factors. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the spatio-temporal variations of vegetation and their interconnectedness with a range of hydroclimatic factors. The majority of the dataset used in this study relies on MODIS satellite imagery. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), precipitation (PPT), evapotranspiration (ET), and land surface temperature (LST) data from the years 2001 to 2020 have been obtained from Google Earth Engine (GEE). In this study, the temporal variations of the NDVI, EVI, PPT, ET, and LST have been investigated. The findings of the Mann-Kendall trend test indicate noticeable trends in both the NDVI and the EVI. Sen's slope value for NDVI and EVI is 0.00424/year and 0.00256/year, respectively. Compared to NDVI, EVI has shown a stronger connection with hydroclimatic factors. In particular, EVI exhibits a better relationship with ET, as indicated by a r2 value of 0.37 and a P-value of 6.81 × 10−26, whereas NDVI exhibits a r2 value of 0.17 and a P-value of 2.96 × 10−11. Furthermore, ET can explain 17% of the fluctuation in NDVI, and no correlation between NDVI and PPT has been found. The results clarify the significant relationship between the EVI and hydroclimatic factors and highlight the efficiency of the EVI for detecting vegetation changes.

The prevalence and influencing factors of coexisting prediabetes and prehypertension among Bangladeshi adults

BackgroundEarly detection of diabetes and hypertension is helpful to prevent and/or delay the onset of these diseases through proper interventions. Therefore, it is a prerequisite to know the prevalence of prediabetes and prehypertension and the factors associated with these conditions but people from developing countries including Bangladesh often remain undiagnosed and unaware of these conditions. In this study we investigate the prevalence of prediabetes and prehypertension and their associated factors in Bangladesh using nationally representative data.MethodWe used nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017–18 survey data, which included a total sample of 14,704 adults aged 18 years and more from whom blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose were collected. Chi-square test was used to examine the differences between sociodemographic and outcome variables. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the factors associated with prediabetes and prehypertension.ResultsOverall, the prevalence of prediabetes and prehypertension was 8.6% with 14% of the sampled population having from prediabetes and prehypertension separately. Among the prediabetic and prehypertensive participants, one-fourth of the participant were from the richest families and around one-third were overweight/obese, while more than fifty percent had normal Body Mass Index (BMI) and completed secondary and higher education. In the univariate analysis, the richest wealth status (UOR 3.3, 95% CI: 2.46 -4.35) and overweight/obesity (UOR 3.2, 95% CI: 2.62–3.85) are the highest predictors for prediabetes and prehypertension. After adjusting the other variables, overweight/obesity remains the largest predictor for prediabetes and prehypertension (AOR:2.5, 95% CI:2.05–3.05). Further, people aged 31 and above and from the richest family had around 2 times and 1.8 times higher risk of being prediabetic and prehypertensive compared to the younger age people (18–30 years) and the poorest family (respectively).ConclusionThe coexistence of prediabetes and prehypertension is an early sign of a greater burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the near future for Bangladesh. To reduce the higher burden of NCDs, our findings call for a multisectoral approach to identify the precondition of NCDs with particular attention to maintaining body weight.

Application of Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model to Assess the Environmental Sustainability in Bangladesh

This research inspects the associations among several macroeconomic factors in Bangladesh using yearly time series data from 1971 to 2019. It also aimed to determine if the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis exists in Bangladesh or not. The findings from the stationarity tests reveal that all variables are ordered I (1) integrated. The ARDL model has been used to explore the longrun and short-run connections between variables in the model. In the long term, the projected findings established the existence of the Kuznets curve hypothesis in the GDP-energy nexus. According to the study, there is a U-shaped association between economic expansion and greenhouse gas emissions. Food production and energy consumption increase emissions, however using biomass does not assist the country to attain sustainability, as an increase in biomass increases greenhouse gas emissions by 1.12%. As a result, our government should explore additional renewable energy sources to restrict emissions and take the required actions in all areas to achieve environmental sustainability. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 71(1): 60-68, 2023 (Jan)

Effect of the Data Collection Method on Mobile Phone Survey Participation in Bangladesh and Tanzania: Secondary Analyses of a Randomized Crossover Trial.

Mobile phone surveys provide a novel opportunity to collect population-based estimates of public health risk factors; however, nonresponse and low participation challenge the goal of collecting unbiased survey estimates. This study compares the performance of computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) and interactive voice response (IVR) survey modalities for noncommunicable disease risk factors in Bangladesh and Tanzania. This study used secondary data from a randomized crossover trial. Between June 2017 and August 2017, study participants were identified using the random digit dialing method. Mobile phone numbers were randomly allocated to either a CATI or IVR survey. The analysis examined survey completion, contact, response, refusal, and cooperation rates of those who received the CATI and IVR surveys. Differences in survey outcomes between modes were assessed using multilevel, multivariable logistic regression models to adjust for confounding covariates. These analyses were adjusted for clustering effects by mobile network providers. For the CATI surveys, 7044 and 4399 phone numbers were contacted in Bangladesh and Tanzania, respectively, and 60,863 and 51,685 phone numbers, respectively, were contacted for the IVR survey. The total numbers of completed interviews in Bangladesh were 949 for CATI and 1026 for IVR and in Tanzania were 447 for CATI and 801 for IVR. Response rates for CATI were 5.4% (377/7044) in Bangladesh and 8.6% (376/4391) in Tanzania; response rates for IVR were 0.8% (498/60,377) in Bangladesh and 1.1% (586/51,483) in Tanzania. The distribution of the survey population was significantly different from the census distribution. In both countries, IVR respondents were younger, were predominantly male, and had higher education levels than CATI respondents. IVR respondents had a lower response rate than CATI respondents in Bangladesh (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=0.73, 95% CI 0.54-0.99) and Tanzania (AOR=0.32, 95% CI 0.16-0.60). The cooperation rate was also lower with IVR than with CATI in Bangladesh (AOR=0.12, 95% CI 0.07-0.20) and Tanzania (AOR=0.28, 95% CI 0.14-0.56). Both in Bangladesh (AOR=0.33, 95% CI 0.25-0.43) and Tanzania (AOR=0.09, 95% CI 0.06-0.14), there were fewer completed interviews with IVR than with CATI; however, there were more partial interviews with IVR than with CATI in both countries. There were lower completion, response, and cooperation rates with IVR than with CATI in both countries. This finding suggests that, to increase representativeness in certain settings, a selective approach may be needed to design and deploy mobile phone surveys to increase population representativeness. Overall, CATI surveys may offer a promising approach for surveying potentially under-represented groups like women, rural residents, and participants with lower levels of education in some countries.

Early childhood developmental status and its associated factors in Bangladesh: a comparison of two consecutive nationally representative surveys

BackgroundInadequate cognitive and socio-emotional development in children leads to physical and mental illness. We aimed to investigate the status of early childhood development (ECD) and its associated factors. Additionally, aimed to compare the changes of significantly associated factors using two multiple indicator cluster surveys (MICS) in Bangladesh.MethodsWe used data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) 2012 and 2019 nationally representative surveys. A total of 17,494 children aged 36–59 months were included in the analysis. The outcome variable was ECD status: either developmentally on-track or not. We used bivariable analysis and crude and adjusted multivariable logistic models to assess the ECD status and its associated factors.ResultsComparing both MICS surveys, the overall and individual domains of ECD status improved from 2012 (65.46%) to 2019 (74.86%), and the indicators of child literacy-numeracy domain improved from 21.2 to 28.8%, physical domain improved from 92.2 to 98.4%, and social-emotional domain improved from 68.4 to 72.7%. The learning approach domain was 87.5% in 2012 and increased to 91.4% in 2019. According to the adjusted logistic model in both surveys (2012 and 2019), the age of 4 years had an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 1.61 and 1.78 times higher developmentally on track than the age of 3. Female children were 1.42 (in 2012) and 1.44 (in 2019) times more developmentally on track than males. Compared to mothers with only primary education, children raised by mothers with secondary or higher education were 1.77 and 1.50 times more on track in their development. Moreover, Children from affluent families had 1.32- and 1.26 times higher odds- on track than those from the poorest families. Families with books had 1.50 and 1.53 times higher developmentally on track than their counterparts.Conclusion and recommendationIn summary, our study shows that the overall ECD status improved between MICS 2012 and MICS 2019. Important factors influence ECD status, including early childhood education programs, families’ possession of children’s books, mothers’ educational level, and wealth index. The findings of our study will help making necessary public health-related initiatives in Bangladesh to improve ECD program.

Correlation of Dengue and Meteorological Factors in Bangladesh: A Public Health Concern

Dengue virus (DENV) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus, a member of the Flaviviridae family (which causes Dengue fever), and an arthropod-transmitted human viral infection. Bangladesh is well known for having some of Asia's most vulnerable Dengue outbreaks, with climate change, its location, and it's dense population serving as the main contributors. For speculation about DENV outbreak characteristics, it is crucial to determine how meteorological factors correlate with the number of cases. This study used five time series models to observe the trend and forecast Dengue cases. Current data-based research has also applied four statistical models to test the relationship between Dengue-positive cases and meteorological parameters. Datasets were used from NASA for meteorological parameters, and daily DENV cases were obtained from the Directorate General of Health Service (DGHS) open-access websites. During the study period, the mean of DENV cases was 882.26 ± 3993.18, ranging between a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 52,636 daily confirmed cases. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between climatic variables and Dengue incidence indicated that no substantial relationship exists between daily Dengue cases and wind speed, temperature, and surface pressure (Spearman's rho; r = -0.007, p > 0.05; r = 0.085, p > 0.05; and r = -0.086, p > 0.05, respectively). Still, a significant relationship exists between daily Dengue cases and dew point, relative humidity, and rainfall (r = 0.158, p < 0.05; r = 0.175, p < 0.05; and r = 0.138, p < 0.05, respectively). Using the ARIMAX and GA models, the relationship for Dengue cases with wind speed is -666.50 [95% CI: -1711.86 to 378.86] and -953.05 [-2403.46 to 497.36], respectively. A similar negative relation between Dengue cases and wind speed was also determined in the GLM model (IRR = 0.98). Dew point and surface pressure also represented a negative correlation in both ARIMAX and GA models, respectively, but the GLM model showed a positive association. Additionally, temperature and relative humidity showed a positive correlation with Dengue cases (105.71 and 57.39, respectively, in the ARIMAX, 633.86, and 200.03 in the GA model). In contrast, both temperature and relative humidity showed negative relation with Dengue cases in the GLM model. In the Poisson regression model, windspeed has a substantial significant negative connection with Dengue cases in all seasons. Temperature and rainfall are significantly and positively associated with Dengue cases in all seasons. The association between meteorological factors and recent outbreak data is the first study where we are aware of the use of maximum time series models in Bangladesh. Taking comprehensive measures against DENV outbreaks in the future can be possible through these findings, which can help fellow researchers and policymakers.

Quantifying Spatiotemporal Variation of Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Contributing Climatic Factors in Bangladesh during 1981–2018

Quantifying Spatiotemporal Variation of Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Contributing Climatic Factors in Bangladesh during 1981–2018

An econometric analysis of Greenhouse gas emissions from different agricultural factors in Bangladesh

Global climate change triggered by greenhouse gases (GHGs) puts incomparable threats to the environment and food security. Agriculture is one of the key drivers of environmental deterioration, which is linked to GHG emissions and labeled ultrasensitive to climate change. However, there is a scarcity of research exploring the nexus between agriculture and GHG emissions in Bangladesh. Thus, the present study empirically investigates the dynamic impacts of agricultural land expansion, agricultural value added, crop production, livestock production, fisheries production, energy use in agriculture, fertilizer consumption, and forest land on GHG emissions in Bangladesh. Time series data from 1990 to 2018 were utilized by employing the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) approach. The empirical findings reveal that a 1% increase in agricultural land, crop production index, livestock production index, fisheries production, energy use in agriculture, and fertilizer consumption will increase GHG emissions by 0.25%, 0.29%, 0.40%, 0.18%, 0.46%, and 0.28% in the long run. Conversely, a 1% increase in agricultural value added and the forest land may lead to GHG emissions reduction by 0.32% and 1.44% in the long run. The estimated results are robust to alternative estimators such as fully modified least squares (FMOLS) and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR). This research contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the GHG emissions from the agriculture sector of Bangladesh. This article put forward policy recommendations on sustainable and climate-smart agriculture that would enhance productivity and resilience while reducing emissions from the agriculture sector.

Changing Food Consumption Pattern and Influencing Factors in Bangladesh.

Food consumption is an important bridge between human beings and the natural ecosystem. The change in food consumption quantity and quality can reflect the relationship between them. This study aims to explore food consumption characteristics and the drivers of food consumption patterns in Bangladesh with a fragile ecology and polluted environment. This research selected food consumption in Bangladesh as the object, food consumption data were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the data of influencing factors mainly were acquired from the World Bank. The following results were conducted: The total and per capita food consumption showed increase as a whole, but per capita food consumption experienced decline in the middle of the research period. Food consumption patterns were divided into three types: the first type of cereal-sugar-aquatic with low food consumption quantity and few kinds of food from 1961 to 1971, the second type of cereal-sugar-oil-aquatic with increasing food consumption quantity and food kinds from 1972 to 1997, and the third type of cereal-aquatic-tuber-sugar-fruit-vegetable-meat with increasing food consumption quantity and more various kinds of food from 1998 to 2020. The characteristics of food consumption in different periods were influenced by a series of factors. The influence of economic factors was higher than other factors, relatively. According to this study, the characteristics of food consumption patterns and the relationship between food consumption and influencing factors can provide a scientific reference for the adjustment policy makers taking local food demand and natural resources conservation into consideration to achieve a sustainable development.

Dynamic changes in prevalence of type 2 diabetes along with associated factors in Bangladesh: Evidence from two national cross-sectional surveys (BDHS 2011 and BDHS 2017–18)

Background and aimsPrevalence of type 2 diabetes has been rising rapidly especially in low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study is to analyze the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in 2011 and 2017–18, and the risk factors based on the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS). MethodsThe study comprised of data from the BDHS 2011 and the BDHS 2017–18 with 7565 (50.6% female) and 12,299 respondents (56.9% female) respectively. The plasma blood glucose was classified into normal, pre-diabetes, and diabetes categories. While univariate analysis was performed to determine the data, Chi-square and gamma analyses were used for bivariate estimation of the correlation between diabetes status and other comorbidities. Multinomial and ordinal logistic regression were also performed to trace the link between diabetes and various risk factors. ResultsThe 2011 BDHS survey indicated that nearly half of the participants (47.6%) had pre-diabetic condition, while 10.2% were diagnosed with diabetes. On the other hand, the BDHS 2017-18 demonstrated that 28.6% and 8.6% of participants had pre-diabetes and diabetes, respectively. Results of inferential statistics showed that gender (p<0.05), age, wealth status, physical activity, BMI (p<0.01), and caffeinated beverages (p<0.05), were significantly linked with diabetes status. ConclusionAccording to our findings, older people and people with lower education are more likely to develop diabetes. BMIˏ Physically active, wealth status, diet and lifestyle were significant predictors of type 2 diabetes. Healthy lifestyle, physical activities, proper knowledge and awareness can reduce the risk of T2D.