Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Factors Research Articles

Free triiodothyronine (FT3)-to-free thyroxine (FT4) ratio identified as a risk factor for gestational diabetes in euthyroid pregnant women: insights from a Chinese population cohort study.

To explore the association between thyroid hormones and gestational diabetes mellitus in euthyroid pregnant women, with the aim of preventing the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus. In this prospective study, a total of 1222 euthyroid pregnant women in their first trimester were recruited at Peking University International Hospital between December 2017 and March 2019. These participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test during the 24-28 weeks of gestation. During early pregnancy, the gestational diabetes mellitus group displayed lower levels of free thyroxine when compared to the non-gestational diabetes mellitus group. Additionally, the ratio of free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine in the gestational diabetes mellitus group during early pregnancy was significantly higher (p<0.05). The ratio of free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine during early pregnancy showed a positive correlation with blood glucose levels at 0, 60, and 120 min both before and after glucose loading (all p<0.05). During early pregnancy, there was a negative relationship between free thyroxine levels and fasting blood glucose. The free triiodothyronine levels were positively correlated to blood glucose levels at 120 min following glucose loading (all p<0.05). The ratio of free triiodothyronine-to-free thyroxine is an independent risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus and has the potential to be a predictor for gestational diabetes mellitus in euthyroid pregnant women.

Serum selenium, selenoprotein P, and glutathione peroxidase 3 during early and late pregnancy in association with gestational diabetes mellitus: Prospective Odense Child Cohort

BackgroundDiet is an important modifiable risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its related complications; however, the role of essential micronutrients such as selenium (Se), particularly in populations with low Se intake, is inconclusive. ObjectivesThe aim was to investigate the association of 3 established biomarkers of Se status with GDM, gestational glucose metabolism, and large for gestational-age offspring. MethodsThis study included 1346 pregnant females with 2294 serum samples from the prospective, population-based Odense Child Cohort study, Denmark. Serum Se, selenoprotein P (SELENOP) concentrations, and glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) activity were measured in early and late pregnancy, and fasting glucose and insulin assessments in late pregnancy. Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated, and the GDM definition was according to the WHO 2013 threshold of fasting venous plasma glucose of ≥5.1 mmol/L. A subcohort underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. Regression models adjusted for various confounders quantified dose-dependent associations. ResultsSe and SELENOP declined during pregnancy. There were dose-dependent inverse associations of early GPX3 with late pregnancy GDM (WHO 2013), fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and 2 h glucose. The odds ratio (OR) of GDM was 0.33 (95% CI: 0.16, 0.65) for 1 log-scale-increment in early GPX3 activity. Late pregnancy GPX3 and SELENOP were inversely associated with GDM and HOMA-IR; the OR of GDM was 0.21 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.38) and 0.52 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.77), for 1 log-scale-increment of GPX3 and SELENOP, respectively. A decline in Se biomarkers during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of GDM and higher HOMA-IR. Low GPX3 activity in late pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of large for gestational-age offspring, partly (∼20%) mediated by fasting glucose concentrations (P = 0.006). ConclusionsLow serum Se in pregnancy, particularly GPX3 activity, is independently associated with risk of GDM and large for gestational age. Offering Se status assessment in pregnancy identifies females at high risk for GDM who may benefit from Se substitution.

Gestational Diabetes Diet: Alternative Approaches

Obesity and type 2 diabetes, which is rapidly increasing prevalence worldwide, are the most common subunits and potential risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The diet plan is very important in the treatment of diabetes, but it has more importance during pregnancy due to fetal and maternal outcomes. Those patients who suffer from GDM need to have a well-planned diet plan and consultations with a dietitian to learn how to feed themselves during this period. This review emphasizes the effects of diet types on GDM. Most suggested diet types are low glycemic index (GI), low carbohydrate intake, calorie-restricted diet, and Mediterranean diet (MD). They all have specific, individualized points to apply and are effective in GDM treatment. Lastly, when a healthy diet plan and well-done consultation are mixed, the patient will start a new life with a healthy body and baby. The most important macronutrient in diabetes, carbohydrates, was clearly described in the study. The study aimed to investigate the beneficial diet types for GDM.

Risk Factors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Among Women Attending an Antenatal Care Clinic in Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Case-Control Study.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a serious health issue for both mother and child. As GDM is common worldwide, healthcare providers pay attention while screening and managing pregnant women to ensure good outcomes for both mother and child. This study aims to identify the risk factors associated with developing GDM in pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics in Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This is a case-control study that utilized patients' medical records for data collection. The study included 317 pregnant Saudi women who attended antenatal care clinics and antenatal diabetic clinics in PSMMC from May 2022 to May 2023. Cases were defined as women who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and had a positive oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) result, while controls were defined as women in the same age group and gravidity who had negative OGTT. Analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics version 29.0 (IBM Corp. Released 2021. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 29.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) Results: The total number of cases was 132 out of 313 total samples, representing 42.2% of the total sample. Three factors were associated with an increased risk of developing GDM, including a family history of diabetes (p-value <0.001), a history of GDM (p-value <0.001), and macrosomia (p-value = 0.020). The study also found higher BMI and advanced maternal age were risk factors for GDM (p-value = 0.004, 0.007), respectively. However, the study did not find a significant association between GDM and other factors, such as chronic disease prevalence, history of miscarriage, or history of fetal death. The study identified several risk factors associated with an increased risk of GDM including family history of diabetes, history of GDM, macrosomia, overweight/obesity, and advanced maternal age. It is recommended that antenatal care providers screen for GDM risk factors and closely monitor overweight, obese, or older women. Education and counseling on healthy lifestyle habits, such as maintaining a healthy weight and engaging in physical activity, may also be beneficial for preventing GDM. Further research is needed to confirm and identify additional risk factors for GDM.

The impact of risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus on the outcomes of newborns in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital: a prospective open cohort study

The impact of risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus on the outcomes of newborns in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital: a prospective open cohort study

DNA methylation analysis reveals the effect of arsenic on gestational diabetes mellitus

BackgroundArsenic (As) exposure is one of the risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aimed to explore the effect of As-exposure on DNA methylation in GDM and to establish a risk assessment model of GDM in As exposed pregnant women. MethodWe collected elbow vein blood of pregnant women before delivery to measure As concentration and DNA methylation data. Then compared the DNA methylation data and established a nomogram. ResultWe identified a total of 10 key differentially methylated CpGs (DMCs) and found 6 corresponding genes. Functions were enriched in Hippo signaling pathway, cell tight junction, prophetic acid metabolism, ketone body metabolic process, and antigen processing and presentation. A nomogram was established that can predict GDM risks (c-index = 0.595, s:p = 0.973). ConclusionWe found 6 genes associated with GDM with high As exposure. The prediction of the nomograms has been proven to be effective.

The relationship between body mass index and sleep in women with risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus.

Both obesity and sleep disorders are common among women during pregnancy. Although prior research has identified a relationship between obesity and sleep disorders, those findings are from women later in pregnancy. To explore the relationships between self-reported sleep duration, insufficient sleep and snoring with body mass index (BMI) among multiethnic women at risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)in early pregnancy. Cross-sectional study of baseline data from women at risk of GDM enrolled in the Treatment of BOoking Gestational diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) multicentre trial across 12 Australian/Austrian sites. Participants completed a questionnaire before 20weeks' gestation to evaluate sleep. BMI <25kg/m2 served as the reference group in multivariable logistic regression. Among the 2865 women included, the prevalence of overweight and obesity classes I-III was 28%, 19%, 11% and 12%, respectively. There was no relationship between sleep duration and BMI. The risk of insufficient sleep >5days/month was higher in class II and class III obesity (1.38 (1.03-1.85) and 1.34 (1.01-1.80), respectively), and the risk of snoring increased as BMI increased (1.59 (1.25-2.02), 2.68 (2.07-3.48), 4.35 (3.21-5.88) to 4.96 (3.65-6.74), respectively)). Obesity is associated with insufficient sleep among pregnant women at risk of GDM. Snoring is more prevalent with increasing BMI.

Maternal hemoglobin change from early pregnancy to second trimester is associated with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study.

The accrual of iron that is reflected in high maternal hemoglobin (Hb) status is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Changes in maternal Hb level could also implicate glycemic status in pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the associations between maternal Hb levels and their changes with GDM. In this retrospective cohort study, a total of 1,315 antenatal records of mothers with singleton pregnancies from eight health clinics of a district in the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia who delivered between 1st January 2016-31st December 2017 were analyzed. Data extracted from the records were socio-demographic, anthropometric, obstetrical, and clinical data. Hb levels were extracted at booking (<14 weeks) and second trimester (14-28 weeks). Change in Hb was determined by subtracting the Hb level in the second trimester from the booking Hb level and was categorized as decreased, unchanged, and increased Hb. The associations between maternal Hb levels and their changes with GDM risk were analyzed using multiple regression, adjusting for covariates in four different models. Model 1: maternal age and height. Model 2: covariates of Model 1 added with parity, history of GDM, and family history of diabetes. Model 3: covariates of Model 2 added with iron supplementation at booking. Model 4: covariates of Model 3 added with Hb level at booking. Unchanged Hb level from booking to second trimester was significantly associated with GDM risk in Model 1 (AOR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.20, 5.44; p < 0.05), Model 2 (AOR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.13, 5.34; p < 0.05) Model 3 (AOR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.11, 5.27; p < 0.05), and Model 4 (AOR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.15, 5.49; p < 0.05). No significant associations were observed between maternal Hb levels and GDM in the study. Unchanged Hb levels from the booking (<14 weeks of gestation) to the second trimester (14-28 weeks) increased GDM risk. Further investigation is warranted to evaluate the associations between changes in maternal Hb and GDM risk and to identify potential factors influencing this relationship.

Hemoglobin A1c as a Substitute for Oral Glucose Testing in Early Pregnancy Screening.

Current recommendations for individuals with risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) call for screening in early pregnancy. However, there is currently no clear consensus on a specific screening modality. This study evaluates whether a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) screening in individuals with risk factors for gestational diabetes (GDM) could be used instead of an early 1-hour glucose challenge test (GCT). We hypothesized that the HbA1c could replace 1-hour GCT in early pregnancy evaluation STUDY DESIGN: This is a prospective observational trial at a single tertiary referral center of women with at least one risk factor for GDM who were screened at <16 weeks of gestation with both 1-hour GCT or HbA1c. Exclusion criteria include: previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, multiple gestation, miscarriage, or missing delivery information. The diagnosis of GDM was made by a 3-hour 100-g glucose tolerance test, using the Carpenter-Coustan criteria (at least two results >94, 179, 154, and 139 mg/dL for fasting, 1-, 2-, and 3-hour values, respectively), 1-hour GCT > 200 mg/dL, or HbA1c > 6.5%. A total of 758 patients met inclusion criteria. A total of 566 completed a 1-hour GCT and 729 had an HbA1c collected. The median gestational age at testing was 91/7 weeks (range: 40/7-156/7 weeks]. Twenty-one participants were diagnosed with GDM at <16 weeks' GA. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves identified the optimal valves for a positive screen for an HbA1c > 5.6%. The HbA1c had a sensitivity of 84.2%, a specificity of 83.3%, and a false positive rate of 16.7% (p < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve for the HbA1c was 0.898. Gestational age of delivery was slightly earlier with individuals with an elevated HbA1c but no other changes in delivery or neonatal outcomes. Contingent screening improved specificity (97.7%) and decreased false positive rate to 4.4%. HbA1c may be a good assessment in early pregnancy for gestational diabetes. · HbA1c is a rational assessment in early pregnancy.. · An HbA1c > 5.6% is associated with gestational diabetes.. · Contingent screening limits the need for additional testing..

Risk prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus in women with polycystic ovary syndrome based on a nomogram model

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome are prone to develop gestational diabetes mellitus, a disease which may have significant impact on the postpartum health of both mother and infant. We performed a retrospective cohort study to develop and test a model that could predict gestational diabetes mellitus in the first trimester in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Our study included 434 pregnant women who were referred to the obstetrics department between December 2017 and March 2020 with a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Of these women, 104 were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus in the second trimester. Univariate analysis revealed that in the first trimester, Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), age, total cholesterol(TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), SBP (systolic blood pressure), family history, body mass index (BMI), and testosterone were predictive factors of gestational diabetes mellitus (P < 0.05). Logistic regression revealed that TC, age, HbA1C, BMI and family history were independent risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus. The area under the ROC curve of the gestational diabetes mellitus risk prediction model was 0.937 in this retrospective analysis, demonstrating a great discriminatory ability. The sensitivity and specificity of the prediction model were 0.833 and 0.923, respectively. The Hosmer–Lemeshow test also showed that the model was well calibrated.

Is subclinical hypothyroidism a risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus?

Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus is characterized by increased blood sugar that first appears during pregnancy. Multiple articles&#x0D; have described a relationship between hypothyroidism/subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and a rise in the risk of concomitant&#x0D; pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but the effect of SCH on pregnancy is uncertain in the&#x0D; literature. We clarified the contribution of SCH to GDM development.&#x0D; Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study. From the patient records, the first 250 pregnant women who applied to our&#x0D; hospital for screening at 20-24 weeks and had glucose tolerance tests were included in our study. Retrospectively, all these pregnant&#x0D; women’s first-trimester thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were recorded. We created two groups according to the oral glucose&#x0D; tolerance test (OGTT) results: a case group diagnosed with GDM and a control group with average blood glucose. Their first-trimester&#x0D; TSH levels were compared between the two groups and defined whether they had euthyroid, subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH=2.5-&#x0D; 5.5mIU/L) or overt hypothyroidism (TSH &gt;5.5).&#x0D; Results: We diagnosed 37 of 191 patients (19.4%) with GDM. When we checked the case and control groups, the mean TSH of the&#x0D; GDM group was 1.8 mIU/L, and the control group was 1.7 mIU/L, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.121). 24.32%&#x0D; (n=9) of 37 pregnant women with GDM were diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism/hypothyroidism; this rate was as low as&#x0D; 14.93% (n=28) in the non-GDM group, but no statistical difference was found (p=0.21).&#x0D; Conclusion: It can be predicted that other accompanying factors may be the primary determinant in the development of GDM rather&#x0D; than subclinical hypothyroidism. Risk scales that include the first trimester TSH level should be established for the development of&#x0D; GDM.

Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes and Associated Maternal Factor

The prevalence of gestational diabetes is rising all over the world. Maternal and neonatal complications are associated with gestational diabetes Mellitus. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of gestational diabetes and associated maternal factors in outpatients of Jinnah Hospital Lahore. Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to assess the prevalence of gestational diabetes and associated maternal factors with a 200-population size that is deliberated from Slovin’s formula for the pregnant women of the Gynae outpatient’s department at Jinnah Hospital Lahore. The convenient sampling technique is used to collect the data from pregnant women. The study took approximately 9 months. The questionnaire asked about sociodemographic factors, family history, and medical history. Results: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus was 36.8% in Pakistan. Positive family history (41.4%), increased BMI (46.6%), parity (83.5%), and obesity (59.2%) were determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus. Maternal complications like pre-eclampsia (8.3%), pregnancy-induced hypertension (20.1%), cesarean (48.9%), and antepartum hemorrhage (20.2%) were higher in GDM women. Conclusions: The study finding reveals that gestational diabetes mellitus was discovered to be highly prevalent in Pakistani women and they were at higher risk of developing maternal complications. Women with advanced maternal age, low monthly income, obesity, a family history of diabetes, parity number, and increased BMI are risk factors for Gestational diabetes mellitus.

Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in Asia: a review

Introduction. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a global problem that occurs in the world. This case occurred in pregnant women at 24-28 weeks of gestation. The global prevalence of GDM varies widely from 1% to 28%. Objective. The purpose of this study is to describe the prevalence of GDM in Asia and the risk factors for GDM. Materials and Methods. This research method used a systematic review for observational studies. The research inclusion criteria were original English papers, with full text published in peerreviewed journals. Method of 23 international articles in 2012-2022, which have articles that meet the requirements to be researched subjects regarding the description of the average prevalence of GDM cases in Asia and the risk factors for GDM. Results. The results of the study found that the lowest prevalence of GDM was in India at 1.9%, and the highest prevalence was found in Australia at 30%. The average risk factors for GDM are a family history of DM, BMI &gt; 25 kg/m2, multiparity and history of GDM in previous pregnancies, and history of abortion. The results of a journal review also show that mothers who give birth to GDM have a 48% risk of developing DM in the future. Conclusion. Based on the conclusion in this study, with the wide variation in GDM prevalence rates, it is better to set a GDM risk factor score so that other health services can use these indicators as the gold standard for screening GDM.

Smoking during pregnancy is not a risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Maternal Preconception Body Mass Index Overtakes Age as a Risk Factor for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

Introduction-The purpose of this study was to determine the relative impact of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), with a particular focus on maternal preconception body mass index (BMI) and age, two important determinants of insulin resistance. Understanding the factors that contribute most to the current escalation of GDM rates in pregnant women could help to inform prevention and intervention strategies, particularly in areas where this female endocrine disorder has an elevated prevalence. Methods-A retrospective, contemporary, large population of singleton pregnant women from southern Italy who underwent 75 g OGTT for GDM screening was enrolled at the Endocrinology Unit, "Pugliese Ciaccio" Hospital, Catanzaro. Relevant clinical data were collected, and the characteristics of women diagnosed with GDM or with normal glucose tolerance were compared. The effect estimates of maternal preconception BMI and age as risk factors for GDM development were calculated through correlation and logistic regression analysis by adjusting for potential confounders. Results-Out of the 3856 women enrolled, 885 (23.0%) were diagnosed with GDM as per IADPSG criteria. Advanced maternal age (≥35 years), gravidity, reproductive history of spontaneous abortion(s), previous GDM, and thyroid and thrombophilic diseases, all emerged as non-modifiable risk factors of GDM, whereas preconception overweight or obesity was the sole potentially modifiable risk factor among those investigated. Maternal preconception BMI, but not age, had a moderate positive association with fasting glucose levels at the time of 75 g OGTT (Pearson coefficient: 0.245, p < 0.001). Abnormalities in fasting glucose drove the majority (60%) of the GDM diagnoses in this study. Maternal preconception obesity almost tripled the risk of developing GDM, but even being overweight resulted in a more pronounced increased risk of developing GDM than advanced maternal age (adjusted OR for preconception overweight: 1.63, 95% CI 1.320-2.019; adjusted OR for advanced maternal age: 1.45, 95% CI 1.184-1.776). Conclusions-Excess body weight prior to conception leads to more detrimental metabolic effects than advanced maternal age in pregnant women with GDM. Thus, in areas in which GDM is particularly common, such as southern Italy, measures aiming to counteracting maternal preconception overweight and obesity may be efficient in reducing GDM prevalence.

Don't sugar coat it: The independent and synergistic impacts of obesity and gestational diabetes on placental parameters.

Don't sugar coat it: The independent and synergistic impacts of obesity and gestational diabetes on placental parameters.

Association among Cases of Women with first degree Family History of Diabetes Mellitus, Previous Macrosomia and Preterm Births, and Pregnancy Weight Gain at Mama Lucy Kibaki Hospital, Nairobi City

Background: Weight gain during pregnancy is of great concern for most women and obstetricians because of its possible consequences. This concern exists because gestational weight gain that exceeds what is recommended by the Institute of Medicine is associated with many maternal and fetal complications. While excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with modifiable risk factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) notably, obesity and overweight conditions, there is a paucity of information on the association of cases of excessive GWG with non-modifiable risk factors (NMRF) for GDM namely history of diabetes mellitus in the first-degree family members as well as previous macrosomia and preterm deliveries. Method: The study prospectively monitored GWG in 337 women with a history of diabetes mellitus in first-degree family members as well as previous macrosomia and preterm deliveries. Data collected was analysed through bivariate regression to determine the odds of excessive GWG in the presence and absence of each of the three non-modifiable risk factors. Results: The non-modifiable risk factors of women of all BMIs were not found to be significantly associated with excessive GWG. For instance, a family history of DM in obese women was not associated with excessive GWG (P = 0.254; AOR = 0.715; 95%CI: 0.401-1.272). History of macrosomia in obese women was also not statistically significant (P = 0.973; AOR = 1.015; 95% CI: 0.429-2.402). Similarly, history of preterm births in obese women was not significantly associated with excessive GWG (P = 0.778; AOR = 0.902; 95%CI: 0.441-1.847). Conclusion: History of macrosomia and preterm births as well as family history of Diabetes mellitus cannot serve as predictors for excessive GWG because there is no association among them and excessive GWG by women of all BMIs

The relationship between the two endocrine pathologies: subclinical gestational hypothyroidism and gestational diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, gestational diabetes mellitus has become of increasing medical and social importance. It happens due to its increased prevalence and due to its negative impact on pregnancy and long-term metabolic disorders in the mother and fetus.&#x0D; AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between subclinical gestational hypothyroidism and gestational diabetes mellitus, the two most common endocrine pathologies in pregnancy.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 200 medical records of pregnant women. The main group included 133 patients with subclinical gestational hypothyroidism, and the control group consisted of 67 women without endocrine pathology. The diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus was made based on the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation clinical guidelines criteria. The diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism was made based on the thyroid-stimulating hormone level above 2.5 IU/ml in combination with an increased titer of antithyroid antibodies or above 4.0 IU/ml in the absence of any thyroid disorder. Statistical analysis was carried out using the StatTech v.2.1.0 program (Stattech Ltd, Russia).&#x0D; RESULTS: The prevalence of hypothyroidism was higher among women with family history of diabetes mellitus. The chances of developing gestational diabetes mellitus increased by 9.706 times in the presence of hypothyroidism, by 1.077 times with an increase in age by one full year at the time of seeing the doctor, and by 1.023 times with an increase in weight before pregnancy by one kilogram. The thyroid-stimulating hormone level of more than 2.7 IU/ml predicted the development of gestational diabetes mellitus with a sensitivity of 71.4% and a specificity of 63.1%.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical gestational hypothyroidism and gestational diabetes mellitus are interrelated endocrine disorders with common pathophysiological predictors. Among women with a normal body mass index, subclinical gestational hypothyroidism is a more significant risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus than an increase in age or body weight. A certain threshold level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (more than 2.7 IU/ml) in the first trimester increases the chances of developing gestational diabetes mellitus and should be considered as a signal for timely prevention and detection of gestational diabetes mellitus.

The risk factors of Gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

Gestational diabetes mellitus is the increase in blood glucose level, with the first onset occurring during pregnancy. It has adverse outcomes and consequences on the mother and her fetus. Early diagnosis is necessary for early intervention to avoid further consequences. The identification of risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus can help in the prediction of the mother who may develop diabetes during pregnancy and help for early diagnosis. The present study aims to assess the risk factors for developing gestational diabetes mellitus by reviewing the previous studies investigating this subject. Scientific databases and websites, including PubMed, Science direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Research gate, were explored to search for articles focused on our subject between 2018 and 2022. Many keywords were used for the search&amp;quot; GDM, Risk factors, Predictors, Association, Determinants.&amp;quot; The inclusion criteria were original English articles that reported the risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus. A total of 2980 articles were obtained, and only 15 articles were eligible for the inclusion criteria. The studies included a total number of 8750 women. The included studies were from 12 different countries. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus ranged between 5% and 35%. The risk factors were various and could be categorized as demographic, lifestyle, and other factors. There were various risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus; the significant risk factors were higher body mass index, advanced maternal age, family history of diabetes, and multiparity.

Analysis on Related Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in Subsequent Pregnancies in Multiparous Women with No History of GDM

Analysis on Related Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in Subsequent Pregnancies in Multiparous Women with No History of GDM