Factorial Complete Randomized Block Design Research Articles

Influence of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in acidic soil of NEH region of India

A field experiment was carried out on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) variety Kashi Kanchan during summer season at the experimental farm, department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in factorial complete randomized block design with 12 treatments i.e. three levels of phosphorus [control 0 kg(P0), 20 kg (P1) and 40 kg (P2) /ha] and four levels of bio-fertilizer [control (B0), Rhizobium10 ml/kg seed(B1), PSB 10 ml/kg seed (B2) and Rhizobium + PSB both 10 ml/kg seed (B3)] with three replications. The uniform dose of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) @ 20 kg/ha along with 10 t/ha FYM (Farm Yard Manure) were applied to all the treatments. Result indicated that the application of P2 (40 kg P/ha) significantly increased the plant height, leaf area index, stem girth, number of nodules per plant, number of branches per plant , total dry matter, pod yield, available soil nutrient status viz., pH, N, P, K, organic carbon and NPK content in plant after harvesting. Similarly, seed inoculation with B3 (Rhizobium + PSB) significantly enhanced the growth, yield, soil nutrient status and nutrient content in plant over single inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB. Combined inoculation of seed with Rhizobium + PSB (B3) along with 40 kg P/ha (P2) significantly increased the stem girth (1.84 cm), total dry matter (13.91g/plant), green pod yield (196.37g/plant and 120.90q/ha), soil nutrient status viz., pH(6.20), available N (370.89 kg/ha), available P (38.57 kg/ha), available K (168.77 kg/ha), organic carbon (2.80%) and N, P and K (0.17%, 0.16% and 0.39%) content over rest of treatment combination.

Effect of Mesorhizobium, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and phosphorus on plant biometery and growth indices of desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The field experiment was conducted during 2015-16 to study the effect of biofetilizer inoculation [control, Mesorhizobium only, Mesorhizobium + RB-1 (Pseudomonas argentinensis) and Mesorhizobium + RB-2 (Bacillus aryabhattai)] and four levels of phosphorus (0, 15, 20 and 25 kg P2O5 ha-1) on chickpea growth. RB-1 and RB-2 were the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Biofertilizers could play a crucial role in reducing the dependence on chemical fertilizers by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen for crop and/or by increasing the availability of phosphorus and phytohormones to the crop. The 16 treatment combinations were laid out in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated three times. In biofertilizer treatments, Mesorhizobium + RB-1 proved superior over control and sole inoculation of Mesorhizobium and at par with Mesorhizobium + RB-2 with respect to plant height (cm), number of branches (plant-1), shoot and root dry matter (kg ha-1) which were recorded at 30, 60 90, 120 days after sowing (DAS) and at harvest. Application of 25 kg P2O5 ha-1 gave the highest values of all the growth at-tributes viz. plant height (60 cm), number of primary (5.3) and secondary (27.2) branches per plant, shoot dry matter (4000 kg ha-1) and root dry matter (354 kg ha-1) which were significantly higher than that of 0 and 15 kg P2O5 ha-1 and at par with 20 kg P2O5 ha-1. Similar results were observed in case of crop growth rate (CGR) whereas relative growth rate (RGR) was not influenced significantly by various biofertilizer and phosphorus treatments. The dual inoc-ulation with PGPR strains along with phosphorus application have a supplementary effect on the growth of chickpea.

Changes in Soil Chemical Properties of Organic Paddy Field with Azolla Application

The use of high organic fertilizer in the organic farming system is one of the obstacles in the implementation of organic farming in Indonesia. It is necessary to find alternative materials to substitute or meet the shortage of existing organic fertilizer. This study aims to determine the effect of Azolla ( Azolla mycrophylla . L) on some soil chemical properties on organic paddy field. The The field experiments used factorial complete randomized block design of three factors, namely Azolla (0 and 2 tons / ha), Manure (0 and 10 tons / ha) and Rice Varieties ( Mira1, Mentik Wangi and Merah Putih), with three times replication. Azolla 2 tons / ha is able to increase soil total N 18%; available P 87,5 %; organic C 3,78% CEC 8,03 % and soil pH 1,00%; compared to control (without Azolla). Compared with manure 10 tonss / ha, giving Azolla 2 tonss / ha was able to increase only on soil available P about 50 %, but lower on soil total N, organic C, CEC and soil pH 1,9% ; 9,27% ; 9,40% and 0,67%. Azolla can be used as a substitute or complement of manure on organic paddy field.

Productivity Improvement of premium Quality Rice Through Fertilizer Management in The Haor Areas

The experiment was conducted at the farmers’ fields of two villages namely Bahadurpur and Noagaonat Sadar upazilla and Daskin Sunamganj, respectively under Dekhar haor of Sunamganj district during the period from November, 2015 to May 2016 to find out the effect of variety and fertilizer on the, yield and yield contributing characters of premium quality rice in haor area. Two varieties (BRRI dhan50 and BRRI dhan63) and three fertilizer treatments (Farmers’ practice, FRG and Soil test based fertilizers) were included in the experiment. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three dispersed replications. Tillers hill-1 was significantly affected due to different varieties at 60, 75, 90 DAT (Days after Trasplnting) and at harvest but significantly varied due to different fertilizers application at 30 and 60 DAT interaction at 45 and 60 DAT. The maximum grain and straw yield of 3.86 and 5.67 t ha–1, respectively was produced from the BRRI dhan63. Though the grain yield was identical but lower yield in the STB and maximum in farmers’ practice due to higher fertilizer. practices.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2016 19(2): 139-143

Screening of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] for aluminiumtolerance in relation to growth, yield and related traits

Present study was carried out to screen the cowpea genotypes and to determine the effect of different level of aluminium on morpho-physiological, growth, yield and quality attributes. Twenty cowpea genotypes with four aluminium levels i.e. 0, 20, 40, 60 ppm in three replications was investigated in factorial complete randomized block design. Individual main effect and their interaction effects were studied for plant height at weekly interval, biomass, number of nodule per plant, root length, shoot length, dry matter of root, shoot, leaf, total dry matter, number of pod per plant, pod weight, yield and seed protein content. Cowpea genotypes exhibited significant differences for all 13 observed traits. Aluminium treatment expressed significant differences for all the attributes under study except biomass per plant. However, interaction effect was found to be significant for all studied characters except plant height at all stages. Among the aluminium treatments; observed traits were performing better at 20 ppm of Al, whereas, pod yield and protein content were best under the control.

Soil salinity, leaching, and cotton growth as affected by saline water drip irrigation and N fertigation

ABSTRACTSaline water (SW) irrigation is necessary in parts of the world where supplies of good quality water are limited. The aim of this study was to learn more about the use of saline irrigation water in drip-irrigated cotton. Therefore, a 5-year field experiment consisted of a 3 × 2 factorial complete randomized block design with three levels of irrigation water salinity (0.35, 4.61, and 8.04 dS m−1) and two N application rates (240 and 360 kg N ha−1) was carried out in arid regions of northwestern China. The results indicated that drip irrigation with SW (4.61 or 8.04 dS m−1) increased average soil water content and average soil salinity in the 0–100 cm depth. SW irrigation increased leachate –N concentrations. Nitrogen rate significantly affected leachate volume and salt concentration in some years; however, the trends were inconsistent. The treatment with 8.04 dS m−1 irrigation water significantly reduced cotton growth, yield, and N uptake in all the five cropping seasons. In contrast, the treatment with 4.61 dS m−1 water increased cotton growth, yield, and N uptake in the first year, but in the third, fourth, and fifth years, cotton growth, yield, and N uptake were significantly lower in the treatment with 4.61 dS m−1 water than in the treatment with 0.35 dS m−1 water. Cotton growth and yield increased as N application rate increased; however interactive effects between water salinity and N rate on cotton growth and yield were generally not significant. We conclude that drip irrigation with SW (EC>4.6 Ds m−1) reduces cotton yield and increases the risk of salt and –N leaching to groundwater. Additional N fertilizer input may overcome some of the negative effects of salinity on cotton growth, but also increases the potential risks for nitrate leaching.

Efficacy of Botanical Pesticides in Controlling Insect Pests of Three Pigeon Pea Varieties

Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) is a high-value crop with its nutritional and medicinal properties that could augment food security. Pigeon pea is prone to pests attack that could affect its yield, thus, this study is conceived. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of botanical pesticides in controlling insect pests of three pigeon pea varieties. Specifically, it sought to: 1) determine which of the botanical pesticides can effectively control insect pests of pigeon pea; 2) find out which among the pigeon pea varieties has the least damage by insect pests; and 3) identify and recommend the best-botanical pesticides to control insect pests of pigeon peas. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design. Data gathered were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance. Significant differences among treatment means were analyzed using the Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results implied that the botanical extract applied to the pigeon pea plants exhibited a significant effect in terms of controlling the pests. The results of the study conclude that the application of botanical extracts is comparably effective in controlling pests of pigeon pea. The study recommends that B1 (Neem Leaf Extract), B2 (Yellow Ginger Extract) and B3 (Hot Pepper Extract) can be used to control insect pests of pigeon peas; V2 (ICPL 87119) is recommended for production due to its resistance to pests.

Pengaruh Jenis Pupuk dan Dekomposer terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Padi Organik

<p style="text-align: justify;">The objective of the research was to study the effect of fertilizer types and decomposer on growth and yield of organic rice Field experiment was carried out in Cikarawang, Dramaga, Bogor from November 2011 to March 2012. The experiment used factorial-randomized complete block design with fertilizer combinations (15 ton chicken manure ha<sup>-1</sup>and 5 ton Tithonia diversifolia ha<sup>-1</sup>, 10 ton chicken manure ha<sup>-1</sup> and 5 ton T. diversifolia ha<sup>-1</sup>, and 10 ton chicken manure ha<sup>-1</sup> and 5 ton rice straw ha<sup>-1</sup>) as the first factor and decomposer application (using decomposer and without decomposer) as the second factor. Organic fertilizer types significantly affected root wet weight, nutrient content of P and K in leaves. Rice yields were not significantly different with fertilizer combinations 15 ton chicken manure ha<sup>-1</sup> and 5 ton T. diversifolia ha<sup>-1</sup>, 10 ton chicken manure ha<sup>-1</sup> and 5 ton T. diversifolia ha<sup>-1</sup>, and 10 ton chicken manure ha<sup>-1</sup> and 5 ton rice straw ha<sup>-1</sup>, they were 2.28, 2.22, and 2.16 ton dry seed ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Decomposer application significantly affected the number of tillers at 8 week afterplanting, leaf color at 5 weeks after planting, nutrient content of P in leaves and panicle length. Rice yield with decomposer application and without decomposer were 2.25 and 2.19 ton ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, and they were not different.</p><p>Keywords: chicken manure, decomposer, organic rice, rice straw, Tithonia diversifolia</p>

Thresholds for Irrigation Management of Processing Tomatoes Using Soil Moisture Sensors in Southwestern Ontario

Processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is an economically important vegetable crop in southwestern Ontario. Processing tomato (cultivar H9553) fruit yield and quality were evaluated in field experiments in southwestern Ontario over a three-year period (2008-2010). A split-plot randomized complete block design with four blocks was used in 2008 and 2010. Irrigation types (buried and surface drip) served as the main plots, while four moisture depletion levels constituted the split plots. In 2009, a 24 factorial complete randomized block design with four blocks was used, with the same two factors. The moisture treatments represented the lower soil moisture triggers, which initiated irrigation scheduling. Irrigation was terminated for each treatment when field capacity was reached. Continuous soil moisture status over the growing season was monitored with a combination of volumetric and tensiometric sensors. Seven fruit quality parameters were monitored: fruit weight, color, pH, size, firmness, Brix yield, and soluble solids. In each year, the most stressed treatment produced the highest soluble solids (6.0, 4.8, and 5.2 Brix for 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively). Total and marketable fruit yields ranged from 91.9 to 121.1 Mg ha-1 and from 91.4 and 119.7 kg ha-1, respectively. Statistical significance was obtained among treatments and irrigation types in 2008 only. Irrigation water use efficiency was also not statistically significant over the three years. Seasonal irrigation depth ranged from 58 to 196 mm, and statistical significance among the moisture treatments was obtained in 2008 and 2010.

THE EFFECT OF INOCULATION WITH AZOTOBACTER BACTERIA AND DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON 1-VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF POTATO PLANT (Solanum tuberosum L.)

The study was conducted at Research field /Agriculture Research Station, Zakho, North of Iraq during spring 2005 and 2006 growing seasons to investigate the effect of inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum (+,-) and varying levels of nitrogen fertilizer Urea 46% N ( 0, 100, 200 kg/hat.) on vegetative growth characteristic of potato plant Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree , a factorial randomized complete block design (F.RCBD) was selected for the experimental with three replicates . The results showed that there was significant increase in all vegetative growth characteristic ( plant height , the number of stem , leave area/plant , total chlorophyll , the % of nutrition N, P, K, Ca, ) as a result for inoculation with Azotobacter , also for adding nitrogen fertilizer and for two growing seasons . The interaction treatment between inoculation with Azotobacter and adding nitrogen fertilizer at 200 kg/hac. gave the highest results in vegetative growth and for two growing seasons .

RESPONSE OF TWO NEWLY DEVELOPED CORN GENOTYPE (Zea mays, L) TO SOME TRACE ELEMENTS UNDER SALT STRESS THROUGHOUT THEIR GROWTH LIFE SPANE: 1- MORPHOLOGICAL AND GROWTH CHARACTERS

Two pot experiments were carried out at the greenhouse and laboratories of the Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt during the two seasons of 2002 and 2003 to study to what extent the experimented treatments of some trace-elements applied either as a spray or as a soil feeding may improve salt tolerance and reduce of salt induced necrosis in maize plants; Zea mays, L. Two newly cultivars were chosen; Bachaier 13 single cross and TWC 310 denoted cultivar (1) and cultivar (2), respectively. Four levels of artificial saline sea water having E.C. values of 0.36, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 dsm-1 were used and denoted control, low, high and highest level respectively. Zn, Fe and /or Mn trace-elements were investigated. The experiments were laid out as a factorial complete randomized block design system with 8 replication, four of them were used for the morphological as well as growth characters and analyzed statistically. The general observation was the higher values of growth parameters in cultivar (1) than those obtained with cultivar (2) throughout the experimental period during the two growing seasons. The plants in the two cultivars were growing slowly under salinity and were dwarfing, stunting, inferior in size and unhealthy in general appearance. The effect of salinity was more pronounced in cultivar (2) than cultivar (1). Plants were shorter, thin and the rate of leaf production and leaf size were much reduced. Plants showed obvious changes in colour if compared to the control plants. As the salinity level increased the stunting was more noticeable; the leaves of the two cultivars become dull coloured, often bluish-green, and frequently coated with a waxy deposit. Plants of cultivar (2) failed to grow up to the 2nd sample; tassiling stage, under salinity even at 2.5 dsm-1. With respect to the power of survival which is taken as a criterion of salt tolerance, it was found that cultivar (2) plants could not tolerate any level of salinity even at 2.5 dsm-1, while cultivar (1) plants tolerate salinity up to 5 dsm-1 and died only at the level of 7.5 dsm-1. Salinized plants started to bloom earlier than did in the control in cultivar (1). Such effect was increased with an increase in salinity level and amounting to 5-7 days at the 7.5 dsm-1. The effects of trace-elements indicated that Zn, Fe and/or Mn, especially Zn treatments, improved growth of the two cultivars during the two growing seasons. The proven efficiency of these elements was more pronounced in cultivar (1) plants than did in cultivar (2) and depending on the salinity levels. The interactions treatments indicated that, micronutrients treatments counteracted the harmful effect of salinity on cultivar (1) plants compared with the corresponding control. Therefore, the treated plants tolerate salinity up to the highest level of salinity; 7.5 dsm-1. In cultivar (2) plants, Zn treatments only improved their tolerance but up to the high level; 5 dsm-1 only whereas other nutrients failed to improve the plants to grow under the salt stresses used, since the salinized plants died before tasseling stage.

Management of Leaf Blight (<i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i>) Disease of Wheat with Cultural Practices

An experiment was conducted at agronomy farm of Agriculture research Station, Tarahara,Nepal for three consecutive years viz 2000/2001,2001/2002, and 2002/2003 to evaluate theeffects of different cultural practices on leaf blight diseases of wheat caused by Bipolarissorokiniana under terai conditions. The experiment was conducted in factorial RandomizedComplete Block Design with four replications. Four factors, two wheat verities RR-21 andNepal 297,two number of irrigations (two and three irrigations), two doses of Nitrogen fertilizerviz. 60kg N/ha and 120 kg N/ha and two dates of sowing of wheat were examined. Differentyield components, grain yield (kg/plot) and disease severity were recorded to judge the effects ofthese factors on severity of leaf blight of wheat. Nepal Line 297 had significantly less AUDPCbased on flag leaf infection and whole plan as compared to RR-21. Number of irrigations had nosignificant effect on AUDPC, as there was frequent rain during experimental period. Doses ofNitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on AUDPC based on flag leaf infection. It was higher incase of 60 kg N/ha. The third week of November sowing of wheat had lower value of AUDPCas compared to December sowing. Plant height, panicle lengths were highly significantly higherin case of RR-21 as compared to Nepal-297. Thousand kernel weight, and grain yield kg/ha weresignificantly higher in Nepal-297. All agronomic parameters except thousand kernel weight andnumber of tillers/plan were significantly higher in 120kg N/ha. The third week of Novembersowing of wheat had less plant height and panicle length, higher thousand kernel weight andmore grain yield. Leaf blight severity was highly significantly less in case of Nepal-297. Dosesof Nitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on plant height, panicle length, thousand kernelweight, percentage flag leaf infection and AUDPC based on flag leaf infection. Based on theresults of three years of experimentations, it can be concluded that Nepal-297 had less disease,number of irrigations had no effect on disease severity, higher doses of nitrogen fertilizer hadless flag infection and late sowing of wheat also had less disease. Numbers of irrigation's effectswere inconclusive as there were frequent rains during experimentation period. Based on aboveconclusion, it is recommended that growing wheat verity like Nepal-297, use of higher doses ofnitrogen fertilizer and sowing of wheat / first week of Dec help in minimizing the severity of leafblight. However late sowing had lowered grain yield.Key words: AUDPC; culture practices; disease management; leaf blightDOI: 10.3126/narj.v7i0.1870Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol.7 2006 pp.63-69

Cadmium Uptake by Sugarcane Grown in Contaminated Soil

This research was to study the capacity of cadmium removal from soil by sugarcane grown in pot experiment. The experiments were designed in a Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. The amounts of cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O) added to the pot experiments were 0, 10, 20 and 40 mg Cd kg soil (dry weight). Sugarcane samples were harvested after two growth periods, three and six months. After harvesting, the canes were botanically separated into five parts: root, underground stem, bagasse, juice, and leave. The results showed that Cd uptake capacity from soil on experimental pot was 38.96 and 31.64 mg kg in treatment of 40 mg Cd kg, at three and six months, respectively. Accumulation of cadmium in various parts of sugarcane of experimental pot was the most accumulate in roots was 96.56 mg kg following by underground stem, bagasse, leaves and juice, at the sixth month. §” ”§—≠ : °“√¥Ÿ¥¥÷s ·§¥‡i’¬i OâO¬

Fastener systems on apparel for hemiplegic stroke victims

Many stroke victims suffer hemiplegia. The type and location of apparel fasteners (e.g. buttons) are important to facilitate dressing for persons with hemiplegia. This study evaluated a series of garments with different fastener types and locations using hemiplegic subjects. The experimental design was a 3 × 3 + 1 factorial complete randomized block design with a control. Fastener type and location were independent variables. Dependent variables were: (1) time required to open and close the fasteners, (2) number of fasteners opened and closed, (3) and subjective responses to a questionnaire. The subjects for this study were ten stroke victims with hemiplegia. Results indicated significant differences for fastener type and location. These results should aid apparel manufacturers to provide more functional apparel for persons with hemiplegia due to stroke, as well as those responsible for selecting and/or helping to dress persons with hemiplegia due to stroke.

The Effect of Calcium Treatments on the Incidence of Gray Mold Rot in Three Tomato Cultivars

Due to the declining availability of fungicides for use in commercial tomato production, there is a need to investigate alternative disease control methods. Several theories of disease resistance are associated with an increase in plant tissue calcium content, which has increased resistance of tomato seedlings to bacterial wilt and other diseases. Three tomato cultivars (`Mountain Supreme', `Sunrise', and `Celebrity') were grown in a greenhouse hydroponic system to study the role of Ca in reducing decay of fruit by Botrytis cinerea. Calcium treatments of 20, 200, or 1000 ppm were applied in a modified Hoagland's solution. A 3 × 3 factorial randomized complete-block design was used. Mature whole leaves were collected from immediately below the third flower clusters and the calcium content analyzed by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometry. Harvested fruit were inoculated with a 5 × 105 spore/ml conidial suspension of B. cinerea and the decay lesion diameter measured once daily for 7 days. This was repeated for 8 consecutive weeks. Leaf Ca content significantly increased (P < 0.01) as the Ca treatments increased from low to medium (310%) and from medium to high (150%). The medium and high Ca treatments significantly reduced the area of decay caused by gray mold rot (P < 0.01). There were no differences in Ca content or decay among cultivars, and the Ca × cultivar interaction was not significant. It appears that leaf Ca content is negatively associated with resistance of greenhouse-grown tomatoes to gray mold rot, strengthening the hypothesized role of calcium in promoting disease resistance.

Expression of bovine trophoblast interferons by in vitro‐derived blastocysts is correlated with their morphological quality and stage of development

Bovine embryos, whether produced naturally or by in vitro techniques, exhibit considerable variability in morphological quality and develop at different rates. Our objectives have been to determine whether initial expression of trophoblast interferon (IFN-tau) was a reflection of conceptus stage of development or age and whether there was an effect of embryo quality on the amount of IFN-tau produced. Early blastocysts (N = 187) were selected at the onset of blastocoele formation and cultured individually. Embryo quality (excellent, good, or fair: E, G, or F) and developmental stage (early, expanded and hatched blastocysts: BL, EBL, and HBL, respectively) were used in a 3 x 3 factorial complete randomized block design, each block (n = 4) consisting of batches of embryos produced from oocytes in different collections. Quality and developmental stage of embryos and IFN-tau released into the medium were assessed every 24 h. Production of IFN-tau (units/embryo/24 h) was greater (P < 0.01) among hatched blastocysts (HBL; 0.91 +/- 0.08) than expanded blastocysts (EBL; 0.23 +/- 0.04) and early blastocysts (BL; 0.05 +/- 0.08). Embryos of similar developmental stage but differing by 2 days in age released equal amounts of IFN-tau. Expression of antiviral activity increased (P < 0.05) from 27% to 57% to 100% as development proceeded from BL to EBL and to HBL respectively. More IFN-tau was produced by HBL graded G (1.0 +/- 0.1) or E (1.3 +/- 0.1) than by those of F quality (0.5 +/- 0.1). All blastocysts, whatever their quality and developmental stage, contained IFN-tau mRNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)