Factor Profile Research Articles

Chinese firms in Ireland: profile, motives and impact of human resource and industrial relations factors

Despite its small scale and peripheral location, Ireland has enjoyed remarkable success in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). This is predicated on a combination of incentives, principally low corporation tax but also certain 'Human Resource' factors, particularly labour availability, quality and productivity. This paper presents an empirical investigation of the impact of human resource and industrial relations (HR/IR) considerations on the location decision of Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland. To achieve this aim, our paper addresses two specific research objectives. We firstly seek to identify and profile the population of Chinese MNEs in Ireland and secondly we empirically investigate the impact (or otherwise) of HR/IR considerations on their location decision. Our work confirms the low level of Chinese FDI in Ireland and finds that HR/IR factors had a differential impact on location decisions. We further highlight and discuss the extent of HR/IR impact and the underpinning reasons for variation.

Profile of informal sector workers and factors affecting informal sector employment in Jambi Province

This study aims to analyze; 1) the profile of informal sector workers in Jambi Province; 2) The development of informal sector employment in Jambi Province; 3). the effect of economic growth, population, and income per capita on informal sector employment. The data used microdata of National Labor Force Survey, Jambi Province 2015. The results showed; 1) Informal sector workers in Jambi Province 81.5 percent are in rural areas, dominated by male workers, mostly poorly educated, and work in agriculture; 2). During the period 2005-2015, the average growth of the informal sector was 1.3 percent per year, and 3) Simultaneously the economic growth, population, and income per capita had a significant effect on informal sector employment.Keywords: informal sector, economic growth, population, and income per capita

Child Protection Service interference in childhood and the relation with mental health problems and delinquency in young adulthood: a latent class analysis study

BackgroundMost multi-problem young adults (18–27 years old) have been exposed to childhood maltreatment and/or have been involved in juvenile delinquency and, therefore, could have had Child Protection Service (CPS) interference during childhood. The extent to which their childhood problems persist and evolve into young adulthood may differ substantially among cases. This might indicate heterogeneous profiles of CPS risk factors. These profiles may identify combinations of closely interrelated childhood problems which may warrant specific approaches for problem recognition and intervention in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to retrospectively identify distinct statistical classes based on CPS data of multi-problem young adults in The Netherlands and to explore whether these classes were related to current psychological dysfunctioning and delinquent behaviour.MethodsAge at first CPS interference, numbers and types of investigations, age at first offence, mention of child maltreatment, and family supervision order measures (Dutch: ondertoezichtstelling; OTS) were extracted from the CPS records of 390 multi-problem young adult males aged 18–27 (mean age 21.7). A latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted and one-way analyses of variance and post-hoc t-tests examined whether LCA class membership was related to current self-reported psychological dysfunctioning and delinquent behaviour.ResultsFour latent classes were identified: (1) late CPS/penal investigation group (44.9%), (2) early CPS/multiple investigation group (30.8%), (3) late CPS interference without investigation group (14.6%), and (4) early CPS/family investigation group (9.7%). The early CPS/family investigation group reported the highest mean anxiousness/depression and substance use scores in young adulthood. No differences were found between class membership and current delinquent behaviour.ConclusionsThis study extends the concept that distinct pathways are present in multi-problem young adults who underwent CPS interference in their youth. Insight into the distinct combinations of CPS risk factors in the identified subgroups may guide interventions to tailor their treatment to the specific needs of these children. Specifically, treatment of internalizing problems in children with an early onset of severe family problems and for which CPS interference is carried out should receive priority from both policy makers and clinical practice.

Clinical, demographic, risk factor and angiographic profile of coronary slow flow phenomenon: A single centre experience

Clinical, demographic, risk factor and angiographic profile of coronary slow flow phenomenon: A single centre experience

Fatores de risco e complicações de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis

Introdução: A prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e o diabetes mellitus (DM) no Brasil é elevada. Estas enfermidades possuem fatores de risco e complicações em comum e o conhecimento da dimensão destas pode auxiliar no planejamento de ações de promoção da saúde.Objetivo: Traçar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico da HAS, DM, fatores de risco e complicações em seis módulos do Programa Médico de Família de Niterói/RJ selecionadas aleatoriamente.Materiais e Métodos: Utilizou-se como fonte de dados os sistemas de informação Sistema de Gestão Clínica de Hipertensão Arterial e Diabetes Mellitus da Atenção Básica, e o sistema Klinikos Kadastro. Realizou-se análise descritiva das variáveis de gênero, grupo etário, renda, escolarização para diagnóstico da situação socioeconômica. Foi calculada a distribuição proporcional de fatores de risco e complicações de usuários matriculados em SisHiperdia.Resultados: Observou-se que dentre os usuários cadastrados a maioria era do sexo feminino (62,30%), maiores de 40 anos (91,10%), sendo que 83,97% possuíam renda familiar menor que 3 salários mínimos e 65,31% não haviam completado o ensino fundamental. Mesmo sendo usuários portadores de HAS e DM isolados ou associados com acompanhamento regular nas unidades de saúde, os dados apontam elevada taxa tabagistas (21,30%), fisicamente inativos (60,30%) e com excesso de peso (49,50%). Também foram encontrados pacientes portadores de complicações decorrentes de HAS e DM.Conclusão: A partir destes dados, pode-se então planejar e repactuar as ações de educação em saúde intersetoriais com o objetivo de promover o autocuidado e controle dos fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e prevenção das co-morbidades.

Early strong intrathecal inflammation in cerebellar type multiple system atrophy by cerebrospinal fluid cytokine/chemokine profiles: a case control study

BackgroundThe pathology of multiple system atrophy cerebellar-type (MSA-C) includes glial inflammation; however, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory cytokine profiles have not been investigated. In this study, we determined CSF cytokine/chemokine/growth factor profiles in MSA-C and compared them with those in hereditary spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA).MethodsWe collected clinical data and CSF from 20 MSA-C patients, 12 hereditary SCA patients, and 15 patients with other non-inflammatory neurological diseases (OND), and measured 27 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors using a multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassay. The size of each part of the hindbrain and hot cross bun sign (HCBS) in the pons was studied by magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsGranulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-7, IL-12, and IL-13 levels were significantly higher in MSA-C and SCA compared with OND. In MSA-C, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-12, IL-13, platelet-derived growth factor-bb, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and GM-CSF levels positively correlated with anteroposterior diameters of the pontine base, vermis, or medulla oblongata. By contrast, in SCA patients, IL-12 and MIP-1α showed significant negative correlations with anteroposterior diameters of the pontine base, and unlike MSA-C, there was no cytokine with a positive correlation in SCA. IL-6 was significantly higher in MSA-C patients with the lowest grade of HCBS compared with those with the highest grade. Macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) had a significant negative correlation with disease duration only in MSA-C patients. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-2, IL-15, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-8 were all significantly lower in MSA-C and SCA compared with OND, while IL-1ra, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was elevated only in MSA-C. IL-1β and IL-8 had positive correlations with Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale part 1 and 2, respectively, in MSA-C.ConclusionsAlthough CSF cytokine/chemokine/growth factor profiles were similar between MSA-C and SCA, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, GM-CSF, and MCP-1, correlated with the disease stage in a way higher at the beginning only in MSA-C, reflecting early stronger intrathecal inflammation.

The impact of the RBM4-initiated splicing cascade on modulating the carcinogenic signature of colorectal cancer cells

A growing body of studies has demonstrated that dysregulated splicing profiles constitute pivotal mechanisms for carcinogenesis. In this study, we identified discriminative splicing profiles of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells compared to adjacent normal tissues using deep RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). The RNA-seq results and cohort studies indicated a relatively high ratio of exon 4-excluded neuro-oncological ventral antigen 1 (Nova1−4) and intron 2-retained SRSF6 (SRSF6+intron 2) transcripts in CRC tissues and cell lines. Nova1 variants exhibited differential effects on eliminating SRSF6 expression in CRC cells by inducing SRSF6+intron 2 transcripts which were considered to be the putative target of alternative splicing-coupled nonsense-mediated decay mechanism. Moreover, the splicing profile of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)165/VEGF165b transcripts was relevant to SRSF6 expression, which manipulates the progression of CRC calls. These results highlight the novel and hierarchical role of an alternative splicing cascade that is involved in the development of CRC.

Profiling of Virulence Determinants in Cronobacter sakazakii Isolates from Different Plant and Environmental Commodities.

Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging pathogen causing meningitis, sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and immune-compromised adults. The present study describes the profiling of different virulence factors associated with C. sakazakii isolates derived from plant-based materials and environmental samples (soil, water, and vacuum dust). All the isolates exhibited β-hemolysis and chitinase activity, and were able to utilize inositol. Among the nine virulence-associated genes, hly gene coding for hemolysin was detected in all the isolates followed by ompA (outer membrane protein); however, plasmid-borne genes were detected at a level of 60% for both cpa (cronobacter plasminogen activator) and eitA (Ferric ion transporter protein) gene, respectively. Furthermore, the isolate C. sakazakii N81 showed cytotoxicity for Caco-2 cells. The presence of the virulence determinants investigated in this study indicates the pathogenic potential of C. sakazakii with their plausible connection with clinical manifestations.

Abstract TP268: Induction Profile of Mesencephalic Astrocyte-derived Neurotrophic Factor by Cerebral Ischemia and its Implication for Neuroprotection

Introduction: Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) has been identified as a secretion protein, which biases immune cells toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, thereby promoting tissue repair after various injuries to neurons in vivo or in vitro. However, the function of MANF during and after brain ischemia is still not known. The purpose of our study was to examine the characteristics and implication of MANF expression induced by focal cerebral ischemia. In addition we investigated if docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) potentiates MANF mRNA expression and provides additional neuroprotection. Methods: Male SD (280-320) rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and subjected to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) by intraluminal suture. DHA (5 mg/kg; n=13) or vehicle (saline; n=8) was administered IV at 3 h after the onset of MCAo. Neurological function was evaluated during occlusion (60 min) and on days 1, 3 and 7 after MCAo. MANF mRNA expression, protein levels, and apoptosis were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results: Behavioral deficit was significantly improved by treatment with DHA compared to vehicle on days 1, 3 and 7. MANF was found to be extremely upregulated in the ischemic penumbra. The expression of MANF was neuronal in the cortex and dentate gyrus. DHA administration significantly increased the number of MANF + /NeuN + cells in the cortex (by 76.6 %) and dentate gyrus (by 20.5 %) compared to saline-treated animals. The number of MANF/NeuN-positive cells was not different in the subcortex, CA1 and CA3 regions between DHA- and saline-treated groups. Treatment with DHA increased MANF + /GFAP + cells in the subcortex (by 27.7 %) and dentate gyrus (by 38.0 %) compared to the vehicle-treated brains. Total and cortical infarct volumes were attenuated by DHA treatment by 48 % and by 73 % compared to vehicle treatment at 24 h after MCAo. Conclusion: MANF mRNA expression and protein levels are increased after focal cerebral ischemia. It was found to be extremely upregulated in the ischemic penumbra and dentate gyrus. The expression of MANF was mostly neuronal and astrocytic. DHA potentiates MANF expression and provides additional neuroprotection.

Abstract TP169: Neuroprotective Effect of Pre-stroke Statin Therapy

Background and purpose: In observational studies, patients under statin therapy at the time of stroke onset have lower likelihoods of mortality and poor functional outcome. This neuroprotective effect could be related to anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet actions of statins. Our objective was to evaluate early functional outcome in a cohort of ischemic stroke patients. Design and Method: stroke patients were included in PROTEGE-ACV, a multidisciplinary secondary prevention program aimed to improve adherence to clinical practice guidelines. Vascular risk factor (VRF) profile and control, and statin treatment in the year before stroke were collected, and functionality one-month after discharge was evaluated using modified Rankin scale. Results: 1981 ischemic stroke patients (20% TIA) were included between December 2006 and December 2015; mean age was 76±11 years with 57% females. Patients receiving statins (n 713, 38%) had a significant higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dislipidemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease, chronic renal failure and previous stroke. Both groups had similar blood pressure, and patients under statins had lower total cholesterol (182±42 vs 200±40 mg/dL, p 0.00001), LDL-c (106±36 vs 128±47, p 0.00001) with similar levels of HDL-c and triglycerides; these patients also had lower GFR (62±23 vs 67±31 mL/min, 0.0003) and higher fasting glucose levels (103±26 vs 99±21 mg/mL; p 0.0003). Predictors of bad outcome in the multivariate analysis adjusted by age and VRF are shown in the table. Conclusion: Even though patients under statin treatment before stroke had higher prevalence of vascular diseases, they have better functional outcomes one-month after the event. In our cohort, previous statin use seems to have neuroprotective effect, which could be related to modulation of inflammatory response, platelet aggregation, fibrinolysis and nitric oxide production.

Serum and cerebrospinal fluid immune mediators in children with autistic disorder: a longitudinal study

BackgroundThe causes of autism likely involve genetic and environmental factors that influence neurobiological changes and the neurological and behavioral features of the disorder. Immune factors and inflammation are hypothesized pathogenic influences, but have not been examined longitudinally.MethodsIn a cohort of 104 participants with autism, we performed an assessment of immune mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, or growth factors in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (n = 67) to determine potential influences of such mediators in autism.ResultsAs compared with 54 typically developing controls, we found no evidence of differences in the blood profile of immune mediators supportive of active systemic inflammation mechanisms in participants with autism. Some modulators of immune function (e.g., EGF and soluble CD40 ligand) were increased in the autism group; however, no evidence of group differences in traditional markers of active inflammation (e.g., IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β) were observed in the serum. Further, within-subject stability (measured by estimated intraclass correlations) of most analytes was low, indicating that a single measurement is not a reliable prospective indicator of concentration for most analytes. Additionally, in participants with autism, there was little correspondence between the blood and CSF profiles of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, suggesting that peripheral markers may not optimally reflect the immune status of the central nervous system. Although the relatively high fraction of intrathecal production of selected chemokines involved in monocyte/microglia function may suggest a possible relationship with the homeostatic role of microglia, control data are needed for further interpretation of its relevance in autism.ConclusionsThese longitudinal observations fail to provide support for the hypothesized role of disturbances in the expression of circulating cytokines and chemokines as an indicator of systemic inflammation in autism. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00298246.

Morbidity profile of neonates and biological factors associated with it among admitted newborn babies at tertiary care institute, Jamnagar

Morbidity profile of neonates and biological factors associated with it among admitted newborn babies at tertiary care institute, Jamnagar

Revisiting the reasons for contact fatigue defects in rails

As it is known rail is one of the most significant elements of the whole railway construction. Operation under alternating loads from wheels of the rolling stock and different ambient temperatures lead to appearance and development of rail defects and damages. A great variety of operational factors (freight traffic density, axial loads, traffic speeds, track layout and profile) as well as special features of manufacturing and thermal treatment of rails create certain difficulties while identifying reasons for defects and damages. The article deals with an attempt to estimate influence of track layout and lateral forces on appearance of defects and damages in rails on the base of long-term observations of rail operation in Kharkiv Metro. On the basis of the vehicle/track mathematical model which considers structural features of both rolling stock and permanent way in underground systems, the level of lateral forces in curves was calculated. The coefficients of correlation between the track curvature, the level of forces and the amount of defected rails removed were later obtained, that made it possible to determine the dominant factor which may lead to appearance and development of contact fatigue defects in rails laid in curves.

0904 Fatty acid profile and gene expression of lipogenic transcription factors in the muscle of Nellore bulls fed processed soybean

0904 Fatty acid profile and gene expression of lipogenic transcription factors in the muscle of Nellore bulls fed processed soybean

Combustion process apportionment of carbonaceous particulate emission from a diesel fuel burner

In this study, we present the impact of fuel additives (Fe, Al, and V) on the measured particulate organic matter (OM) fraction formed from the combustion of propane-heated diesel fuel (DF) in a DF Combustion Aerosol STandard (DF-CAST) burner prototype within the range of air-fuel-equivalence ratios (λDF) from 5.4 to 10.4. The OM fraction was measured by using high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS) and unmixed into factor profiles by applying the SoFi program, a source apportionment tool using positive matrix factorization (PMF)/multilinear engine (ME-2) solvers. The separated factors were correlated with the particle light absorption properties at UV (370nm) and IR (950nm) wavelengths, NO3−, and NH4+ as well as exhaust gas (CO2, CO, NO, NH3, hydrocarbons (HC), and formaldehyde (HCHO)). Addition of Fe, Al, and V to the DF yielded apparent catalytic processes leading to the formation of nitrogen-containing particulate OM (CHN and CHON families). The separated factors were distinct in terms of their oxidation state, correlation with the measured particulate and gaseous emissions. Similarities in the separated factors based on temporal evolution were observed in DF and DF+additive experiments. This study gives a new insight in the modification of DF combustion particle properties in the presence of fuel additives.

Towards improved migraine management: Determining potential trigger factors in individual patients.

Background Certain chronic diseases such as migraine result in episodic, debilitating attacks for which neither cause nor timing is well understood. Historically, possible triggers were identified through analysis of aggregated data from populations of patients. However, triggers common in populations may not be wholly responsible for an individual's attacks. To explore this hypothesis we developed a method to identify individual 'potential trigger' profiles and analysed the degree of inter-individual variation. Methods We applied N = 1 statistical analysis to a 326-migraine-patient database from a study in which patients used paper-based diaries for 90 days to track 33 factors (potential triggers or premonitory symptoms) associated with their migraine attacks. For each patient, univariate associations between factors and migraine events were analysed using Cox proportional hazards models. Results We generated individual factor-attack association profiles for 87% of the patients. The average number of factors associated with attacks was four per patient: Factor profiles were highly individual and were unique in 85% of patients with at least one identified association. Conclusion Accurate identification of individual factor-attack profiles is a prerequisite for testing which are true triggers and for development of trigger avoidance or desensitisation strategies. Our methodology represents a necessary development toward this goal.

The expression profiles of fibroblast growth factor 9 and its receptors in developing mice testes

ABSTRACTAn expressional lack of fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) would cause male-to-female sex reversal in the mouse, implying the essential role of FGF9 in testicular organogenesis and maturation. However, the temporal expression of FGF9 and its receptors during testicular development remains elusive. In this study, immunohistochemistry was used to identify the localization of FGF9 and its receptors at different embryonic and postnatal stages in mice testes. Results showed that FGF9 continuously expressed in the testis during development. FGF9 had highest expression in the interstitial region at 17–18 d post coitum (dpc) and in the spermatocytes, spermatids and Leydig cell on postnatal days (pnd) 35–65. Regarding receptor expression, FGFR1 and FGFR4 were evenly expressed in the whole testis during the embryonic and postnatal stages. However, FGFR2 and FGFR3 were widely expressed during the embryonic testis development with higher FGFR2 expression in seminiferous tubules at 16–18 dpc and higher FGFR3 expression in interstitial region at 17–18 dpc. In postnatal stage, FGFR2 extensively expressed with higher expression at spermatids and Leydig cells on 35–65 pnd and FGFR3 widely expressed in the whole testis. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that FGF9 is correlated with the temporal expression profiles of FGFR2 and FGFR3 and possibly associated with testis development.

A profile of specific risk factors for chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder in Romanian HIV-positive patients

A profile of specific risk factors for chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder in Romanian HIV-positive patients

Abstract 25: Favorable Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Profile is Associated with Lower Healthcare Costs: The 2012 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

Background: The AHA’s 2020 Strategic Goals emphasize the value of favorable modifiable risk factor (MRF) profile to reduce the burden of CVD morbidity and mortality. In this study we aimed to quantify the overall and incremental impact of MRF on health care expenditure in the U.S among those with and without CVD. Methods: The study population was derived from the 2012 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), a nationally representative adult sample (≥ 40 years). Direct costs were calculated for all-cause health care resource utilization. Variables of interest included CVD diagnoses (coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, dysrhythmias or heart failure), ascertained by ICD-9-CM codes, and MRF (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, physical activity and/or obesity). Two-part econometric models were utilized to study cost data; a generalized linear model with gamma distribution and link log was used to assess expenditures, taking into consideration the survey’s complex design. Results: The final study sample consisted of 15,651 MEPS participants (57 ± 12 years, 52% female). Overall, 6,231 (39%) had 0-1, 7,429 (49%) had 2-3, and 1,991 (12%) had ≥ 4 MRF, translating to 55.5, 69.9 and 17.9 million adults ≥ 40 years in U.S, respectively. Generally, there was a direct decrease in health expenditures with favorable MRF across CVD status (Table). These differences persisted after taking into account demographics, insurance status and comorbid conditions. Among those without established CVD, the average medical expenditure was $4,013 (95% CI 5,117, 2,910) and $2,696 (95% CI 4,416, 977) lower for those with 0-1 & 2-3 MRF, as compared to those with ≥ 4 MRF. Conclusion: Favorable MRF profile is associated with significantly lower medical expenditure among individuals with and without established CVD. Our study provides robust estimates for potential healthcare savings with nationwide policies focusing on preventing and managing modifiable CV risk factors.

Abstract WP364: Diabetes Mellitus and Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Clinical Features and Mortality

Our previous findings suggest that ischemic stroke patients with either type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) exhibit a distinct risk factor and etiologic profile, and a worse vascular prognosis than do nondiabetic patients. We also showed that nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is rather a microvascular than macrovascular complication in T1D. Here, we aimed to compare risk factors, hematoma characteristics, and long-term mortality between diabetic and nondiabetic patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) to provide information for patient management, counseling, and future research in these patient groups. Furthermore, we compared theses features between T1D and T2D patients. Methods: We included patients with first-ever ICH enrolled in the Helsinki ICH Study and in the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study. Patients were followed using the national death registry. A Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for age at ICH onset, sex, and known ICH prognosticators_Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) on admission, hematoma volume, infratentorial location, intraventricular hematoma_was constructed to assess, whether diabetes stands as an independent prognosticator. Results: A total of 972 patients were included, of which 813 (83.6%) were nondiabetic, 45 (4.6%) had T1D, and 120 (12.3%) T2D. Compared with nondiabetic patients, diabetic patients more often men, and they had more frequently hypertension and coronary heart disease. No difference emerged in GCS or hematoma volume, but diabetic patients more often had infratentorial ICH than nondiabetic patients. T1D patients were younger at ICH onset and they more often had brain stem ICH, but less often lobar ICH, than did T2D patients. Cumulative mortality at 12 months for nondiabetic patients was 34.0% (95% confidence interval 30.1-37.9%), for T1D 47.0% (31.3-62.7%), and for T2D 46.0% (36.2-55.8%). In multivariate Cox regression, diabetes was independently associated with higher risk of death (hazard ratio 1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.11-1.82, P=0.005). Conclusions: ICH patients with diabetes exhibit a distinct pattern of comorbidities and ICH characteristics compared with nondiabetic patients. Diabetes independently decreases the likelihood for survival after an ICH.