Chronic Kidney Disease Factors Research Articles

Early Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury and Obesity.

The prevalence of obesity is increasing in the intensive care unit (ICU). Although obesity is a known risk factor for chronic kidney disease, its association with early sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) and their combined association with patient outcomes warrant further investigation. To explore the association between obesity, early SA-AKI incidence, and clinical outcomes in patients with sepsis. This nationwide, prospective cohort study analyzed patients aged 19 years or older who had sepsis and were admitted to 20 tertiary hospital ICUs in Korea between September 1, 2019, and December 31, 2021. Patients with preexisting stage 3A to 5 chronic kidney disease and those with missing body mass index (BMI) values were excluded. Sepsis and hospitalization in the ICU. The primary outcome was SA-AKI incidence within 48 hours of ICU admission, and secondary outcomes were mortality and clinical recovery (survival to discharge within 30 days). Patients were categorized by BMI (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), and data were analyzed by logistic regression adjusted for key characteristics and clinical factors. Multivariable fractional polynomial regression models and restricted cubic spline models were used to analyze the clinical outcomes with BMI as a continuous variable. Of the 4041 patients (median age, 73 years [IQR, 63-81 years]; 2349 [58.1%] male) included in the study, 1367 (33.8%) developed early SA-AKI. Obesity was associated with a higher incidence of SA-AKI compared with normal weight (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.40; 95% CI, 1.15-1.70), as was every increase in BMI of 10 (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.47-2.08). While obesity was associated with lower in-hospital mortality in patients without SA-AKI compared with their counterparts without obesity (ie, underweight, normal weight, overweight) (AOR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54-0.94), no difference in mortality was observed in those with SA-AKI (AOR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.65-1.12). Although patients with obesity without SA-AKI had a greater likelihood of clinical recovery than their counterparts without obesity, clinical recovery was less likely among those with both obesity and SA-AKI. In this cohort study of patients with sepsis, obesity was associated with a higher risk of early SA-AKI and the presence of SA-AKI modified the association of obesity with clinical outcomes.

The Awareness, Prevalence, and Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Among Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertensive Patients in the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia.

Background and objective Given its ever-increasing burden, chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a significant public health threat. CKD is characterized by a gradual alteration in the kidney's normal glomerular filtration rate, which results in the progressive loss of kidney function over a period of time ranging from a few months to years. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) are well-known risk factors for developing CKD and end-stage renal failure. In light of this, this study aimed to assess theawareness, prevalence, and risk factors of CKD in patients with diabetes and those with HTN in the Aseer region, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods A correlational cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of people across Saudi Arabia. The data collection was conducted via an online questionnaire circulated on social media platforms. The study questionnaire included socioeconomic and demographic information and medical history of DM, HTN, and CKD. Also, patients' awareness of and attitude towards CKD were assessed. Results A total of 301 diabetic or hypertensive patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria completed the study questionnaire. Of them, 174 (57.8%) were aged less than 55 years, while 127 (42.2%) were aged more than 55 years; 200 (66.4%) patients were males. A total of 94 (31.2%)study patients were diabetic, 64 (21.3%) were hypertensive, and 143 (47.5%) were both diabetic and hypertensive; 226 (75.1%)study patients had an overall good awareness of CKD while only 75 (24.9%) showed a poor awareness level. Higher awareness was associated with patients' age, education, and having CKD, DM, or HTN (p<0.05). Conclusion Our findings revealed that CKD was not common among study patients, and its prevalence was found to be less than estimated based on many studies in the literature. Also, diabetic and hypertensive patients showed a higher than satisfactory level of awareness of CKD, especially young patients with high levels of education.

Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Within Primary Care: A Cross-Sectional Study.

To assess the prevalence and risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) among adults with type 2 diabetes within primary care. This cross-sectional study evaluated 1319 individuals receiving standard care across 26 primary units from July 2017 to January 2023. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria were used for the diagnosis of CKD. CKD was defined by eGFR values of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or albumin-to-creatine ratio ≥30 mg/g. Logistic regression was applied to identify factors associated with CKD and study variables. The median age of participants (60.6% females) was 55 years and the median diabetes duration was 10 years. The overall CKD prevalence in the study population was 39.2%. Within the CKD group, the prevalence rates of albuminuria, albuminuria coupled with low eGFR and isolated low eGFR were 72.1%, 19%, and 8.9%, respectively. The prevalence of CKD was 30.6% among participants under 40 years old and a higher value was observed in middle-aged adults with early-onset diabetes (at age <40 years) compared with the later-onset group. Multivariable analyses identified associations between CKD and factors such as age, the male sex, diabetes duration, hypertension, retinopathy, and metformin use. A relatively high prevalence of CKD, especially in non-elderly adults, was revealed in this primary care study. Early recognition strategies for CKD are crucial for timely prevention within primary care.

Increased Cardiovascular Risk in Young Patients with CKD and the Role of Lipid-Lowering Therapy.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review summarizes known risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, and current therapeutic possibilities, focusing on lipid-lowering therapy in CKD. Novel data on lipid-lowering therapy in CKD mainly stem from clinical trials and clinical studies. In addition to traditional CVD risk factors, patients with CKD often present with non-traditional risk factors that include, e.g., anemia, proteinuria, or calcium-phosphate imbalance. Dyslipidemia remains an important contributing CVD risk factor in CKD, although the mechanisms involved differ from the general population. While statins are the most commonly used lipid-lowering therapy in CKD patients, some statins may require dose reduction. Importantly, statins showed diminished beneficial effect on cardiovascular events in patients with severe CKD and hypercholesterolemia despite high CVD risk and effective reduction of LDL cholesterol. Ezetimibe enables the reduction of the dose of statins and their putative toxicity and, in combination with statins, reduces CVD endpoints in CKD patients. The use of novel drugs such as PCSK9 inhibitors is safe in CKD, but their potential to reduce cardiovascular events in CKD needs to be elucidated in future studies.

Age- and Sex-Specific Reference Values for Renal Volume and Association with Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease in a General Population—An MRI-Based Study

Age- and Sex-Specific Reference Values for Renal Volume and Association with Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease in a General Population—An MRI-Based Study

Epidemiology of tobacco use in dialysis patients in France and survey of nephrologists' involvement in counseling ontobacco discontinuation.

Tobacco smoking is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and increases morbidity and mortality in CKD patients. The primary objective of the study was to investigate the epidemiology of smoking in patients undergoing maintenance dialysis in France. A second objective was to assess the involvement of nephrologists in supportingpatients forsmoking cessation. Data on the smoking history of prevalent patients on maintenance dialysis in France between 2010 and 2020 were obtained from the REIN database (Renal Epidemiology and Information Network),updated by all French nephrology and dialysiscenters. As for the support to smoking discontinuation, a questionnaire on smoking cessation assistance was sent to all members of the French Society of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation (SFNDT). The proportion of current smokers among patients on maintenance dialysis was 10.4% in 2010, 11.2% in 2015 and 11.6% in 2020. A total of 228 nephrologists among the 790 members of the SFNDT participated in the survey (28.9%). Most respondents were women (57.3%), worked at a public hospital (61.1%), were under 40years of age (51.3%) and had no history of smoking (60.8%). The majority reported asking patients about their smoking status and offering brief advice. Among respondents, 72.8% offered help with smoking cessation, 46.3% referred their smoking patients to a tobacco specialist, 51.8% reported prescribing drugs to quit tobacco, and 81.6% requested further training in howtosupport patients forsmoking cessation. Smoking cessation training for nephrologists and dedicated programs for patients in nephrology units could improve our practices and decrease the high prevalence of smoking in patients with ESKD.

Correlation of Calcium Metabolic Axis with Urinary Stone Characteristics

Background: Urinary stone disease (USD) refers to the presence of stones or salt crystals within the urinary tract, with calcium stones accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Increased urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion predispose individuals to urinary stones, with hypercalciuria being the most significant risk factor. Vitamin D plays a pivotal role in modifying urine calcium and phosphorus excretion, and it enhances calcium and phosphorus reabsorption in the kidneys. Urinary stone disease is a recognized risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may also lead to life-threatening complications such as perinephric abscesses, urosepsis, and urinary tract malignancies. The role of serum vitamin D and its effects on serum calcium and phosphorus in urinary stone formation have been subjects of controversy. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the associations between serum calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels and urinary stones. Methods: This retrospective study involved two groups of 90 patients, one with urinary stones and the other without. Demographic and biochemical data, including serum calcium, phosphorus, and 25-(OH) vitamin D levels, were recorded for all patients. Patients were categorized into four groups based on their serum vitamin D levels: Excess, sufficient, insufficient, and deficient. The presence and characteristics of urinary stones were assessed using non-contrast CT scans. Results: The mean age of the patients was 54.62 ± 15.46 years. Laboratory investigations revealed mean serum calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels of 9.56 ± 0.65 mg/dL, 3.53 ± 0.79 mg/dL, and 25.05 ± 12.96 ng/mL, respectively. This study demonstrated a significant correlation between serum calcium levels and the maximum diameter of urinary stones (correlation = 0.313, P-value = 0.005). No other significant associations were found between serum calcium, serum phosphorus, and serum vitamin D levels and the number of kidney stones, stone laterality, and type of kidney stone. There was also no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, the role of serum calcium, phosphorus, and 25-(OH) vitamin D levels in urinary stone formation remains controversial. This study suggests that there is no significant association between serum calcium, phosphorus, or 25-(OH) vitamin D and urinary stones, except for a positive association between serum calcium and the diameter of the stone.

Chronic kidney disease combined with metabolic syndrome is a non-negligible risk factor.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of conditions characterized by hypertension (HTN), hyperglycaemia or insulin resistance (IR), hyperlipidaemia, and abdominal obesity. MetS is associated with a high incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality and is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). MetS can cause CKD or accelerate the progression of kidney disease. Recent studies have found that MetS and kidney disease have a cause-and-effect relationship. Patients with CKD, those undergoing kidney transplantation, or kidney donors have a significantly higher risk of developing MetS than normal people. The present study reviewed the possible mechanisms of MetS in patients with CKD, including the disorders of glucose and fat metabolism after kidney injury, IR, HTN and the administration of glucocorticoid and calcineurin inhibitors. In addition, this study reviewed the effect of MetS in patients with CKD on important target organs such as the kidney, heart, brain and blood vessels, and the treatment and prevention of CKD combined with MetS. The study aims to provide strategies for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of CKD in patients with MetS.

Epidemiology and referral patterns of patients living with chronic kidney disease in Johannesburg, South Africa: A single centre experience.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant contributor to the global burden of non-communicable disease. Early intervention may facilitate slowing down of progression of CKD; recognition of at-risk patient groups may improve detection through screening. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 960 patients attending a specialist nephrology outpatient clinic during the period 1 January 2011-31 December 2021. A significant proportion (47.8%) of patients were referred with established CKD stage G4 or G5. Non-national immigration status, previous diagnosis with diabetes, and advancing age were associated with late referral; antecedent diagnosis with HIV reduced the odds of late referral. Black African patients comprised most of the sample cohort and were younger at referral and more frequently female than other ethnicities; non-nationals were younger at referral than South Africans. Hypertension-associated kidney disease was the leading ascribed aetiological factor for CKD (40.7% of cases), followed by diabetic kidney disease (DKD) (19%), glomerular disease (12.5%), and HIV-associated kidney disease (11.8%). Hypertension-related (25.9%) and diabetic (10.7%) kidney diseases were not uncommon in people living with HIV. Advancing age and male sex increased the likelihood of diagnosis with hypertensive nephropathy, DKD and obstructive uropathy; males were additionally at increased risk of HIV-associated kidney disease and nephrotoxin exposure, as were patients of Black African ethnicity. In summary, this data shows that hypertension, diabetes, and HIV remain important aetiological factors in CKD in the South African context. Despite the well-described risk of CKD in these disorders, referral to nephrology services occurs late. Interventions and policy actions targeting at-risk populations are required to improve referral practices.

Associations between the Serum Triglyceride Level and Kidney Outcome in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: The Fukuoka Kidney disease Registry Study.

Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, whether or not it predicts the risk of CKD progression is unknown. This study evaluated the association between serum triglyceride (TG) levels and kidney disease progression in patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD. The Fukuoka Kidney disease Registry (FKR) study was a multicenter, prospective longitudinal cohort study. In total, 4,100 patients with CKD were followed up for 5 years. The primary outcome was the incidence of CKD progression, defined as a ≥ 1.5-fold increase in serum creatinine level or the development of end-stage kidney disease. The patients were divided into quartiles according to baseline serum TG levels under non-fasting conditions: Q1 ＜87 mg/dL; Q2, 87-120 mg/dL; Q3, 121-170 mg/dL, and Q4 ＞170 mg/dL. During the 5-year observation period, 1,410 patients met the criteria for CKD progression. The multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards model showed a significant association between high serum TG level and the risk of CKD progression in the model without macroalbuminuria as a covariate (multivariable hazard ratio[HR] for Q4 versus Q1, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.03-1.41; P=0.022), but the significance disappeared after adjusting for macroalbuminuria (HR for Q4 versus Q1, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.90-1.24; P=0.507). The present findings suggest that individuals with high serum TG levels are more likely to develop CKD progression than those without; however, whether or not higher serum TG levels reflect elevated macroalbuminuria or lead to CKD progression via elevated macroalbuminuria is unclear.

Risk factors for renal dysfunction after isolated intestinal transplantation.

Kidney dysfunction is a known complication of intestinal transplantation; however, the rate of development and risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain poorly defined. This was a single-center retrospective review of isolated adult intestinal allograft recipients from 2011 to 2019. Patients who died or experienced graft loss within 1-year or had a prior transplant were excluded. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the CKD-EPI equation at 0-, 6- and 12-months post-transplant, and multivariable linear regression was performed to identify variables associated with adjusted eGFR at 1-year. Independent variables included age, ethnicity, BMI, history of diabetes/hypertension, vasopressor use, TPN and stoma days, urinary or bloodstream infections, intravenous contrast exposure, rejection, concomitant immunosuppression, and time above the therapeutic range of tacrolimus. Variables with a p<.1 in univariate analysis were considered for multivariable modeling. Thirty-three patients were included with a mean age of 43.9±13.0. A mean 42.3% decline in eGFR was observed at 1-year post-transplant, with 15.2% of patients developing new stage 4/5 CKD. Factors associated with a greater decline in adjusted eGFR in the univariate model included increasing age, decreased BMI, stoma days, and vasopressor use. In the adjusted multivariable model patient age (β=-.77, p<.01) and stoma days (β=-.06, p<.01) remained significant. Tacrolimus and sirolimus exposure were not associated with decline in eGFR at 1 year. Renal dysfunction is common following intestinal transplantation. The need for stoma creation should be carefully considered, and reversal should be performed when feasible for renal protection.

The characterization and comorbidities of heterozygous Bardet-Biedl syndrome carriers.

Introduction: Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with clinical features of retinal dystrophy, obesity, postaxial polydactyly, renal anomalies, learning disabilities, hypogonadism, and genitourinary abnormalities. Nevertheless, previous studies on the phenotypic traits of BBS heterozygous carriers have generated inconclusive results. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of BBS heterozygosity on carriers when compared to non-carriers within the Taiwanese population. Materials and Methods: This study follows a hospital-based case-control design. We employed the Taiwan Biobank version 2 (TWBv2) array to identify three specific loci associated with BBS (rs773862084, rs567573386, and rs199910690). In total, 716 patients were included in the case group, and they were compared to a control group of 2,864 patients who lacked BBS alleles. The control group was selected through gender and age matching at a ratio of 1:4. The association between BBS-related loci and comorbidity was assessed using logistic regression models. Results: We found that BBS heterozygous carriers exhibited a significant association with elevated BMI levels, especially the variant rs199910690 in MKS1 (p=0.0037). The prevalence of comorbidities in the carriers' group was not higher than that in the non-carriers' group. Besides, the average values of the biochemistry data showed no significant differences, except for creatinine level. Furthermore, we conducted a BMI-based analysis to identify specific risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our findings revealed that individuals carrying the CA/AA genotype of the BBS2 rs773862084 variant or the CT/TT genotype of the MKS1 rs199910690 variant showed a reduced risk of developing CKD, irrespective of their BMI levels. When stratified by BMI level, obese males with the MKS1 rs199910690 variant and obese females with the BBS2 rs773862084 variant exhibited a negative association with CKD development. Conclusion: We found that aside from the association with overweight and obesity, heterozygous BBS mutations did not appear to increase the predisposition of individuals to comorbidities and metabolic diseases. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic susceptibility associated with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS), further research is warranted.

A Critical Review of a Hidden Epidemic: Examining the Occupational and Environmental Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu)

The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in terms of mortality and disability-adjusted life years has increased and this trend is expected to worsen over the next few decades....

Cross sectional Study about Risk factors of increase the chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Wadi Ataba City southern Libya.

A retrospective study conducted in 2023 on risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD), in patients from Southern Libya (Wadi Ataba). The present study was focused on the relationship between a few disorders that have been linked to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other diseases. The goal of the current study is to investigate the risk factors for chronic renal disease in the city of Wadi Ataba in southern Libya. The 27-questions questionnaire was used to gather the data, which were included categories such as personal information, health conditions, family history of diabetes, hypertension, and renal failure, questions regarding the abuse of analgesics and herbs, questions about energy drinks and their origins, and questions about lifestyle habits such as drinking water and source of them. 379 participants were interviewed. Response rate was 98 %. Among the patients in our samples, which found that the highest risk factors for CKD were hypertension (HT) at 28.5%, followed by diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension combined at 16.1%, and diabetes at 36.1%..One important finding of the current study is the increased association between diadetes and CDK. They represent about one third (29.1%).

Chronic kidney disease associated with hypertension

Background: Globally, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is acknowledged as a major public health issue. Both the incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are rising with immense pace worldwide. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus is the main risk factor of chronic kidney disease. Objective: To determine chronic Kidney disease associated with hypertension Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at district headquarter hospital, Mianwali, Pakistan, which was performed between June 2020 and February 2022, the total number of patients in our study were 120. The number of Male patients were 49 and female were 71. In 120 consecutive patients who underwent for blood tests and Blood pressure monitoring. We also took stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD stage 1,2,3A,3B,4 and 5). We did renal function test for all patients (serum creatinine and serum urea). Data was tabulated and analyzed by SPSS. Results: In a current study total 120 patients were enrolled. The minimum age of patients were30 and the maximum age of the patients were 84. The mean age were 50.60±10.9 years. The minimum systolic blood pressure were 130 and maximum systolic blood pressure were 200. The mean systolic blood pressure were 149.55±13.5. The minimum diastolic blood pressure were 80 and the maximum diastolic blood pressure were 100. The mean diastolic blood pressure were 89.57±3.76 The frequency of male patients were 49 and its percentage were 40.8. The frequency of female patients were 71 and its percentage were 59.2. The frequency of age group 30-50 years were 61 and its percentage were 50.8. The frequency of age group 51-70 years were 52 and its percentage were 43.3. The frequency of age group &gt;70 years were 7 and its percentage were 5.8. The mean of renal functional test Serum creatinine were 7.82 mg/dl and its SD value were 3.59 mg/dl. The mean of renal functional test Serum urea were 109.90 mg/dl and its SD value were 24.30 mg/dl. · The mean glomerular filtration rate were 20.36 ml/min and its SD value were 13.2 ml/min. · The mean weight of patients were 56.61 kg and its SD value were 10.19 kg. · The P-value of stages of Chronic kidney disease (CKD) were 0.133. The P-value of hypertension were 0.074. Conclusion: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus is the main cause of Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Stage 5 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients were more in our study as compare to other stages of CKD. We concluded in our study that after age of 30, patients have higher risk of Chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Chronic kidney disease in a murine model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

Clinical studies suggest that non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but causality and mechanisms linking these two major diseases are lacking. To assess whether NASH can induce CKD, we have characterized kidney function, histological features, transcriptomic and lipidomic profiles in a well-validated murine NASH model. Mice with NASH progressively developed significant podocyte foot process effacement, proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, tubular epithelial cell injury, lipid accumulation, and interstitial fibrosis. The progression of kidney fibrosis paralleled the severity of the histologic NASH-activity score. Significantly, we confirmed the causal link between NASH and CKD by orthotopic liver transplantation, which attenuated proteinuria, kidney dysfunction, and fibrosis compared with control sham operated mice. Transcriptomic analysis of mouse kidney cortices revealed differentially expressed genes that were highly enriched in mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid metabolic process, and insulin signaling pathways in NASH-induced CKD. Lipidomic analysis of kidney cortices further revealed that phospholipids and sphingolipids were the most significantly changed lipid species. Notably, we found similar kidney histological changes in human NASH and CKD. Thus, our results confirm a causative role of NASH in the development of CKD, reveal potential pathophysiologic mechanisms of NASH-induced kidney injury, and established a valuable model to study the pathogenesis of NASH-associated CKD. This is an important feature of fatty liver disease that has been largely overlooked but has clinical and prognostic importance.

Dietary cholesterol intake is not associated with the development of chronic kidney disease: Results from two Korean cohort studies

Background and aimsAlthough dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD), the relationship between dietary cholesterol and CKD remains unknown. We investigated the association between cholesterol intake and CKD risk. Methods and resultsThe Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2019–2021 (n = 13,769) and the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) (n = 9225) data were used for this study. Cholesterol intake was assessed using a 24-h recall food frequency questionnaire, and participants were categorized into three groups (T1, T2, and T3) based on cholesterol intake. Primary outcomes were prevalence and incidence of CKD. Higher cholesterol intake was modestly associated with increased serum levels of total, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the KNHANES. However, we found no significant association between cholesterol intake and CKD prevalence in the KNHANES, regardless of a history of hypercholesterolemia. In the KoGES, during a median follow-up of 11.4 years, cholesterol intake was not associated with incident CKD in participants without hypercholesterolemia (hazard ratio [HR] per 10 mg increase, 1.00; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.99–1.01) and in those with hypercholesterolemia (HR, 1.01; 95 % CI, 0.98–1.04). Egg consumption also showed no significant association with the risk of incident CKD. Additionally, cholesterol intake had no significant interaction on the relationships between serum cholesterol levels and incident CKD. ConclusionAlthough cholesterol intake was associated with increased serum cholesterol levels, it was not associated with CKD prevalence and incidence. Our findings suggest that reducing cholesterol intake alone may not be sufficient to prevent CKD.

Risk factors for chronic kidney disease in older adult patients with arterial hypertension

Risk factors for chronic kidney disease in older adult patients with arterial hypertension

Association between the cardiometabolic index and chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundCentral obesity is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the exact correlation between the cardiometabolic index (CMI), an indicator of central obesity, and CKD remains unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the correlation between the CMI and CKD in the general American population.MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 64,313 members of the general population (≥ 20 years of age) with data in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2020. The individuals were grouped into three categories by CMI tertile: T1 group (n = 7,029), T2 group (n = 7,356), and T3 group (n = 7,380). Logistic regression analysis was performed, with NHANES recommended weights, to assess the association between the CMI and CKD.ResultsA total of 21,765 participants were included; the overall prevalence of CKD was 12.2%. From the low to the high CMI tertile, the prevalence of CKD increased from 8.9% to 16.0% (P < 0.001). After full adjustment for confounders, the higher tertile of CMI (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03 − 1.13, P = 0.002) had the higher risk of CKD. Compared with the T1 group, the groups with higher CMI levels had a higher CKD risk (T2: OR: 1.01, 95%CI: 0.87–1.18, P = 0.812; T3: OR: 1.22, 95%CI: 1.05–1.43, P = 0.013).ConclusionsHigher CMI was independently associated with higher CKD risk in the general population.

The prevalence and risk factors of kidney disease in first degree relatives of patients with ESRD treatment – single center study

Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of kidney disease in first degree relatives of patients undergoing treatment for end-stage renal disease. Method: The prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, from May 1 to July 31, 2021, and comprised patients undergoing treatment for end-stage renal disease at the pre-transplant out-patients clinic, and their first degree relatives. Risk factors of chronic kidney disease, including age, gender, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and the causes of index cases were investigated alongside proteinuria, haematuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Diagnosis was made according to the criteria of the National Kidney Foundation-Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. The participants were divided chronic kidney disease group 1, and healthy group 2. The risk factors were compared between the groups. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Results: Of the 1,406 subjects assessed, 266(19%) were ESRD patients; 175(65.8%) males and 91(34.2%) females with mean age 34.04±11.19 years. 1,140(81%) first degree relatives of these 266 ESRD patient were assessed; 595(52.2%) males and 545(47.8%) females with mean age 36.78±13.76 years. Among the relatives, 146(12.8%) had chronic kidney disease out of which 54 (4.7%) were already aware of their underlying disease. Older age, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were among the risk factors for chronic kidney disease (p&lt;0.05), while gender was not significantly different between groups 1 and 2 (p&gt;0.05). The relatives of index cases with underlying stone disease were at higher risk of haematuria 39(22.4%), whereas the relatives of index cases with chronic glomerulonephritis were at higher risk of proteinuria 67(28.03%) compared to index cases of other kinds (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Screening in the high-risk population might help to identify early chronic kidney disease patients for making suitable interventions to prevent disease progression. Key Words: ESRD, First degree relatives, CKD.