Terms Of Facts Research Articles

Review

Review

The development of farm labor market in rural China

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine key determinants of farm labor market development in rural China. Design/methodology/approach – Probit, Logit, and IV-Probit model are used to provide pertinent empirical analysis. Findings – Analysis of survey data establishes three facts about the farm labor market in rural China: first, households with high farm endowment are more likely to hire farm labor; second, because of the mismatch between farm ability and land size created by egalitarian land reallocation, households with more land reallocations are more likely to participate in farm labor market to adjust such mismatch; third, land rental market and farm labor market seem to be complementary. These results are robust to alternative model specifications, subsamples, alternative dependent variables, and additional controls. Welfare analysis demonstrates that the farm labor market is conducive to agricultural output. Originality/value – The main contribution of this study is to lay out stylized facts in terms of the development of farm labor market using a unique survey data set.

Differences and Similarities Among Cohousing, Gated Communities and Other Kinds of Homeowners Associations: A Reply to Ruiu

The paper focuses on differences and similarities between two types of private residential communities (or homeowners associations): cohousing and gated communities. The reasoning is structured as a reply to a paper by Maria L. Ruiu in Sociological Inquiry, in which the author maintains that cohousing and gated communities are very different phenomena in terms of aims, goals, nature and characteristics. This paper argues that Ruiu’s reasoning is not entirely convincing since it presents some weaknesses, which are discussed, in regard to the alleged differences between cohousing and gated communities in terms the reasons guiding the choice of the community, openness of communal spaces, and the speculative nature of the projects. It is argued that cohousing and gated communities are more similar in terms of their constitutive characteristics than is usually thought; several differences between them can be recognized, but they are mainly epidermal. Some consequences of this fact in terms of public policy are discussed in the last part of the paper.

The Visual Field in Russell and Wittgenstein

AbstractBertrand Russell developed a conception of the nature of the visual field, and of other sensory fields, as part of his project of explaining the construction of the external world. Wittgenstein's remarks on the visual field in the Tractatus are in part a response to Russell. Wittgenstein, against Russell, analyses the visual field in terms of facts rather than objects. Further, his conception of the field is, in a distinctive sense, depsychologised.

The Metaphysics of Law: From Supervenience to Rational Justification

The paper challenges the view that the metaphysical grounding of the law - in contrast to other domains - requires a special legal grounding relation, which involves the condition of rational determination. It is argued that rational determination ought to be extended to all metaphysical grounding, for otherwise general metaphysical grounding would easily deteriorate to supervenience, which has already been rejected as a plausible basis of the grounding relation by many a contemporary metaphysician. What is special about the metaphysics of law is not the general framework of grounding through rational determination, but the engagement in a rational reconstruction of legal facts in terms of their capacity to generate normative reasons for action.

From the Samuelson Volatility Effect to a Samuelson Correlation Effect: Evidence from Crude Oil Calendar Spread Options

We introduce a multi-factor stochastic volatility model based on the CIR/Heston stochastic volatility process. In order to capture the Samuelson effect displayed by commodity futures contracts, we add expiry-dependent exponential damping factors to their volatility coefficients. The pricing of single underlying European options on futures contracts is straightforward and can incorporate the volatility smile or skew observed in the market. We calculate the joint characteristic function of two futures contracts in the model in analytic form and use the one-dimensional Fourier inversion method of Caldana and Fusai (2013) to price calendar spread options. The model leads to stochastic correlation between the returns of two futures contracts. We illustrate the distribution of this correlation in an example. We then propose analytical expressions to obtain the copula and copula density directly from the joint characteristic function of a pair of futures. These expressions are convenient to analyze the term-structure of dependence between the two futures produced by the model. In an empirical application we calibrate the proposed model to volatility surfaces of vanilla options on WTI. In this application we provide evidence that the model is able to produce the desired stylized facts in terms of volatility and dependence. In a separate appendix, we give guidance for the implementation of the proposed model and the Fourier inversion results by means of one and two-dimensional FFT methods.

Maudlin on the Triangle Inequality

Tim Maudlin argues that we should take facts about distance to be analyzed in terms of facts about path lengths. His reason is that if we take distances to be fundamental, we must stipulate that constraints like the triangle inequality hold, but we get these constraints for free if we take path lengths to be prior. I argue that Maudlin ismistaken. Even if we take path lengths as primitive, the triangle inequality follows only if we stipulate that the fundamental properties and relations obey constraints that are just as puzzling as the triangle inequality.

From the Samuelson Volatility Effect to a Samuelson Correlation Effect: Evidence from Crude Oil Calendar Spread Options

We introduce a multi-factor stochastic volatility model with expiry dependent damping factors. This futures-based model is able to capture the Samuelson effect and the volatility smile displayed by commodity futures and option contracts. We calculate the joint characteristic function of two futures contracts in the model in analytic form and use it to price calendar spread options. We then propose analytical expressions to obtain the copula and copula density directly from the joint characteristic function of a pair of futures. In an empirical application we perform a joint calibration to market prices of vanilla and calendar spread options on WTI. We provide evidence that the model is able to produce the desired stylized facts in terms of implied volatility and at the same time to fit market prices of calendar spread options. In particular, we observe a phenomenon we call the Samuelson correlation effect.

IMPLIED TERMS AFTERBELIZE TELECOM

AbstractIt is five years since Lord Hoffmann delivered the advice of the Privy Council inAttorney-General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd. In that landmark decision, Lord Hoffmann assimilated contractual interpretation and implication with the result that when implying a term in fact the court must ask a single question: “is that what the instrument, read as a whole against the relevant background, would reasonably be understood to mean?” It might have been thought that five years was enough time for the English courts to come to terms with this approach.Belizeis regularly cited in the courts, but the judges appear to struggle with its application. There remains uncertainty as to the roles (if any) to be afforded to the traditional “business efficacy” and “officious bystander” tests, and the requirement of “necessity”. This article seeks to re-evaluateBelizefive years on. It concludes thatBelizeprovides a doctrinally coherent and workable basis for identifying and giving effect to the intention of the parties through the implication of terms. However, the article questions whether it remains necessary, or even helpful, to continue to make reference to tests based on “business efficacy” or the “officious bystander”, as the tests distract from the central idea advanced by Lord Hoffmann and have led to uncertainty in its application.

Positivity of rational functions and their diagonals

The problem to decide whether a given rational function in several variables is positive, in the sense that all its Taylor coefficients are positive, goes back to Szegő as well as Askey and Gasper, who inspired more recent work. It is well known that the diagonal coefficients of rational functions are D-finite. This note is motivated by the observation that, for several of the rational functions whose positivity has received special attention, the diagonal terms in fact have arithmetic significance and arise from differential equations that have modular parametrization. In each of these cases, this allows us to conclude that the diagonal is positive.Further inspired by a result of Gillis, Reznick and Zeilberger, we investigate the relation between positivity of a rational function and the positivity of its diagonal.

Identification and Importance of Headings and Key Words in Research in the Framework of Geography Methodology

Unity, aesthetics and impression constitute the basic qualities of the composition. The main issue emphasized in this study is to be or not to be able to have a vigorous connection between the topics chosen in geographical research, title, keywords and the text content. The purpose of the study was identified as the assertion or the formulation of the theoretic approach which is to be pursued to specify the chosen topic, the optimal title for the topic and the keywords stated conceptually within the text. This goal will be achieved by in-depth analysis of the issue within the concept of geography methodology. As long as the theoretic approach, asserted by the study, is adopted, the researcher will have a great support in determining the problem and the aim of the field of study more accurately, keeping away from unnecessary details and generalizations by the help of the pre-specified limits, carrying out systematical analyses and evaluations, coming up with a more accurate conclusion in a shorter time and finally putting forward a proposal for the solution of the problem. A small sampling group was formed by using the studies in the target population. Rather than using the samples regarded as ineffective, the effective samples which are the sound representatives of the target population were included in the sampling group. The data collected was discussed in two parts as any raw, semi- processed and fully processed factual data and the judgmental data consisting different opinions and attitudes. The sources of data are the scientists and the artists who have been dealing with geography, language and literature, factual and judgmental documents/information. Most probably, the convenient identification of the key words and the title compatible with the unity of the study is one of the most important things when conducting an academic study. Each subject area is represented or explained by distinctive concepts of its own. So, the researcher should come up with the clear and explicit statements without addressing the interpretations which may lead the audience to misinterpret the key words, notions or facts in terms of meaning.

Cannabis legalization and public health: legal niceties, commercialization and countercultures

Cannabis legalization and public health : legal niceties, commercialization and countercultures

La macroéconomie des années 1930 aux États-Unis : l’oubli de la politique agricole

The thirties can be considered for the economists as a period of theoretical as well as practical break. It opened the door to rising the grounds for contention against the neo-classical theory. However it is striking to notice, in this set of contradictory debates, that the part played in the constitution and the confirmation of this break by the agricultural economy and agricultural policies was forgotten. This paper appraises this contribution focusing on the American agricultural policy of the 30’s. The emergence of this policy in 1933 in terms of facts as well as economic theory was one of the dimension of the breach in macroeconomics and economic theory. It therefore deserves to be thoroughly reconsidered and inscribed in the institutionalist macroeconomic framework.

A New Framework for the Implication of Terms in Fact

A New Framework for the Implication of Terms in Fact

Pañcārtha Before Kauṇḍinya

The term Pancārtha in the title of Kauṇḍinya’s commentary on the Pāśupatasūtra, the Pancārthabhāṣya, is usually taken to refer to the five categories (padārtha) distinguished by Kauṇḍinya: Kārya, Kāraṇa, Yoga, Vidhi, and Duḥkhānta. The term in fact also occurs in a string of verses quoted by Kauṇḍinya in his commentary on Pāśupatasūtra 5.30, indicating that it was already in use in Pāśupata circles before him. In these verses the term Pancārtha is used in a different sense. These and other passages in the Pancārthabhāṣya are examined to identify an earlier phase of Pāśupata thought, and to consider the role of the author of the Bhāṣya in developing the Pāśupata doctrine.

The viscous Savart sheet

AbstractWe study the viscous version of the planar Savart sheet problem, using an impacting liquid jet up to 300 times more viscous than water. Two surprising observations are made, contrasting with the traditional case introduced by Savart where viscosity plays no role. First, if the radius of a viscous sheet is typically reduced compared to the case of water for a given jet radius and impacting velocity, the smooth–flapping transition is delayed, allowing for smooth sheet radii substantially bigger than those permitted with water at large impacting Weber number. Second, the drop size distribution is bimodal, with a substantial fraction of the drops having a very small, well-defined diameter. We understand these two facts in terms of an additional model experiment, and simple physical arguments.

Amnesty in immigration: forgetting, forgiving, freedom

Whether or not to grant ‘amnesty’ has been a contentious policy issue in a wide range of settings, from human rights violations to draft avoidance to library fines. Recently, the idea of amnesty has come to structure many debates over irregular immigration. While amnesty’s meaning is usually treated as self-evident, the term in fact signifies in a variety of normative directions. This article employs amnesty as an optic to examine accountability questions that structure normative debates over irregular immigration in liberal states. It distinguishes among conceptions of amnesty emphasizing forgiveness, erasure and vindication, and argues that developing a vindicatory account of amnesty is both particularly difficult and particularly necessary in the immigration setting.

The Importance of Scientific Studies Regarding Internal Migration in Turkey

In order to put forth the economic, social and political transformation of society in a nation, its causes and its results, scientific studies regarding internal migration are needed. Such scientific studies will have effect on presenting more objective and permanent info to society on the subject of internal migration which is an important fact in terms of economic and social aspects. In the developing countries such as Turkey, one of the vital factors determining the social structure and the developments is the internal migration partaking in that country. Acting in accordance with the point of putting forth the importance of such migrations, setting forth the current situation of academic studies and scientific events regarding the internal migration in Turkey is aimed in this study. Also in the study, determining the purpose of scientific studies which will be about internal migrations in Turkey, their scope and their problems, and playing a beneficial role to all parties regarding this topic are aimed.

Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder: The Concept of Symmetry Breaking

In this paper we consider the results obtained by biochemical experimental data of platelet membrane fatty acids processed by a Self Organizing Map (SOM) from apparently healthy, bi-polar and major depressive subjects. The SOM shows that major depressive subjects belong to an area which is completely disconnected from that of healthy and bi-polar. Locking at the location of the data over the SOM, we find also a region which we attribute to psychotic subjects according to the clinical diagnosis. We translated these facts in terms of symmetry breaking, confirming that major depressive disorder (MDD) is a true disease completely trapped apart from healthy and bi-polar subjects. NeuroQuantology | December 2012 | Volume 10 | Issue 4| Page 676-687

Government Bias in Education, Schooling Attainment, and Long‐Run Growth

A surprising cross‐country stylized fact is that higher public spending on education tends to lower the long‐run growth rate of per capita GDP and the returns to schooling. This is contrary to the conventional wisdom that education is a major driver of growth. In this article, we revisit this issue and try to understand these puzzling facts in terms of an endogenous growth model. Our cross‐country calibration of the growth model predicts that countries with a greater government involvement in education experience lower schooling efforts and lower growth.