Operation Of Facilities Research Articles

Co-Financing the Investment Projects in the field of Public Space Transformation

Introduction. It has become a modern trend to improve the quality of the urban environment using a public-private partnership (PPP) mechanism. By finding a balance between the interests of business and the state on the issues of infrastructure renovation, it is possible to boost the investment processes. Therefore, the PPP as a catalyst for the regional, innovative and social development has been studied in the scientific literature since long ago. Although, many authors recognise the prospects of the PPP efficiency, they still note the need to regularly revise the state support methods and tools, i.e. the existing system of measures requires improvement over time. Special attention has been paid to the models of financing the PPP projects and the ways of investment return. However, the PPP development potential in creation (reconstruction) of the park infrastructure has not been duly revealed yet.Materials and Methods. During the research on identification of the features of the park complex transformation projects reconstructed in the frame of a concession business model, the projects were grouped according to the similarity of features. Then, by comparative analysis method, the problems of full recovery of the investment costs were identified in the selected projects. A hypothesis about the need of using the government budget co-financing for the certain concession agreements targeted at solving the various environmental, educational and awareness-raising issues was put forward.Results. The national practices of transformation of the public spaces, such as parks and park infrastructure, have shown that the most optimal form of the PPP is a concession. The investor uses his funds at the design and construction stages of the creation (reconstruction) of the park complexes. At the stage of facility operation, a private party recovers its costs by collecting fees directly from the consumers. It is important that the expected project profitability should be within 15–25%. Due to the changes in the monetary policy, such profitability at the current key rate is hardly ever possible if the park infrastructure includes a variety of capital-intensive buildings and structures designated not so much for commercial but for social purposes. There arise the risks of receiving less income than expected. Therefore, for such projects, it is necessary to develop the measures expanding the ways of investment return. If a park has a complex infrastructure, which includes the large stadiums, museums, cultural and educational centres, i.e. facilities that are difficult to predict as having a high demand and, thus, not expedient for setting the high fees, it is advisable to combine the direct payment for services with the government budget co-financing. Co-financing is implemented through payment of a capital or operational grants. The variants of a grant can be considered depending on the areas of the park activities (educational, cultural, sport). The operational grant is due to reimburse the operational costs on maintaining the special facilities: adjacent embankments, lighthouses, memorials, etc. For the parks that include the indoor pools, large stadiums, museums, concert halls, it is relevant to use the capital grants to return the investments made into these facilities.Discussion and Conclusion. In the current conditions, the public-private partnership is considered as an alternative to government budget investment into the infrastructure facilities. The transformation of the urban public spaces is also involved in this trend, and there are already positive results achieved. A private party, through investing its own capital, gets the opportunity to operate the created object to recoup its investments. But some projects are difficult in this sense, therefore the interest of the business companies to participate in the improvement of the urban environment quality reduces. In the context of the tight monetary policy, the additional state budgetary measures are needed to stimulate private investments.

Recent Advances in the Preparation of Protein/peptide Microspheres by Solvent Evaporation Method.

Protein/peptide drugs are extensively used to treat various chronic and serious diseases. The short half-life in vivo of protein and peptide as therapeutics drug limit the realization of complete effects. Encapsulating drugs in microspheres can slow the speed of drug release and prolong the efficacy of drugs. The solvent evaporation method is widely used to prepare protein/ peptide microspheres because of its facile operation and minimal equipment requirements. This method has several challenges in the lower encapsulation efficiency, fluctuant release profiles and the stabilization of protein/peptides, which researchers believe may be solved by adjusting the preparation parameter or formulation of microspheres. The article discusses the formulation parameters that govern the preparation of protein/peptide-loaded microspheres by the solvent evaporation method, which provides an overview of the current promising strategies for solvent evaporation for protein/peptide microspheres. The article takes parameter evaluation as the framework, facilitating subsequent researchers to quickly find possible solutions when encountering problems.

Optimal Electrocatalyst Design Strategies for Acidic Oxygen Evolution.

Hydrogen, a clean resource with high energy density, is one of the most promising alternatives to fossil. Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers are beneficial for hydrogen production because of their high current density, facile operation, and high gas purity. However, the large-scale application of electrochemical water splitting to acidic electrolytes is severely limited by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic reaction and the inadequate development of corrosion- and highly oxidation-resistant anode catalysts. Therefore, anode catalysts with excellent performance and long-term durability must be developed for anodic oxygen evolution reactions (OER) in acidic media. This review comprehensively outlines three commonly employed strategies, namely, defect, phase, and structure engineering, to address the challenges within the acidic OER, while also identifying their existing limitations. Accordingly, the correlation between material design strategies and catalytic performance is discussed in terms of their contribution to high activity and long-term stability. In addition, various nanostructures that can effectively enhance the catalyst performance at the mesoscale are summarized from the perspective of engineering technology, thus providing suitable strategies for catalyst design that satisfy industrial requirements. Finally, the challenges and future outlook in the area of acidic OER are presented.

CHALLENGES IN THE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF ASSETS AND FACILITIES IN ELDERLY CARE CENTRES IN MALAYSIA

Abreast with the rapid growth of older people every year, the number of elderly care centres has increased tremendously to cater to the demands of older people to spend their time after retirement in Malaysia. Effective operation and maintenance activities in an elderly care centre can optimise the service life of assets that indirectly lead to well-maintained facilities and provide the occupants with a safe, comfortable, and efficient living environment. Throughout the asset life cycle, operation and maintenance are the most extended phases, with various core activities that determine the financial health of an organisation. Nevertheless, this area remains relatively underexplored in the existing literature, particularly concerning the challenges posed by Malaysia's ageing population by 2030. Accordingly, this study seeks to investigate the issues of operation and maintenance of assets and facilities in elderly care centres. The method used to collect the data is through site observations and interviews in three elderly care centres, one in Perak and two in Selangor. These findings reveal three significant challenges the operators face: safety inside the accommodation, high operation and maintenance costs, and lack of a structured approach to managing the assets and facilities. Finally, the paper ends with implications of the findings that provide directions for future research.

Enhancing Environmental Awareness Among Entrepreneurs and Digital-Based Marketing Mechanisms for MSME Products

Environmental awareness among MSME actors in the Dauh Puri Kangin Village area is important to consider as it can positively impact the environment and public health. Here are some key points regarding the environmental awareness of MSME actors: 1. Applying business environmental ethics can reduce the negative impact of MSME production and create business sustainability. 2. Understanding and awareness among MSME actors are necessary for waste management. 3. The government needs to assist MSMEs by facilitating waste management, such as ensuring the operation of wastewater treatment facilities. In addition to environmental awareness, MSME actors also need to pay attention to other issues, such as limited business capital, licensing problems, financial management, lack of product innovation, and difficulties in business development. Digital marketing mechanisms for MSMEs in the Dauh Puri Kangin Village area can be implemented using digital technology and online platforms to achieve marketing goals. Some digital marketing strategies that MSMEs can adopt include: 1. MSMEs can create their own sales website to design the layout, ambience, product catalogue, and promotions. The website should be mobile-friendly for easy access via smartphones. 2. MSMEs can leverage social media as a promotional tool for sales. They can create special groups on platforms like WhatsApp and Line to send product catalogues to loyal customers. 3. MSMEs can collaborate with marketplaces to sell their products. Marketplaces like Shopee and Tokopedia provide security for MSMEs regarding payments. 4. MSMEs can implement email marketing as an online marketing strategy. 5. MSMEs can provide responsive and effective customer service through digital channels such as email, social media, and online chat. Important principles in digital marketing include understanding the target market and consumer behaviour in the digital space, identifying digital platforms that align with the target audience, and analyzing data to measure marketing performance.

Using water pool as cushion to mitigate ground vibration due to collapse of cooling tower with simulation of complete debris distribution

Large-scale cooling towers in inland nuclear power plants (NPPs) may collapse under extreme conditions. The collapse-induced ground vibrations threat the safety operations of the adjacent nuclear related facilities. Therefore, prediction and possible mitigation of the ground vibrations are significant in the NPP planning. This study proposed a novel method to arrange a water pool as a cushion underneath the cooling tower to mitigate the ground vibrations. The planar dimension of the water pool is determined by the debris distribution of the collapsed cooling tower. To achieve this, first, the mitigation effect was tested using a steel ball impacting on a concrete pedestal. Then, to obtain the complete debris distribution, a technique was developed to reproduce the disappearing elements in the finite element method-based simulation, and was validated against the tests of vase debris. Finally, the “cooling tower-water pool cushion-soil” models were established to demonstrate the vibration mitigation using the water pool cushion. For the concerned case with the water pool of 6 m depth, the vibration reduced by 56 % and 59 % for the maximum and average of the ground peak accelerations in the horizontal direction, as well as by 65 % and 60 % for those in the vertical direction, respectively.

Risk Management Analysis Based on ISO 31000:2018 at Andi Djemma Masamba Airport, Luwu Regency

The density of activities that take place around the operating facilities at Andi Djemma Masamba Airport so that the Management of the Andi Jemma Airport Operator Unit (UPBU) Office has launched the development of Andi Djemma Masamba Airport as an aviation company so that it continues to carry out various facility improvements, especially in risk prevention with potential activities with high losses, therefore it is necessary to conduct research to find out how to map, risk assessment and design a risk control and mitigation system at the Operations facility at Andi Djemma Masamba Airport caused by activities that have the potential to cause risk. The stages of the risk management process refer to ISO 31000: 2018 including risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation. Expected impact and likelihood of occurrence are mapped through the risk matrix from the Federation Aviation Administration (FAA). The results showed that at the andi djemma masamba airport there were 6 events that fell into the red category, namely Aircraft accidents during take off/landing, Aircraft accidents in the apron area, Escape of dangerous goods into the aircraft, Fuel Spills on the Apron/Taxiway, Lack of building maintenance, The security inspection process is less than optimal.

Assessment of Power Equipment Operational Safety in the Sustainable Management of Residual Lifespan

Introduction. Ensuring the safe operation of energy facilities is a critical issue at all life cycle stages. It is associated with the adoption of management decisions when rescheduling and assessing the remaining resources, which are made based on a comprehensive assessment of the technical condition of the equipment, taking into account the economic efficiency and environmental requirements for further operation, which is the basis for technical and economic assessments. Aim and tasks. This study aims to develop a technical and economic assessment of the safe operation of power equipment to ensure sustainable management of the remaining service lifespan. Results. An algorithm for assessing pipeline system elements by the coolant environment is proposed, which allows for the pipeline load and changes in erosion and corrosion caused by coolant movement. It was proposed that the equipment be systematised by safety class and coolant. When conducting a technical and economic assessment, these parameters and the costs of extending the service life and upgrading the existing equipment were considered in the standard calculations of a certain type of equipment. For this purpose, mathematical models for calculating the residual life for each type, obtained and confirmed based on empirical studies, are proposed. Research findings into ensuring the reliability and safety of operation with various heat carriers have shown that it is necessary to consider low-cycle and high-cycle loads and erosion processes. It was found that the erosive wear rate is 0.3-0.4 mm/year for bending sections of the main circulation pipeline, where maximum loads occur relative to low-cycle and vibration loads, and the stress is 212.5 MPa when assessing the residual life of 7 years. Conclusions. The cost-effectiveness of reassigning the service life is reasonable, as it does not require additional investment in upgrading or replacing equipment subject to annual technical diagnostics. The systematisation of pipelines, improved codifiers, lifespan assessment models, and algorithms for evaluating the remaining life under various loadings enhance the regulatory framework for safe nuclear power plant operations and support technical and economic evaluations for extending their lifespan.

Cost implications and sustainable design for warehouses considering fire safety regulations

This paper explores the impact of sustainable design practices on warehouse construction costs in the context of fire safety regulations. The inherent fire risk during the operation of industrial facilities is a critical consideration in their design. This study evaluates various cost and technological aspects of sustainable solutions within the “design and build” framework, focusing on fire protection systems across three different fire zone configurations. The modeling analysis examines how fire zones influence smoke dispersion, temperature variations at a specific location above the fire source, and visibility. Numerical results reveal variations in smoke distribution among the three configurations, though these differences do not significantly affect evacuation efficiency. The findings indicate that increasing the number of fire zones within the warehouse can mitigate the potential impact of a fire. This research underscores that fire protection and evacuation conditions significantly affect investment costs.

Application of Polymer Sheets with Anchor Ribs in the Repair and Reconstruction of Reinforced Concrete Water Supply Storage Structures

The conducted studies have shown that no optimal and effective solution would ensure reliable operation throughout the entire service life of tank structures. The search for effective and innovative technical solutions in this area is a pressing issue. The study aims to determine an effective material for providing secondary protection of a reinforced concrete structure to increase the operational characteristics of tank structures. The conducted experimental studies have shown the possibility of using a polymer sheet with anchor ribs as protection for a reinforced concrete structure. Protection of reinforced concrete structures remains a key aspect of the design and operation of facilities exposed to aggressive media. The conducted studies have shown that there is no optimal and effective solution providing reliable operation during the whole service life of capacitive structures. Search for effective and innovative technical solutions in this area is an urgent task. The research aims to determine an effective material for secondary protection of reinforced concrete structures to increase the operational characteristics of capacitive structures. The performed experimental studies showed the possibility of using polymer sheets with anchor ribs as protection for reinforced concrete structures. The article discusses the use of polymer sheets with rail-shaped anchor ribs for protection of the inner surface of reinforced concrete engineering structures from aggressive influence.

Social perspectives on the sustainability challenges within the desalination sector: a Q-method study

Desalination offers options to augment water supplies for growing urban and industrial demand. Yet these facilities and related infrastructure projects have significant impacts on environmental, economic, and social sustainability. However, few studies examine how key actors in the sector understand or incorporate sustainability ideas and practices into the design, construction, and operation of desalination facilities. This study fills this gap by examining stakeholder perspectives on sustainability in the desalination sector using Q-method. We identified three dominant social perspectives on these topics. Factor 1 views desalination as important for the long-term sustainability of water supply. Factor 2 sees the social and environmental impacts of desalination as too big of a sustainability risk when there are other water resources to consider. Factor 3 indicates that the parties pursuing desalination have the responsibility of addressing sustainability concerns through their proposals and project specifications. These perspectives reveal how desalination stakeholders understand sustainability, key challenges, and responsibility for ensuring sustainable desalination projects. The findings provide insight into how desalination stakeholders can improve sustainability processes and outcomes.

Research on the Stability of Salt Cavern Hydrogen Storage and Natural Gas Storage under Long-Term Storage Conditions

The stability of salt cavern storage during prolonged operation is a crucial indicator of its safety. This study focuses on an operational underground gas storage facility, conducting comparative numerical simulations for the storage of natural gas and hydrogen. We investigated the evolution of stability for natural gas and hydrogen storage under long-term storage conditions. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) A new equation for stress equilibrium and constitutive relations are derived. (2) At the same storage pressure, the effective stress at the same position in the interlayer is greater for hydrogen storage compared to natural gas storage, signifying a higher level of danger. (3) At the same storage pressure, the displacement at the cavity top for hydrogen storage is greater than that for natural gas storage. The displacement difference between the two is greatest at 9 MPa, amounting to 0.026 m. (4) Due to hydrogen’s lower dynamic viscosity and higher permeability, the depth and extent of the plastic zones within the interlayers are greater compared to natural gas. When the storage pressure is 15 MPa, the depth of the plastic zone within the interlayer can be up to 2.1 m greater than when storing natural gas, occurring in the third interlayer from the top. These research findings may serve as a valuable reference for determining the operational parameters of on-site salt cavern hydrogen storage facilities.

The current situation of health equity in underserved areas of Afghanistan.

In Afghanistan, providing universal health coverage (UHC) in accordance with the principles of the UHC declaration is challenging on two fronts: the geographic topography of the country and the prevailing gender dynamics within the local culture. We conducted a desk review of underserved areas in the context of health services by gathering and analyzing existing literature, reports, and data using a combination of keywords and phrases such as: "underserved areas," "healthcare disparities," "access to healthcare," and "health services." The primary data were derived from an analysis of underserved populations conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) Afghanistan's Emergency Program, supplemented by information from in-country partners. In addition to other reports, this review focused on analyzing the geographical availability of primary healthcare (PHC) services by employing the guidelines set forth in the SPHERE framework. It also took into account the social dynamics within the Afghan population that may create barriers to equity in terms of demand and access to PHC services. Although there are a significant number of primary healthcare facilities in operation (4,242), they are unevenly distributed across different regions of Afghanistan, resulting in almost 25% of the population being underserved. The underserved population is nearly equally distributed between genders, with the majority residing in rural communities. Women of childbearing age represent 28% of the underserved population. Children under the age of five represent 16-18% of the underserved population in all regions, except in the western region, where they represent between 12 and 13%. Individuals over 60 years of age represent 1-3% of the underserved population across all regions. More than 50% of the population in the Central Highlands of Afghanistan is underserved, followed by the western and southern regions. Ghor province in the western region has the highest proportion of underserved populations, followed by Zabul province in the southern region. Afghanistan is currently experiencing a protracted humanitarian crisis, with millions of people living in poverty and lacking access to healthcare. This situation exposes them to serious risks such as disease epidemics, starvation, and maternal and child mortality. It is crucial to implement alternative strategies to reach the most affected populations and to increase funding for the delivery of healthcare services in Afghanistan.

Advanced oxidation processes by UV/H2O2 for the removal of anionic surfactants in a decentralized wastewater treatment plant in Ecuador

ABSTRACT Surfactants are persistent pollutants that pose risks to ecosystems and human health due to their low removal efficiency in conventional wastewater treatment plants. In Guayaquil, Ecuador, a decentralized facility discharges water with a surfactant concentration that exceeds the national legislation up to 20 times. This work aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of the advanced oxidation process UV/H2O2 in removing anionic surfactants as a tertiary treatment for the decentralized facility investigated. A laboratory-scale batch system was tested for the treatment of real effluent with three hydrogen peroxide concentrations (100, 250, and 500 mg L−1) and UV exposure up to 120 min. All experimental trials were run in duplicate. After 60 min of UV exposure with 250 mg L−1 of H2O2, the anionic surfactant removal was 94.3 ± 4.3%, and the effluent complied with the discharge limits (<0.5 mg L−1). These operational parameters were selected for continuous laboratory-scale experiments to simulate the facility operation, achieving a maximum removal of 92.3 ± 2.5%. Although the reactor demonstrates a high removal rate, improvements to its configuration are necessary to meet discharge limits. The UV/H2O2 process allowed the removal of anionic surfactants, suggesting its feasibility as a complementary treatment in decentralized plants with similar problems.

PROTECTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR AND AIRSPACE OF UKRAINE: LEGAL, REGULATORY, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

The study uses general scientific and special methods, the main of which are: abstract-logical, deductive, inductive, historical, modelling and forecasting, methods of system-structural, system-functional analysis, economic and statistical (grouping, comparison, etc.). The use of system analysis methods made it possible to structure the constituent elements of the regulatory and legal support of public administration in the field of protection of atmospheric air and airspace of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to characterise the protection of atmospheric air and airspace of Ukraine in the regulatory, legal, environmental and economic aspects. It is determined that the regulatory framework for regulating the principles of atmospheric air safety is a component of the mechanism for ensuring environmental safety. The article emphasises that for the first time the principles of environmental safety were enshrined in the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine, where the principles of environmental safety were established at the level of a separate section. It is emphasised that the functional content of the administrative and legal protection of atmospheric air includes: ensuring air pollution within the limits of the maximum permissible emission standards in order to ensure the right of a person to a safe and quality environment; greening of production; introduction of ecological fuel quality standards; greening of the energy cluster of the economy, including through the introduction of the principles of decentralisation of the country's energy system; establishment of information interaction between the participants of legal relations in order to ensure the transparency of economic activities related to environmental pollution; formation of a high level of environmental legal awareness, etc. The article draws a conclusion that ensuring proper quality of atmospheric air is a component of the mechanism for ensuring environmental safety. The authors underline that the understanding of the system of regulatory and legal regulation of atmospheric air and airspace protection should be functionally aimed at ensuring compliance with environmental standards for the operation of such facilities in accordance with economic feasibility and social justification. The paper concludes that atmospheric air safety and airspace safety are part of the national security system, where the former is a component of environmental safety and the latter is a component of state security, and should be understood as the state of atmospheric air and the integrity of the air environment, for which physical, chemical and biological properties are established which create favourable and sufficient conditions for the vital activity of people and settlements.

Determining the Stability of a Potentially Dangerous Landslide Slope

Abstract Due to the acceleration of construction of civil, industrial and infrastructure facilities in our republic and the expansion of their area, the construction of many facilities is carried out in mountainous, and foothill areas with complex relief and geomorphological conditions, which in most cases are potentially dangerous landslide slopes. To protect these facilities from the negative impact of dangerous geological, natural-technogenic, and anthropogenic processes, to assess the risks arising from the impact of these processes on building structures, to promptly prevent negative phenomena and dangerous situations, to assess the engineering and geological conditions of the construction area to determine the stability of the slope, conducting research in these areas is of great practical importance. Mountainous regions are characterized by the complexity and diversity of geological, hydrological, hydrogeological, and tectonic conditions. Landslides are the most common natural and man-made processes that pose a threat to the safe operation of infrastructure facilities, civil and industrial construction in mountainous and foothill areas. In addition to infrastructure facilities, landslides can destroy vegetation, destroy the habitat of fauna, and also destroy fertile soils located in the area of their activity (Nikolic, 2015; Krivoguz & Bespalova, 2020). The main objective of this article is to apply the results of practically implemented and verified studies in other territories of our republic with similar geomorphological structure and engineering-geological conditions, to correctly assess the negative manifestations caused by landslides and other man-made and anthropogenic impacts, as well as to calculate the stability of the slope and scientifically and technically substantiate measures for engineering protection against landslides.

Effect of feeding amount on tail gas and waste salt obtained from molten salt oxidation process of cation exchange resins

ABSTRACT The effective treatment of spent radioactive ion exchange resins generated during the operation of nuclear facilities is of great significance to reduce its potential hazards to the environment. This work innovatively provides a simple and low-cost molten salt oxidation (MSO) system includes air intake, feeding, waste salt discharge and exhaust gas treatment and analysis system for disposal of spent cation exchange resins (CERs). By studying three feeding amounts that injection of 25 g, 125 g and 1250 g CERs in 10 times under air conditions, the oxidation efficiency of CERs in MSO system was further evaluated. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) results indicated the sulfur can be trapped in the melt. Sulfur in functional group can be converted to Na2S and KLi(SO4) via Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3, which is proved by XRD patterns. The experimental results presented that degradation rates of CERs are 99.31%, 99.80%, and 99.91% in different feeding amounts, respectively. Furthermore, the volume reduction of residue gathered by feeding 1250 g CERs in 10 times was the highest, which can reach 9.19. Therefore, the bench-scale MSO system is a potential and promising treatment for spent CERs volume reduction.

Artificial Intelligence in the U.S. Military Health System: Forging a New Frontier for Clinical Care and Efficiency

ABSTRACT The Military Health System (MHS) has historically been at the forefront of innovation in medicine and science, but it has also historically struggled to implement battlefield innovations or civilian technologies for wider domestic use. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in health care with civilian health systems and institutions at the forefront of these innovations. While these tools have the potential to support resolution of military health’s most pressing issues, the MHS is behind its civilian counterparts in advancing AI. Adoption of AI could benefit the MHS in such areas as service member and beneficiary access to care; more precise allocation of medical personnel and resources; improved operations of military treatment facilities; early detection of emerging threats to health; and force multiplication of existing telehealth capabilities. This evolving and highly visible technology also presents challenges in the military context above those in the civilian context, such as additional levels of privacy and security, integration with purpose-built secure systems, and additional regulatory obligations. To address these, the MHS should engage in three lines of effort to advance AI: establishing governance, education and training of medical personnel, and engaging in research, development, testing, and piloting of AI applications. This will require dedicated personnel and resources for a substantial initial outlay to be recouped later through more effective administration and care. By leveraging lessons learned from civilian systems, the MHS can design, adopt, and implement AI solutions to improve care for service members in both domestic and operational contexts, and for their beneficiaries.

Analisis Peran Petugas Terminal Service Officer (TSO) Terhadap Kelancaran Operasional di Area Check In Terminal Internasional Bandara I Gusti Ngurah Rai Bali

Terminal Service Officer (TSO) is a unit that is tasked with carrying out supervision/inspection of operational support facilities provided by airport managers to maintain smooth operations and comfort of terminal service users. Often the operational mobility of service users in the airport check-in area ishampered due to irregular passenger check-in queues, passengers who sit carelessly in the check-in area which results in inhibited mobility at I Gusti Ngurah Rai Airport Bali. This study aims to find out the role and factors that affect the effectiveness of TSO in ensuring smooth operations in the check-in area. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The data used are primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from observations and interviews, while secondary data came from the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) of terminal service officers, and photographs related to the problem being studied. The data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. To test the validity of the data, triangulation techniques were used. The results of this study show the role of TSO on the smooth operation of the check-in area, namely by conducting supervision in all check-in areas, so that there is no congestion or delay and coordinating with airlines and other units to ensure that each check-in process runs smoothly. Factors that affect the effectiveness of Terminal Service Officers (TSOs) in ensuring smooth operations in the check-in area are communication and cooperation, facilities, and human resources. Where of these three factors, dominant human resources affect effectiveness, because the lack of human resources in the TSO unit can cause difficulties in monitoring the landside area, especially when peak hours are occurring. If obstacles are found that can interfere with the smooth operation, TSO officers will take action to handle these obstacles.

Intelligent Combustion Control in Waste-to-Energy Facilities: Enhancing Efficiency and Reducing Emissions Using AI and IoT

Expanding waste-to-energy (WtE) facilities is difficult, and with tightening incineration regulations, improvements in WtE facility operations are required to dispose of waste that is increasing by an average of 4.8% annually. To achieve this, an intelligent combustion control (ICC) system was studied using digital technologies such as the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence to improve the operation of WtE facilities. The ICC system in this study is composed of three modules: perception, decision, and control. Perception: collecting and visualizing digital data on the operating status of WtE facilities; Decision: using AI to propose optimal operation methods; Control: automatically controlling the WtE facility according to the AI-suggested optimization methods. The ICC system was applied to the “G” WtE facility, a solid waste WtE facility operating in Gyeonggi province, Republic of Korea, and the digital data collected over six months showed high quality, with low delay and a data loss rate of only 0.12%. Additionally, in January 2024, the ICC system was used to automatically control the second forced draft fan and induced draft fan over a four-day period. As a result, the incinerator flue gas temperature decreased by 0.66%, steam flow rate improved by 2.41%, power generation increased by 3.09%, CO emissions were reduced by 60.72%, and NOx emissions decreased by 7.33%. Future research will expand the ICC system to include the automatic control of the first forced draft fan and the operation time of the stoker.