Facility Effluent Research Articles

Recycling of waste water from buildings by application of membrane technology

In urban districts the existing municipal water supply and effluent facilities are almost saturated as the result of the concentrated population and raised level of living. In order to solve such a problem, miscellaneous water utilization systems to treat waste water for reuse have been introduced in newly constructed large-size buildings in large cities such as Tokyo. Among such various systems an actual example of reusing building waste water with tubular UF membranes is shown and the result of the study on applications of a dynamic membrane filtration method using hollow fiber microfiltration (MF) membranes is discussed.

Fly ash as a sorbent for the removal of biologically resistant organic matter

Six different fly ashes, in both an untreated and an acidified form, were studied with respect to their ability to remove color and organic materials from a municipal waste treatment facility effluent. Color, fluorescence, and chemical oxygen demand were used to monitor the removal. The apparent predominant mechanism varies with the pH and the chemical characteristics of the ash. These mechanisms include carbon sorption, calcium precipitation of tannins and humics, sorption on the fly ash surface by silica, alumina, and/or iron oxide and, in the acidified situation, coagulation of colored colloids in the effluent dissolved from the fly ash. Some additional deleterious components are dissolved into the effluent during the treatment process. Many of these materials can, however, be removed by using a two-stage fly ash sorption process.Particularly of interest is the ability to remove over 90% of the boron from the effluent.

Water Demand Management: An Evaluation of a “Soft” Solution for the Hamilton Harbour Remedial Action Plan

The investigation of actions for the remediation of Hamilton Harbour has focussed largely on the traditional “end of the pipe” solutions to the problems of municipal wastewater treatment. This paper attempts to place one “at source” solution, water demand management, into the context of the remedial action plan. Fully developed relationships between volumes of water usage and the quality of sewage treatment facility effluent have not yet received an adequate degree of investigation. Nevertheless, ample evidence is available to suggest that water demand management is the most cost effective method for the remedial action of municipal water pollution for Hamilton Harbour.

Long-term effects of treated domestic wastewater on brown trout

A 12-month bioassay was conducted to determine the effects of unchlorinated, treated, domestic wastewater on survival, growth, swimming performance, and gill tissue of brown trout ( Salmo trutta). Ammonia was the toxicant of concern, because the facility's effluent periodically exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) recommended criterion. Juvenile brown trout (initial weight = 2 g), which were exposed to six concentrations (0–37%) of effluent, were fed a restricted ration, so that growth rates were similar to those of wild stream residents. At the highest effluent concentration, monthly mean concentrations of un-ionized ammonia ranged from 0.004 to 0.055 mg l −1 NH 3N (at. wt = 14); these concentrations exceeded the EPA criterion of 0.016 mg l −1 about 40% of the time. There were no significant effects of effluent concentration on survival, growth, or swimming performance of brown trout, but the degree of damage to gills was directly related to effluent concentration.

Artificial Substrate System for Biofouling Studies

The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations governing residual chlorine concentration in estuarine thermal electric generating facility effluents have necessitated evaluations of various chlorine application schedules in order to determine residual chlorine levels that will effectively control biofouling in condenser cooling systems and simultaneously be environmentally acceptable.