Facile Charge Research Articles

Recent Developments in Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Hydrogels as Photocatalysts.

Solar-driven photocatalysis with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) is considered to be the most promising approach for the generation of H2 from water, the degradation of organic pollutants, and the reduction of CO2 . However, bulk g-C3 N4 exhibits several drawbacks, such as a low specific surface area, high defect density, and fast charge recombination, which result in low photocatalytic performance. The construction of 3D porous hydrogels for g-C3 N4 through nanostructural engineering is a rapid, feasible, and cost-effective technique to improve the adsorption capability, stability, and separability of the hydrogel composite; to increase the number of active sites; and to create an internal conductive path for facile charge transfer and high photocatalytic activity. This minireview summarizes recent progress in photocatalytic water splitting and dye degradation by using g-C3 N4 -based hydrogels, with respect to state-of-the-art methods for synthesis, preparation, modification, and multicomponent coupling. Furthermore, comprehensive outlooks, future challenges, and concluding remarks regarding the use of g-C3 N4 -based hydrogels as highly efficient photocatalysts are presented.

Ultrathin 2D type-II p-n heterojunctions La2Ti2O7/In2S3 with efficient charge separations and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light illumination

In this work, novel 2D type-II p-n heterojunctions La2Ti2O7/In2S3 have been fabricated. The heterojunctions exhibit much improved photocatalytic activity over individual moieties and their physical mixtures in which 18-fold increment in hydrogen production has been achieved under visible light illumination (λ ≥ 400 nm). Their superior activities stem from intimate face-to-face contact between La2Ti2O7 and In2S3 in the heterojunctions which guarantee facile charge interchange. Photoelectrochemical analysis suggests that efficient charge separations occur at the interfaces of the heterojunctions and contributes to a prolonged charge lifetime as well as the much enhanced photocatalytic activities. Such a simple strategy by fabricating ultrathin type-II p-n heterojunctions also warrant promising applications in other areas such as optoelectronics, sensors etc. whereby efficient charge separations are needed.

Bulk charge-transfer doping of amorphous metal oxide: fullerene blends for solution-processed amorphous indium zinc oxide thin-film transistors

A facile bulk charge transfer doping method enabled electrical performance improvement of a low temperature solution processed thin film transistor.

TiO2–SrTiO3 composite photoanode: effect of strontium precursor concentration on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells

We report herein a detailed study on the influence of Sr precursor (strontium chloride hexahydrate) concentration on the properties of TiO2–SrTiO3 composite film and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) performance. TiO2–SrTiO3 composite film has successfully been fabricated by two steps of LPD-hydrothermal method for which the prepared TiO2 acted as a Ti source for SrTiO3. Besides anatase, SrTiO3 phase with cubic structure is detected from the XRD spectra confirming the formation of TiO2–SrTiO3 film composite. The detection of the peak of Sr element from EDX and Raman shift at the peak of 436 cm− 1, 554 cm− 1 and 799 cm− 1 further confirms the existence of the SrTiO3 coated on TiO2. TiO2–SrTiO3 composite film with Sr precursor optimum concentration 0.1 M depicts the highest performance of the DSSC with the η = 1.71 ± 0.21%, Voc = 0.58 ± 0.22 V and Jsc = 9.1 ± 2.1 mA/cm2 due to superior lights scattering and highest dye loading. Facile charge transfer was observed by increasing the Sr content due to inhibition of recombination process. Combining TiO2 with SrTiO3 in composite form at the optimum Sr precursor concentration is found as an effective way of enhancing the efficiency of the device.

Superoxide dismutase transcellular shuttle constructed from dendritic MOF and charge reversible protein derivatives.

The development of molecular biology has led to the identification of protein-based therapeutics as an intriguing approach for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. To manufacture transcellular protein delivery shuttles, we attempted charge reversal chemistry on native proteins [e.g., superoxide dismutase (SOD): an enzyme capable of scavenging detrimental reactive oxygen species] by the selective conversion of the positively charged amino residues of native SOD to conjugated negatively charged citraconic moieties, eliciting overall negatively charged polyelectrolytes for the subsequent electrostatic self-assembly with cationic metal-organic framework (MOF) derivatives into protein delivery systems. Please note that the charge conversion was reversible, restoring the original amino groups in intracellular acidic endosome compartments (pH 5), which afforded facile charge reversible functions to reclaim the active SOD in the cell interior. In particular, the strategic manufacture of dendritic MOF supramolecular architectures as transcellular shuttles for the aforementioned charge-reversible SOD derivatives is noteworthy. The MOF was surface-functionalized with several polycationic segments, thus contributing to the hyper-charged architecture for the easy accommodation of the negatively charged SOD derivatives. Consequently, the SOD derivatives managed to internalize into cells by hitchhiking via endocytosis of the positively charged MOF. Once they resided in the acidic endosomes, the charge reversal of the SOD derivatives could occur smoothly and result in reduced interactions between the charged-reversed SOD and MOF, leading to the release of active SOD. Simultaneously, the dendritic MOF due to protein release presented a highly positive-charged architecture to provoke endosome membrane disruption, consequently spurring the translocation of SOD to the cytosol for the execution of its enzymatic activities. Herein, the intracellular ROS level of the activated macrophages was validated to be markedly suppressed by our proposed transcellular SOD shuttles, thereby indicating their wide availability to diverse functional proteins for biomedical applications.

High-performance electrochromic films with fast switching times using transparent/conductive nanoparticle-modulated charge transfer.

One of the most critical issues in electrochromic (EC) films based on transition metal oxides such as tungsten oxides (WOx) is their poor charge transfer property, which is closely related to EC performance. Herein, high-performance EC films with enhanced charge transport are prepared using small-molecule linkers and transparent/conductive nanoparticles (NPs). In this work, oleylamine (OAm)-stabilized WO2.72 nanorods (NRs) and OAm-stabilized indium tin oxide (ITO) NPs are layer-by-layer (LbL)-assembled with small-molecule linkers (tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, TREN) using a ligand-exchange reaction between bulky/insulating OAm ligands and TREN molecules. In this case, there is only one TREN layer between neighboring inorganic components (WO2.72 NRs and/or ITO NPs), resulting in a dramatic decrease in the separation distance. This minimized separation distance as well as the periodic insertion of transparent/conductive ITO NPs can significantly reduce the charge transfer resistance within WO2.72 NR-based EC films, which remarkably improves their EC performance. Compared to EC films without ITO NPs, the formed EC films with ITO NPs exhibit faster switching responses (4.1 times in coloration time and 3.5 times in bleaching time) and a maximum optical modulation of approximately 55.8%. These results suggest that electrochemical performance, including EC performance, can be significantly improved through structural/interfacial designing of nanocomposites.

Prevalence, determinants and knowledge of antibacterial self-medication: A cross sectional study in North-eastern Tanzania.

Self-medication is very common especially in developing countries and is documented to be associated with many health risks including antibiotic resistance. This study investigated the prevalence, determinants and knowledge of self-medication among residents of Siha District in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 residents in a rural District of Kilimanjaro region, North-eastern Tanzania from 1st to 28th April 2017. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information regarding drugs used, knowledge, history and reasons for antibiotic self-medication. Log—binomial regression analysis was done using STATA 13 to examine factors associated with self-medication. A slightly majority of the respondents (58%) admitted to self-medication. Antibiotics most commonly utilized were amoxycillin (43%) and an antiprotozoal drug metronidazole (10%). The most common symptoms that led to self-medication were cough (51.17%), headache/ fever/ malaria (25.57%) and diarrhoea (21.59%). The most common reasons for self-medication were emergency illness (24.00%), health facility charges (20.33%), proximity of pharmacy to home (17.00%) and no reason (16.66%). Almost all reported that self-medication is not better than seeking medical consultation, 98% can result into harmful effects and 96% can result to drug resistance. The level of self-medication in this study is comparable with findings from other studies in developing countries. Pharmacies were commonly used as the first point of medical care. There is therefore a need for educative antibiotic legislative intervention to mitigate the adverse effects of antibiotic self-medication in Siha district in Tanzania.

Speciation and Electronic Structure of La1−xSrxCoO3−δ During Oxygen Electrolysis

Cobalt-containing perovskite oxides are promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolyzers. However, a lack of fundamental understanding of oxide surfaces impedes rational catalyst design for improved activity and stability. We couple electrochemical studies of epitaxial La1−xSrxCoO3−δ films with in situ and operando ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the surface stoichiometry, adsorbates, and electronic structure. In situ investigations spanning electrode compositions in a humid environment indicate that hydroxyl and carbonate affinity increase with Sr content, leading to an increase in binding energy of metal core levels and the valence band edge from the formation of a surface dipole. The maximum in hydroxylation at 40% Sr is commensurate with the highest OER activity, where activity scales with greater hole carrier concentration and mobility. Operando measurements of the 20% Sr-doped oxide in alkaline electrolyte indicate that the surface stoichiometry remains constant during OER, supporting the idea that the oxide electrocatalyst is stable and behaves as a metal, with the voltage drop confined to the electrolyte. Furthermore, hydroxyl and carbonate species are present on the electrode surface even under oxidizing conditions, and may impact the availability of active sites or the binding strength of adsorbed intermediates via adsorbate–adsorbate interactions. For covalent oxides with facile charge transfer kinetics, the accumulation of hydroxyl species with oxidative potentials suggests the rate of reaction could be limited by proton transfer kinetics. This operando insight will help guide modeling of self-consistent oxide electrocatalysts, and highlights the potential importance of carbonates in oxygen electrocatalysis.

Liposomal bupivacaine mixture has similar pain relief and significantly fewer complications at less cost compared with indwelling interscalene catheter in total elbow arthroplasty

Postoperative pain control, short-term and long-term narcotic consumption, complication rates, and costs of indwelling interscalene catheter (ISC) were compared with a liposomal bupivacaine (LBC) mixture in patients undergoing primary total elbow arthroplasty. Forty-four consecutive patients were identified, the first 28 with an ISC and the later 16 with intraoperative LBC injection that also included ketorolac and 0.5% bupivacaine. Medical records were reviewed for visual analog scale scores for pain, oral morphine equivalent (OME) use, complications, and facility charges. Average visual analog scale scores at 24 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks were not significantly different. Mean OME use was significantly greater in the LBC group at 24 hours but less at 12 weeks, although this difference was not statistically significant. Twelve anesthetic-related complications occurred in the ISC group (1 major and 11 minor); 10 patients (36%) had at least 1 complication. The major complication was respiratory failure requiring emergent tracheostomy. Minor complications included leaking pump/catheters, catheters inadvertently pulled out early, global hand paresthesias, forearm paresthesias, and pain at the catheter site. There were no anesthetic-related complications in the LBC group. The average charge for the LBC mixture was $327.10; charges for ISC, including equipment and anesthesia fees, were $1472.42. An LBC mixture provides similar pain relief with fewer complications at a lower cost than indwelling ISC after total elbow arthroplasty. Although the OME use in the LBC group was almost double that of the ISC group at 24 hours, there was no difference at later time points.

Joule heating-induced sp2-restoration in graphene fibers

Joule heating can instantaneously achieve high temperatures (>2000 °C) by applying electrical current on a resistive material. This ohmic heating by the passage of an electric current through a conducting domain may effectively heal the defective sites (i.e., vacancies, structural defects, and sp3 oxygen groups) of graphene oxide (GO) and revert them into sp2 domains. Indeed, the direction of electric field controls the texture of GO with preferential alignment, which significantly affects the transport properties along the fiber axis. Here we present electrical current-induced manipulation of resistive domain (i.e. Joule heating) as an effective healing method for the defect sites in GO fibers (GOFs). Systematic control of input current restores the sp2 lattice structures within fibers in a well-controlled manner. Structural evolution mechanism is proposed for multilayer stacked graphitic structures as well as graphene sheet plane under the reduction process. This defect-healing principle is rapid, environmentally benign and energy efficient, compared to other defect restoration methods, and yields tailored-aligned fibers with a high current-carrying capability and facile charge transport, which is potentially beneficial for power cables and other relevant applications.

Thin‐Film Electrode Design for High Volumetric Electrochemical Performance Using Metal Sputtering‐Combined Ligand Exchange Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly

AbstractThe design of electrode with high volumetric performance in energy storages still remains as a significant challenge because it simultaneously requires a high packing density of active materials for high energy density and a conductive porous structure for facile charge transfer. Here, a novel assembly process is introduced for thin‐film anodes for Li‐ion battery with a high volumetric energy density and rate performance by systematically controlling the interfacial structure between metal‐oxide nanoparticles and/or metal clusters. For this study, oleic‐acid‐stabilized Fe3O4 nanoparticles are layer‐by‐layer assembled with small organic molecules through a ligand exchange reaction, which enable a high packing density. During layer‐by‐layer deposition, periodic Pt‐sputtering onto multilayers significantly reduces the internal resistance of the electrodes but maintains the nanopores formed among the nanoparticles. The resulting anode exhibits an extremely high volumetric capacity of ≈3195 mA h cm−3 and rate performance, which are far superior to that reported for Li‐ion battery anodes. Additionally, all components in the electrodes have a stable covalent bond network between the metal atom and the amine group of organic molecule linker, allowing good cycle retention. This approach can be widely applied to the fabrication of various nanoparticle‐based electrodes, enabling maximum charge storage performance in confined volumes.

Carving Out Pores in Redox-Active One-Dimensional Coordination Polymers.

Reduction of the insulating one-dimensional coordination polymer [Cu(abpy)PF6 ]n , 1 a(PF6 ), (abpy=2,2'-azobispyridine) yields the conductive, porous polymer [Cu(abpy)]n , 2 a. Pressed pellets of neutral 2 a exhibit a conductivity of 0.093 S cm-1 at room temperature and a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 56 m2 g-1 . Fine powders of 2 a have a BET surface area of 90 m2 g-1 . Cyclic voltammetry shows that the reduction of 1 a(PF6 ) to 2 a is quasi-reversible, indicative of facile charge transfer through the bulk material. The BET surface area of the reduced polymer 2 can be controlled by changing the size of the counteranion X in the cationic [Cu(abpy)X]n . Reduction of [Cu(abpy)X]n with X=Br (2 b) or BArF (2 c; BArF =tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)), affords [Cu(abpy)]n polymers with surface areas of 60 and 200 m2 g-1 , respectively.

Carving Out Pores in Redox‐Active One‐Dimensional Coordination Polymers

AbstractReduction of the insulating one‐dimensional coordination polymer [Cu(abpy)PF6]n, 1 a(PF6), (abpy=2,2′‐azobispyridine) yields the conductive, porous polymer [Cu(abpy)]n, 2 a. Pressed pellets of neutral 2 a exhibit a conductivity of 0.093 S cm−1 at room temperature and a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 56 m2 g−1. Fine powders of 2 a have a BET surface area of 90 m2 g−1. Cyclic voltammetry shows that the reduction of 1 a(PF6) to 2 a is quasi‐reversible, indicative of facile charge transfer through the bulk material. The BET surface area of the reduced polymer 2 can be controlled by changing the size of the counteranion X in the cationic [Cu(abpy)X]n. Reduction of [Cu(abpy)X]n with X=Br (2 b) or BArF (2 c; BArF=tetrakis(3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)), affords [Cu(abpy)]n polymers with surface areas of 60 and 200 m2 g−1, respectively.

60 Insurance Coverage and Cost of Patients Enrolled in an Acute Care at Home Pilot Project for Emergency Department Patients

Accountable care organizations (ACOs) are increasing in number across the United States with the goal of providing value-based, high-quality care. Innovative health care initiatives will help facilitate this goal. The objective of this study was to describe the insured status of patients and cost of those who were enrolled in a pilot program in which patients were treated at home as an alternative to hospital admission for acute medical conditions. This was a prospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary care university hospital’s emergency department (ED) from March 15, 2016 through May 30, 2017. Included were patients > 18 years of age who met eligibility criteria for treatment at home for their acute condition as part of participation in a pilot program called Acute Care at Home (ACH). Part of eligibility for participation in this pilot program included a screen of the patient’s insurance coverage to ensure that insurance coverage for home health would be allocated to the patient. The primary insurance billed for home health services among included patients was used for analysis. Descriptive statistics of the enrolled patients’ insurance status is reported. During the defined time period, a total of 70 patients were enrolled in the ACH program. The most common diagnoses were cellulitis (48.6%) and pneumonia (17.1%). Thirty-two (45.7%) patients were female and 52 (74.3%) were age 65 or older. A total of 53 (75.7%) patients’ home health care was insured by Medicare. Another 15 (21.4%) were insured by a commercial plan and 2 (2.9) were insured as part of the state’s Medicaid program. Overall, the average cost for ACH care including ED facility charges, professional fees, and home health care was $3,360 and ranged from $1088 to $7,381. This is significantly lower than the average cost of inpatients services for cellulitis and pneumonia ($15,929 and $15,262, respectively). Offering home health care for patients with acute conditions as an alternative to hospital admission may be a value-based consideration to offer as part of a ACO, particularly a Medicare ACO, given the number of patients in this project who were insured by Medicare. Further comparison analysis of any cost-savings incurred as a result of alternatives to admission is needed.

Realization of vertical metal semiconductor heterostructures via solution phase epitaxy

The creation of crystal phase heterostructures of transition metal chalcogenides, e.g., the 1T/2H heterostructures, has led to the formation of metal/semiconductor junctions with low potential barriers. Very differently, post-transition metal chalcogenides are semiconductors regardless of their phases. Herein, we report, based on experimental and simulation results, that alloying between 1T-SnS2 and 1T-WS2 induces a charge redistribution in Sn and W to realize metallic Sn0.5W0.5S2 nanosheets. These nanosheets are epitaxially deposited on surfaces of semiconducting SnS2 nanoplates to form vertical heterostructures. The ohmic-like contact formed at the Sn0.5W0.5S2/SnS2 heterointerface affords rapid transport of charge carriers, and allows for the fabrication of fast photodetectors. Such facile charge transfer, combined with a high surface affinity for acetone molecules, further enables their use as highly selective 100 ppb level acetone sensors. Our work suggests that combining compositional and structural control in solution-phase epitaxy holds promises for solution-processible thin-film optoelectronics and sensors.

Revenue for Initial Orthopaedic Trauma Care: Effects of Patient and Injury Characteristics.

To characterize the charges and collections associated with the initial inpatient management of trauma patients who undergo operative fracture management. Retrospective. Level 1 trauma center. Four hundred forty consecutive, adult, trauma patients. Fixation for fracture of the spine, pelvis, acetabulum, and/or femur fractures. Professional and technical (facility) charges and collections from the initial inpatient management and 6 months of subsequent related care. Patients were predominantly male (74.3%) and white (63.2%) with a mean age of 41 years and mean injury severity score of 18.5. Uninsured (self-pay) patients represented the largest payer class (35.0%), and 34.5% of all patients were unemployed. Professional and technical charges totaled US $12,382,028 (US $28,140/patient) and US $39,682,225 (US $90,187/patient), respectively. Injury severity score, longer lengths of stay (LOS), and the presence of a complication were positive predictors of initial charges (P < 0.0001; adjusted R = 0.799). Professional and technical collections totaled US $2,418,096 (US $5,496/patient) and US $16,921,959 (US $38,459/patient) (percent of charge: 21.5% vs. 41.3%; P < 0.0001). Of the self-pay patients, 34.4% had no collections, resulting in potential lost revenue of US $2,513,988. Greater collections were predicted to occur in females, employed patients, and those with insurance (P < 0.0001; adjusted R = 0.35). Trauma patients often present without insurance, which compromises hospital revenue. Expectedly, charges are higher in more severely injured patients, those with longer LOS, and those experiencing complications. A bundled model will proportionately decrease reimbursements for a given episode of care in the event of longer LOS or occurrence of complications.

Construction of 2D heterojunction system with enhanced photocatalytic performance: Plasmonic Bi and reduced graphene oxide co-modified Bi5O7I with high-speed charge transfer channels.

The efficient electron-hole charge pair separation, ultra-fast electron migration and excellent light harvest capacity are essential for semiconductor photocatalyst with superior photocatalytic performance. In this study, we constructed layered 2D/2D heterojunction composite of Bi@Bi5O7I/rGO (BiBGOI) through a facile surface charge mediated self-assembly strategy. The unique 2D/2D heterostructure with face to face contact can increase the contact area and generate a large amount of charge transfer nanochannels in the interfacial heterojunction, resulting in the enhancement of photocatalytic activity. Addition of semimetal Bi can enhance light absorption, and the local electromagnetic field dominated by SPR effect is favorable for photoinduced charge pair separation. The novel composite showed superior photocatalytic performance for decomposing levofloxacin (LVFX), which was attributed to the unique 2D/2D structure and SPR effect. The enhanced mineralization ability of the novel composite was ascribed to the strong oxidization ability of photoinduced holes, further evaluating high charge pair separation efficiency. In addition, the strong adsorption capacity of rGO for LVFX molecules can enable active radicals transfer into the surface to decompose it. This work will shed light on constructing 2D/2D heterojunction system assisted with SPR effect for the practical application in removal of organic pollutants.

Pick a Wick: A Simple, Ultrafast Combustion Synthesis of Co3O4 Dispersed Carbon for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Kinetics

Mass transport and charge transfer at an interface play a crucial role in governing the electrochemical performance of a material. Wider meso-/macropores are expected to enhance the reaction kinetics by facilitating the ion transport to and fro from an active interface, thereby continuously regenerating it at accelerated rates. Herein, we report a generic, simple, and ultrafast synthetic method to obtain highly graphitized porous carbon containing well-dispersed Co3O4 nanoparticles (∼1 wt % Co) using cobalt acetate and piperidine precursors. The obtained catalyst (Co3O4@CS) exhibits onset potential and oxygen evolution kinetics similar to that of the state-of-the-art catalyst, RuO2. For oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the synthesized material exhibits excellent cycling performance over 2000 cycles. Such a performance metric can be attributed to the uniform dispersion of active sites (Co3O4) over a low-density, highly interconnected conducting carbon matrix leading to facile mass transport and charge transfer, respectively.

Topological doping effects in 2D chalcogenide thermoelectrics

The topological nature of two-dimensional (2D) chalcogenide platelets, can present novel opportunities in thin, flexible thermoelectrics. In this work, metal dopants are added to the reactive edges of 2D Bi2Te3 platelets. We show that along this active edge, an atomically well-ordered heterojunction is formed and facile charge exchange is created, onto the platelet and proximal to its known topological states. Temperature dependent conductivity suggests that local band bending across the interface may act as an injection energy filter for dopant-originated carriers. Moreover, as carrier density increases with increasing edge-dopant, carrier scattering does not appear to increase dramatically. As a result, an apparent decoupling between electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient occurs, leading to a surprisingly high power factors (PF): For example, the PF increases in Bi2Te3 platelets by eight times when doped with Cu. First principles calculations show that the electronics of the semiconductor-metal interfaces are quite different for edge and facial configurations, thus the site of metal dopant is believed to play an important role in the expected thermoelectric performance. Finally, this work suggests that the topological sensitivity of dopant placement should be considered in the rational design of high performance thermoelectric composites.

Construction of Sn/oxide g-C3N4 nanostructure by electrostatic self-assembly strategy with enhanced photocatalytic degradation performance

Non-noble metals such as Ni, Bi, Co, Cd and Sn are considered as promising cocatalyst in photocatalytic field. Herein, by utilizing the oxide g-C3N4 with plentiful hydroxyl and carboxyl groups as a basic block, Sn/oxide g-C3N4 composites were constructed by a facile electrostatic self-assembly strategy followed by a chemical reduction method. The as-prepared Sn/oxide g-C3N4 catalyst exhibit remarkably improved visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance toward degradation of methyl orange (MO) and phenol compared with oxide g-C3N4 due to the facile interfacial charge separation, as evidenced by the photoluminescence and transient photocurrent studies. The work function measurements revealed the photo-generated electrons in the conduction band of oxide g-C3N4 could be trapped by metallic Sn and the band bending in the space-charge region of the Sn/oxide g-C3N4 composite further promoted the separation of electrons and holes, which are responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic performance. Moreover, O2− radicals are found to be the predominant species toward degradation of MO, while holes (h+) are the most critical species for the degradation of phenol, as proved by the active species trapping experiments and ESR technique measurements. The present study provided a new insight into the design and fabrication of oxide g-C3N4 based hybrid photocatalysts with reasonable electronic structures for photochemical reactions.