Hand Washing Facilities Research Articles

UPAYA MENJAGA KONDISI SEKOLAH YANG SEHAT UNTUK MENINGKATKAN MINAT BELAJAR SISWA KELAS III: TINJAUAN TERHADAP KESIAPAN SEKOLAH DALAM MENCIPTAKAN BUDAYA SEKOLAH SEHAT

Healthy school conditions play an important role in increasing student interest in learning. This research focuses on efforts that can be made by schools in maintaining healthy conditions, especially for third grade students. Based on the literature study, it was found that healthy schools have certain characteristics such as a clean learning environment, good air circulation, and adequate hand washing and sanitation facilities. School readiness in creating a healthy school culture can be seen from the active role of the school in educating students about the importance of health, involving parents of students in school health programs, and the involvement of school committees in monitoring and evaluation. In addition, the provision of facilities and hygiene principles is also important to be applied in order to maintain the health of students. Thus, efforts to maintain healthy school conditions can improve the quality of education and increase students' interest in learning in class III.

Relationship Between Hygiene Practices and Occurrence of Diarrhea among Under-Five Children: A Case of East Pokot Sub County

Communicable diseases continue to persist in developing countries with diarrhea being one of the conditions that affect children under five years of age resulting in numerous morbidities and mortality. Despite the interventions that have been put in place, Kenya still had an estimated 14% of children with diarrhea in 2022. Consequently, there is still a need to determine the actual practices associated with diarrhea at the community level. This will ensure that community-specific interventions are developed to curb diarrhea. Therefore, this study sought to determine hygiene practices that are associated with diarrhea. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design, and Fisher’s formula was used to calculate a sample of 384 caregivers from East Pokot Sub-County. Both purposive, proportional, and simple random sampling were used to reach the determined sample size. All ethical approvals- ethical clearance from Baraton Research and ethics committee and a research permit from NACOSTI were sought before the commencement of the study and participants consented before recruitment into the study. All collected data was de-identified, cleaned, and analyzed using STATA version 24. The chi-square test and logistic regression were used to determine the relationship between hygiene practices and the occurrence of diarrhea. All data were presented in tables. Open defecation was 2.24 times more likely to result in diarrhea, hand washing equipment, washing hands after toilet use, helping the child to wash hands after visiting the toilet, and washing hands with soap were 0.25, 0.58, 0.59, and 0.56 times less likely to result to diarrhea before adjustment respectively. However, after adjustment, only open defecation AOR: 1.78 (0.94 – 3.37), hand washing facility AOR: 0.17 (0.10 – 0.30), and age of the caregiver for the categories above 25 years that is 25-30 years, 31-36 years and above 36 years remained significant at P=≤ 0.01, ≤ 0.10 and ≤ 0.05 respectively. This study, therefore, recommends health education on the detriments of open defecation while encouraging community members and most importantly young caregivers on the benefits of handwashing practices and supporting community members to build latrines for the safe disposal of fecal matter. Key Words: Open defecation, Hygiene practices, Under-five children

Pendidikan Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS) Sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Kesehatan Anak di SDN Langkob Desa Majalaya

Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) is a community service activity aimed at improving health status, especially for students in elementary schools. PHBS taught at an early age is needed to instill awareness of the importance of cleanliness as a way to maintain and improve personal and environmental health, especially schools. This Community Service is intended to provide understanding regarding PHBS material to students at SDN Langkob, Majalaya Village, Cianjur. In this activity, several appropriate methods will be applied to achieve the objectives, including the delivery of materials, assistance, independent practice related to PHBS, namely how to wash hands properly and correctly, as well as the provision of simple facilities. The results achieved in this activity include an increase in students' knowledge of the application of a clean and healthy lifestyle and the availability of simple hand washing facilities so that students and students can wash their hands in running water easily.

Assessing socioeconomic vulnerability and COVID-19 infection risk among NCD patients in rural Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundIn Sierra Leone, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are an increasingly important source of mortality and morbidity. However, Sierra Leonean NCD patients’ experience of direct exposure to COVID-19-related risks and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on socioeconomic determinants of health has not been described.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional telephone survey among adult (≥ 18 years) hypertensive, diabetic, and heart failure patients receiving treatment at the NCD clinic at Koidu Government Hospital (KGH) in rural Sierra Leone. We described patient demographics, COVID-19 related knowledge, and practice of infection prevention measures. Patients were categorized into nationally representative wealth quintiles using an asset-based wealth index and measures of social vulnerability were reported by clinical program and wealth category.ResultOf the 400 respondents, 80.5% were between 40 and 69 years old and 46.1% were male. The majority of patients (> 90%) knew utilizing masks, social distancing, isolation from positive cases, and avoiding hand shaking were effective COVID-19 prevention measures. However, only 27.3% of the population had access to adequate handwashing facilities, 25.5% had attended crowded events in the past two weeks, and only 5.8% always used face masks. Compared with the national distribution of wealth, 33.0% of our population belonged in the richest quintile, 34.8% in the second-richest quintile, and 32.2% in the bottom 3 poorest-middle quintiles. Socioeconomic vulnerability was high overall with significant disparities between wealth categories. In the 30 days before the interview, almost 60% of the poorest-middle categories experienced one barrier to essential health services, 87.4% used at least one emergency coping mechanism to cover food, housing, or health care, and 98.4% were worried about having food. In the richest category, the proportion of patients experiencing these challenges was 32.3%, 39.5% and 81.6%, respectively.ConclusionOur patients had good knowledge of COVID-19 prevention measures; however, we found substantial discrepancies between patients’ self-reported knowledge and practices. Although our population was wealthier than the national average, the NCD patients were still exposed to unacceptable levels of socioeconomic vulnerability, reflecting a high absolute poverty in Sierra Leone. Furthermore, wealth-based disparities in access to essential resources persist among NCD patients.

Community knowledge, attitudes and practices related to Taenia solium taeniosis and cysticercosis in Zambia.

Several studies on Taenia solium taeniosis / cysticercosis (TSTC) have been conducted in Zambia. However, none has assessed community knowledge, attitudes and practices related to TSTC and epilepsy. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between November and December 2022. The design consisted of a questionnaire-based survey conducted in each of the 25 purposely selected villages in Chiparamba Rural Health Centre (RHC) catchment area in Chipata district of the Eastern Province. A total of 588 participants comprising 259 (44%) males and 329 (56%) females with median age of 42 years (range 17 to 92 years) were interviewed. Awareness of the signs and symptoms of taeniosis and human cysticercosis (HCC), including transmission and prevention measures was very low. Whilst the majority had heard about epilepsy, they were not able to link HCC to epilepsy. Most participants were aware of cysticerci in pigs (PCC) including its predilection sites but were not aware of mode of transmission and prevention measures. The pork meat inspection by trained professionals was also not a common practice in the area. Risk perception of T. solium infections was thus very low. Overall knowledge, attitude and practice scores related to T. solium infections and to epilepsy were very low with median scores of 0.38 (IQR 0.25-0.54) for knowledge, 0.25 (0.25-0.50) for attitudes, and 0.31 (0.25-0.44) for practices. Males had better knowledge on TSTC (median = 0.42, p = 0.017, r = 0.098) and better practice scores (median = 0.38, p = < 0.001, r = 0.154) compared to females though the effect size was small. With regards to sanitation and hygiene washing with soap and water was reported by many but only few had a hand washing facility near their latrines. The study shows overall poor knowledge, attitudes and practices related to TSTC among the community of Chiparamba RHC in Chipata district of the Eastern Province of Zambia. This poses a serious challenge for control and elimination of T. solium infections and thus efforts to improve knowledge, attitudes and practices should be made using a One Health approach for the control and elimination of TSTC. Educational programs about TSTC transmission, signs and symptoms, prevention, management and control need to be scaled up in the study area and Zambia as a whole.

The effect of a health extension program on improving water, sanitation, and hygiene practices in rural Ethiopia

BackgroundTo make basic primary health care services accessible, especially to the rural community, the government of Ethiopia launched the Health Extension Program (HEP) in 2004. Most of components of HEP are dedicated to hygiene and sanitation. Few studies have assessed the role of the Health Extension Program in improving water, hygiene, and sanitation (WASH) practices in Ethiopia. This study explored the role of health extension workers (HEWs) in influencing household water treatment practices, latrine ownership, latrine use and ownership, and the use of hand-washing facilities on the incidence of diarrheal diseases among the children under five years of age in rural Ethiopia.MethodsUsing a cross sectional design, we conducted a national assessment that covered all nine regions of Ethiopia. We conducted face-to-face interviews among a sample of 6430 rural households using a structured questionnaire and an observation checklist to collect data from March 2018 to May 2019. Multilevel logistic regressions models were used to determine the relationships between the exposure of households to HEWs and WASH practice outcomes such as the use of water from an improved water source, household water treatment practices, availability of hand-washing and hand-washing with soap and water, availability of latrines, and use of latrines as well as the incidence of diarrheal diseases among children age 5 and younger. Our models were adjusted for covariates and confounders and P-values less than 5% were set to determine statistical significance.ResultsWe found that 72.7% of rural households had some type of latrine and 27.3% reported practicing open defecation. A total of 71.5% of rural households had access to drinking water from improved water sources, but only 9.4% reported practicing household water treatment. Exposure to HEWs was positively associated with household water treatment practices (AOR: 1.46; 95% CI = 1.01–2.10) and latrine availability (AOR: 1.44; 95% CI = 1.15–1.80). Among the households who were either visited by HEWs at their home or the that visited health posts to meet with the HEWs, being exposed to WASH health education by HEWs was significantly associated with the availability of a hand-washing facility (AOR: 5.14; 95% CI = 4.11–6.42) and latrine availability (AOR: 1.48; 95% CI = 1.10–2.01). However, we did not find a relationship between the incidence of diarrhea among children age 5 and under and exposure to HEWs (AOR: 2.09; 95% CI = 0.73– 6.62).ConclusionOur results show a significant association between exposure to the Health Extension Program/ HEWs and improved household water treatment practices, latrine construction, and the availability of hand-washing facilities in rural Ethiopia, suggesting the need to strengthen efforts to change WASH behavior through the Heath Extension Program. On the other hand, further investigation is needed regarding the spillover effect of latrine use practices and the reduction of the incidence of diarrheal diseases.

Kepatuhan Personal Hygiene Penjamah Makanan Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19

Background: Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 which was discovered in Wuhan, China in 2019. Food handlers must meet personal hygiene requirements (Kepmenkes No. 1098/Menkes/SK/VIII/2003). The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the personal hygiene compliance of food handlers during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: Analytical descriptive research with cross sectional design. A sample of 80 handlers. The dependent variable: personal hygiene compliance, and the independent variables: age, gender, education level, length of work, knowledge, attitudes, behavior, hand washing facilities, monitoring market officers, and market information media. The instruments used were questionnaires and observation sheets. The sampling technique is proportional random sampling. Results: the results of the Chi-Square Test analysis showed age (p=0.109), gender (p=1,000), years of work (p=1,000), education level (p=0.017), knowledge (p=0.159), attitudes (p = 0.014), action (p = 0.004), hand washing facilities (p = 1,000), monitoring of market officers (p = 0.106), market information media (p = 1,000). Conclusion: age, gender, length of work, knowledge, facilities hand washing, monitoring market officers and market information media are not related to personal hygiene compliance. The level of education, attitudes and actions have a relationship with personal hygiene compliance.

Factors associated with sanitation practices among household-level in Mogadishu, Somalia

Background: Poor sanitation is responsible for 4% of mortalities and 5.7% of morbidity worldwide, particularly among under five children. In 2015, the WHO estimated that 2.39 billion children under five had diarrhea. Diarrhea is accountable for 18% of all child deaths from water contamination, improper sanitation, or hygienic practices. Objectives: This present study aimed to identify factors associated with sanitation practices among household-level in Mogadishu, Somalia Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Hodan district of Mogadishu, Somalia, from December 2021 to February 2022. The study subjects were randomly selected from 241 households. Descriptive statistics were processed, and logistic regression analysis was used. A confidence interval of 95% and a p-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Among 29% of households had poor sanitation conditions. More than 60.6% of the participants lived in multi-family homes, and 81.3% of households lacked access to hand-washing facilities. There was an association between residences with multiple families and diarrhea in children under five years [AOR= 0.001 - 95% CI 0.001-0.002]. While families without toilets had [AOR= 0.577 - 95% CI 0.673- 0.623], and children in households using pit latrines were statistically significant [AOR= 9.393 - 95% CI 2.377-37.115]. Similarly, family income had a nearly increased risk of diarrhea occurrence in children [AOR= 0.125 - 95% CI 0.041-0.381]. Conclusion: Provide adequate water, hygiene and sanitation services in the Hodan district is vital for diarrheal prevention. Awareness-raising at a household level and improved sanitation facilities, and sanitation practices and encouraging, should be scaled up accordingly. Further in-depth studies should also be conducting.

Optimisation of biochar filter for handwashing wastewater treatment and potential treated water reuse for handwashing

Portable handwashing facilities help fight the transmission of water-borne diseases. However, in places lacking piped drainage systems, handwashing wastewater (HW) is commonly discarded into the ground. This harms the environment and public health and wastes reusable water. This study optimised the biochar filtration parameters such as particle size (0.5–2 mm), filter depth (15–30 cm) and flow rate (1–2.5 L/h) to remove colour, turbidity, phosphates and E. coli from HW using Response Surface Methodology. Fifteen configurations studied the impact of filtration parameters on pollutant removal. Quadratic models provided the best fit for pollution removal data. Optimal conditions were 1.25 mm particle size, 30 cm filter depth and 1 L/h flow rate, with predicted removals of 97.06, 97.50, 82.67 and 73.06 % for colour, turbidity, phosphates and E. coli, respectively. Biochar filter performance under optimal conditions validated the models. Actual removal efficiencies of 97.63, 99.85, 85.94 and 76.08 % for colour, turbidity, phosphates and E. coli, respectively, aligned closely with predicted values. Treated HW quality complied with several international water quality standards. Optimising biochar filtration is crucial for integrating this technology into portable handwashing facilities with potential water reuse, benefiting communities in developing countries with limited handwashing infrastructure and access to water.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Among Adult Malaria Patients Co-Infected with Opportunistic Intestinal Coccidian Parasites in Fundong Health District, Northwest, Cameroon: A Cross Section Study Design

Introduction: Malaria and intestinal coccidian parasitic co-infections, are becoming a public health emergency affecting millions of people around the world. They are among the leading cause of socio-economic problems, long suffering and death especially in developing countries like Cameroon. Introducing new appropriate preventive and control measures to the population requires thorough assessment of community and patient-based knowledge, attitude and preventive practices towards malaria and pathogenic intestinal coccidian parasites is crucial. Our study aimed to describe knowledge, attitudes, and practices and the risk factors among adult malaria patients co-infected with intestinal parasitic infections in the Fundong Health District, a locality in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out between February and December, 2022 involving sixteen (16) health facilities in Fundong Health district. A total number of 330 patients participated in the study. Normal saline wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques were employed in coccidian parasitic detection. Blood samples were subjected to Giemsa stained and viewed microscopically to detect the Plasmodium parasites. Pretested structured questionnaires were administered to collect information on patient’s socio-demographic factors and determine patients’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria and intestinal coccidian parasites, as well as their prevention and control. The Pearson’s Chi-Square (χ2) and Student T-test were performed a part of the statistical analysis to check for associations between malaria, infection and between malaria-coccidian co-infection and demographic factors. Statistical significance was set a P-value&lt;0.05. Results: Participants main sources of information on malaria were: Television (TV) and radio 111/330 (34%), community health workers 109/330 (33%), and Hospitals (37%). Participants had good knowledge of mosquito bite as the malaria transmission route, 296/330 (90%), night time is the frequent biting time for the mosquito 296/330(90%), dark corners 229 (69%) and dirty areas 175(53%) as mosquito resting places. Knowledge score was also good on cleaning of the house surroundings, 281/330(85%), clearing the bushes 180/330(55%), poor knowledge score on drainage of stagnant water113/330 (34%) as ways to prevent the mosquito from multiplying. Participants had good knowledge of insecticide treated bed nets 295/330 (89%) as the best way to prevent mosquito bites. However, participants also expressed poor knowledge on edges of the river or streams 7(20%), and animal shed 20/330 (6%) as mosquito hiding places, and Plasmodium specie as malaria causative agent 8/330 (2%) (P-value=0.011). Poor scores were recorded on knowledge of opportunistic intestinal coccidian parasites (19.4%) (P=0.427), and was significantly low on unsafe water (47.2%) (P-value=0.036) as possible transmission routes for coccidian parasites. The knowledge score was also low on the at-risk population for malaria and intestinal coccidian infection (31.9%) P-value=0.009. Participants who had poor knowledge about coccidian transmission routes were less likely to drink from protected water source with an odds of 0.713(95% CI: 0.297-1.711) P value=0.449, compared to those who were more knowledgeable and who were 2.981(95% CI: 1.367-6.115) P value=0.005, more likely to use protected source of drinking water. Participants who had hand washing facility in the household were 3.488 (1.760-6.912) value=0.001 times more likely have better knowledge of coccidian transmission routes compared to those who did not have 0.748 (95% CI: 0.406-1.376) P value=0.350. Poor knowledge score of poor hygiene as major cause of coccidian infection significantly associated with poor practice score of sometime or not at all disinfecting animal shed to prevent coccidian infection among study participants (P =0.039). Conclusion: The overall knowledge scores, attitude and practices level of participants towards malaria and opportunistic intestinal coccidian parasites were relatively good. A significant proportion of the participants still have misconceptions about cause, modes of transmission and practices towards malaria and coccidian prevention methods. A combined health education programmes for malaria and intestinal coccidian parasites aimed at raising community awareness needs to be evidence based and requires innovative approaches, to address the gaps identified in the study.

Gastroenteritis Outbreak of Rotavirus G3P[8] in a Secondary School in Pathum Thani Province, Thailand, 2022

On 14 Sep 2022, the Division of Epidemiology was notified of a cluster of food poisoning in a secondary school. We conducted an investigation to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the outbreak, identify the causative agent, source of illness, and possible risks, and provide control measures. An electronic-based questionnaire was distributed to school members. Students and staff were interviewed. Inspection of the school canteen, water supply system, toilets, and hand-washing facilities as well as observation of personal and food hygiene practices among food handlers were done. A retrospective cohort study was conducted. The overall attack rate was 40.4% (684/1,695). Most cases were students (95.9%). Thirteen out of twenty-eight rectal swabs were positive for rotavirus, with two being identified as genotype G3P[8]. Being exposed to foods or drinks from the school canteen was a significant risk factor (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.35, 95% CI 1.23–4.52), and bringing a drink to school was protective (AOR 0.67, 95% CI 0.50–0.88). Although rotavirus was not detected in the environment, contamination of groundwater used for cooking and drinking was evident. We recommend routine water quality testing and installation of groundwater treatment to ensure the safety of the water supply.

Implementation of Standard Sanitation Operating Procedure in the process Stik Jaleee making in UMKM Kube Amanah Samarinda

Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure (SSOP) is an important step that plays a role in maintaining the quality of a food product and fulfilling food safety guarantees according to standards. There are 8 key aspects of SSOP that must be met by a food business unit to produce good product quality and safety. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of SSOP in the production of Stik Jaleee at UMKM Kube Amanah Snack Samarinda. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with primary data collection through observation, interviews and active participation. The production process of Stik Jaleee includes the preparation of raw materials, weighing, grinding, mixing ingredients, printing, frying, draining, sorting and packaging. The results of this study indicate that the application of 8 key aspects of SSOP has not been fully implemented in Kube Amanah. Aspects that have been implemented according to the SSOP key are water safety, condition and cleanliness of surfaces in contact with food, protection or protection from chemicals, labelling and storage, employee health and pest control. Aspects that have not been properly implemented are the prevention of cross-contamination and the provision of hand washing, sanitation and toilet facilities.

Health and safe behavior of traditional market traders in minimizing the risk of Covid-19 in Pontianak

Background : Implementation of health protocols must pay attention to the point of transmission of Covid-19. The market is an active place every day. This study measures the implementation of healthy and safe behavior by market traders as assessed by 2 main indicators, namely implementation of health protocols and participation in the Covid-19 vaccination. The results of initial observations made by researchers showed that as many as 30% of market traders wore masks during their activities in the market, most traders did not apply physical distancing. As many as 45% of traders who have just joined the vaccination program. This study aims to identify factors related to the healthy and safe behavior of traditional market traders in Pontianak.&#x0D; Method : The design of this research is analytic observational with cross sectional approach. The sample in this study were 105 traditional market traders in 7 selected markets. Samples were taken through accidental sampling technique. Research data was collected using the KoboCollect application. Research outputs will be published in Sinta accredited journals as a form of dissemination of research results.&#x0D; Results : The data shows that the factors associated with the healthy and safe behavior of traditional market traders are knowledge, attitude, availability of hand washing facilities, workplace social support, availability of educational media in the market. While the factors of age, gender, education, income and family support are not factors related to the healthy and safe behavior of traditional market traders in Pontianak.&#x0D; Conclusion : It is hoped that the results of this research can be additional support for the policy of implementing health protocols in the market and increasing awareness of market traders in increasing healthy and safe behavior while working and following complete vaccinations because Covid-19 has not completely ended.

Pembuatan Teknologi Tepat Guna Sarana Cuci Tangan Untuk Pabrik Tahu Di Dusun Bajang

Even though the Covid-19 pandemic has ended, awareness about cleanliness remains an important factor in people's lives. At the tofu factory in Karanglo Village there is no special hand washing area for employees, this certainly supports the spread of disease due to lack of cleanliness. This problem can be overcome by making special hand washing facilities for employees so that cleanliness can be maintained. The method used in this research is the observation method which is done by observing the behavior and activities of a person directly. With the existence of hand washing facilities at the tofu factory in Karanglo Village, it is hoped that it will be able to provide knowledge and insight regarding awareness of maintaining cleanliness and solutions in overcoming the hygienic problems of processed products. Evaluation is carried out by periodic checking to find out whether the tool can function properly. From the activity of making a hand washing station for the tofu factory in Karanglo Village, the factory employees can easily wash their hands both before and after work so that the hygiene of processed products is guaranteed.

Mothers' hand washing practices and associated factors among model and non-model households in the rural community of Bibugn district, north west Ethiopia: The context of the Ethiopian health extension package

BackgroundHand-washing with soap is one of the most cost-effective ways of reducing the global infectious disease burden, particularly diarrhea and acute respiratory infections. The World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund report shows that in twenty-eight developing countries, more than one quarter of the population had no hand washing facility at home. This study aimed to assess hand washing practice and associated factors among mothers from model and non-model households in Bibugn district, North West Ethiopia. MethodsA community-based comparative cross-sectional survey was employed. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select households. Data was collected using a structured interview questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 20. A descriptive analysis was presented using texts, tables, and figures. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression was used to detect the potential difference between variables. ResultsMothers' hand washing practice with water and soap/ash at critical times was 20.3%. Hand washing practice at critical times shows significant differences between model and non-model households. Mothers' who had knowledge 3.49 times (AOR: 3.49, 95% CI: 2.05, 5.96), access to adequate water 2.22 times (AOR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.36, 3.77), and hand washing facilities 1.88 times (AOR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.98) were more likely to practice hand washing than their counterparts. ConclusionOne fifth of mothers practice hand washing with water and soap or ash at critical times in the study area. Model households were better at hand washing practice than non-model households’. Expanding the model household program, availing hand-washing facilities, increasing water accessibility, and strengthening awareness creation were important to improving hand-washing practice.

Hygiene practices of food of animal origin operators in primary schools in the Mono Department of Benin. A cross-sectional study

Food of animal origin is an important source of proteins for human beings. However, they are subject to microbial contamination. It is essential to ensure the safety of food products intended for school children regarding their vulnerability to food poisoning. Good sanitary quality of these products requires the respect of good practices during their processing and distribution.This study aims to evaluate the conditions of processing and sale of food of animal origin to school children in public schools, with or without canteens, in the Department of Mono in southern Benin.In the Department of Mono in the Republic of Benin, 137 operators were interviewed in public schools, with one operator per school, using a questionnaire created on the Epicollect5 platform. The interview showed that the operators involved in the processing and sale of food to school children were women. Most of these operators had primary education and did not undergo a medical examination. They transported food of animal origin mixed with other types of food. Frying and cooking were used to prepare or process the food. Direct observation revealed that food is produced in an unhealthy environment. The operators did not wear gloves during food processing but some wore aprons. All the operators washed their hands with soap and water (tap or well water) after using the toilet. There was not an adequate handwashing facility. The majority of operators used wooden cutting boards. Overall, food operators especially in schools without a canteen do not follow good hygiene and manufacturing practices in the kitchen. To guarantee food safety for school children, training should be organized to make operators aware of good hygiene and manufacturing practices in kitchens.

Menstrual Hygiene Management Practices and Associated Factors among Primary Second Cycle Female Students in Boset District of East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

<i>Background</i>: In adolescents who experienced menstruation for the first time, menstrual hygiene management is constrained by practical, social, economic, and cultural factors such as the expense of commercial sanitary pads, lack of water and latrine facilities, lack of private rooms for changing sanitary pads, and limited education about the facts of menstrual hygiene. Therefore the Objective of this study is to menstrual hygiene management practices and associated factors among primary second-cycle female students in Boset district of east Shoa zone, Oromia regional state, central Ethiopia from March 28, 2022, to April 28, 2022. Methods: School-based cross-sectional study was conducted by multistage random sampling technique among 629 female students from the Primary second cycle. Data were collected using Self-administered pre-tested and semi-structured questionnaires. The data were coded, checked for completeness, entered into Epi-Info-7, and then exported to SPSS Version 22 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression with Crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% CI was calculated, and p-values <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. <i>Results</i>: The overall proportion of good menstrual hygiene management practices account for 51.2% (95% CI: 47.4–55.3). This study found that: being urban residence [AOR]: 1.84, 95% CI: (1.20, 2.80)], secondary and above the educational status of mothers [AOR]: 3.399, 95% CI: (2.07,5.57)], receiving pocket money for modes [AOR]: 2.19, 95% CI: (1.45,3.313)], freely discussing menstruation with parents [AOR]: 3.65, 95% CI: (2.327,5.727)], learning in school about menstrual hygiene [AOR]: 3.12, 95% CI: (2.096,4.628)], presence of water supply in school compound [AOR]: 1.71, 95% CI: (1.15,2.53)] and presence of functional toilets and hand washing facilities [AOR]: 1.789, 95% CI: (1.17,2.73] were significant predictors of Menstrual Hygiene Management Practices. Conclusion: In this study, the practice of good menstrual hygiene management among primary second-cycle school girls was low. Factors independently influencing menstrual hygiene management practices were girls’ place of residence, mothers’ educational status, pocket money, discussions with parents, water supplies, functional toilets, and hand washing facilities. Hence students’ parents should give pocket money and freely discuss with their female students and also government and other stakeholders should take action to improve and sustain water supply, functional toilets, and hand washing facilities for schools.

School sanitation and student health status: a literature review

Introduction. UNESCO 2019 said that Indonesia’s education has ranked 54 to 120 countries. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) contain goals 4, target 4a, indicator 4.a.1. Quality education can be achieved with basic drinking water during school hours, basic sanitation facilities, and basic handwashing facilities. School sanitation is covered at targets 3, 4, and 6 of SDGs. The objective of this review is to identify school sanitation, determination of disease, and students’ health status-related school sanitation. Materials and Methods. This research was based primarily on a literature review. Boolean technic was used to define the keywords. The database used for the searching within these documents were School Sanitation, Health, and Students. Data were found from search engines PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, and Google scholar. The literature review of this search was done by the publication range 2019-2022. The search data were conducted on 8 October 2022, which Acquired 7 articles that meet predefined criteria. Results and Discussions. Schools’ sanitation was identified in water supply, drinking water supply, rest room, sanitary facilities, toilet/ latrine, hand washing facilities, cleaning policy, clean and functional toilet, Water Sanitation and Hygiene Programs, and the knowledge of sanitation. The effect of health-related school sanitation was gastrointestinal illness, diarrhea, cholera, dehydration, cavities in teeth, undernutrition, stunting, soil-transmitted helminths, intestinal parasitic infection, toothache, decay missing, filled permanent teeth status, and health status of students. Conclusions. School sanitation affected the student health status, absenteeism at school, and students’ concentration. Sanitation facilities are suggested to include laws and policies.

Analisis Fasilitas Cuci Tangan Pasar Tradisional di Kecamatan Klungkung pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19

Background: Hand washing facilities are one of the facilities that must be provided in public facilities such as markets to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus. The use of public hand hygiene facilities is required before passing through entrances and locations that are easily accessible in crowded areas so that people and traders can easily wash their hands during the COVID-19 pandemic. Purpose:To find out the description of traditional market hand washing facilities in Klungkung District during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: The research design used in this study is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach which was carried out on April 30 - May 1, 2021. The population in this study were all hand washing facilities at traditional markets in Klungkung District. The sampling technique used is non-probability sampling. Data collection tools used in the form of observation sheets. Data analysis using univariate analysis. Results:The results showed that most of the traditional market hand washing facilities were in sufficient condition as many as 4 markets (57.1%) and were in good condition as many as 3 schools (42.9%). Conclusion: It is recommended to all market managers to continue to pay attention to the availability of components of hand washing facilities complete with clean conditions to prevent the chain of disease transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Hand hygiene knowledge and demonstrated technique among Malawian kindergarten children: A quasi-experimental study.

To evaluate hand hygiene knowledge and demonstrated technique before and after implementation of the hand hygiene programme and its sustainability among Malawian kindergarten students. Quasi-experimental design, utilizing a repeated measure at three points, namely, before intervention (T0 ), soon after intervention (T1 ) and follow-up (T2 ). The hand hygiene programme consisted of integrating hand hygiene protocol into the school health curriculum, setting up proper handwashing facilities, training school teachers, health talks and developing reminders on hand hygiene. Fifty-three kindergarten children aged 3-6 years were enrolled in the programme. Data were collected at 3 months' intervals (T0 , T1 , and T2 ). Parents, teachers, school authorities and children were involved in the implementation and evaluation of the intervention, utilizing a multilevel approach. There was a significant difference in knowledge scores across three time points (T0 , T1 and T2 ), Chi-Square (2, n = 53) = 79.02, p < 0.005 and handwashing technique across the three time points, Chi-Square (2, n = 53) = 88.04, p < 0.005. There was a large effect size of 0.62 on the effect of handwashing technique scores from T0 to T1.