Facilitate DNA Replication Research Articles

Anomalies of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes and human neurodevelopmental genetic disorders

ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes play crucial roles in various biological processes including enhancing local DNA accessibility, regulating gene transcription, and facilitating DNA replication and repair. Based on their functional structural domains, these complexes may be categorized into four families, including SWI/SNF, ISWI, CHD and INO80. Such families are vital factors for regulating gene expression and play pivotal roles in developmental processes. Variants of genes encoding the components of such complexes have been closely associated with human developmental disorders and neurodevelopmental genetic syndromes. This review has summarized the classification, fundamental functions and underlying mechanism of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, as well as common neurological genetic disorders due to variants of genes encoding the subunits of such complexes.

PCNA-binding activity separates RNF168 functions in DNA replication and DNA double-stranded break signaling.

RNF168 orchestrates a ubiquitin-dependent DNA damage response to regulate the recruitment of repair factors, such as 53BP1 to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). In addition to its canonical functions in DSB signaling, RNF168 may facilitate DNA replication fork progression. However, the precise role of RNF168 in DNA replication remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that RNF168 is recruited to DNA replication factories in a manner that is independent of the canonical DSB response pathway regulated by Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) and RNF8. We identify a degenerate Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA)-interacting peptide (DPIP) motif in the C-terminus of RNF168, which together with its Motif Interacting with Ubiquitin (MIU) domain mediates binding to mono-ubiquitylatedPCNA at replication factories. An RNF168 mutant harboring inactivating substitutions in its DPIP box and MIU1 domain (termed RNF168 ΔDPIP/ΔMIU1) is not recruited to sites of DNA synthesis and fails to support ongoing DNA replication. Notably, the PCNA interaction-deficient RNF168 ΔDPIP/ΔMIU1 mutant fully rescues the ability of RNF168-/- cells to form 53BP1 foci in response to DNA DSBs. Therefore, RNF168 functions in DNA replication and DSB signaling are fully separable. Our results define a new mechanism by which RNF168 promotes DNA replication independently of its canonical functions in DSB signaling.

HBx promotes tumorigenicity through RRM2-mediated autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma

BackgroundHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can exacerbate liver disease progression through multiple mechanisms, eventually leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV-encoded oncogene X protein (HBx), a key regulatory protein of HBV infection, serves as a positive regulator of hepatocarcinogenesis. The indispensability of the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide-diphosphate reductase (RRM2) lies in its role in facilitating DNA replication and repair processes. In our previous investigation, it was postulated that the gene RRM2 exhibits elevated expression levels in several categories of malignant tumors, particularly in HBV-related HCC. Additionally, it was observed that RRM2 is present within protein complexes that are centered on HBx. In the present investigation, the objective of this work was to investigate the potential relationship between the elevated expression of RRM2 in HBV-related HCC and the influence of HBx on this expression. The study attempted to determine the specific mechanism by which RRM2 is implicated in the promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis by HBx. There have been multiple scholarly proposals suggesting that the induction of autophagy by HBx is a significant intermediary factor in the development of HCC. However, the precise carcinogenic function of HBx-induced autophagy remains a subject of debate.ResultsThis work initially investigated the impact of suppressing cellular autophagy on the malignant biological behaviors of HBx-promoted cells using an in vitro cellular model. The findings revealed that the suppression of cellular autophagy partially disrupted the oncogenic effects of HBx. In light of this, we proceeded to conduct more investigations into the regulatory association between RRM2 and HBx-induced autophagy in the upstream-downstream context. Our data indicate that HBx proteins increase the expression of RRM2. Suppression of RRM2 expression not only hinders HBx-induced autophagy, but also worsens the cellular G1/S blockage and reduces the HBx-induced malignant growth of hepatocellular carcinoma tumors, while stimulating apoptosis.ConclusionsTherefore, we hypothesised that RRM2 is a potential downstream target of HBx-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, and mining the oncogenic mechanism of RRM2 is significant in exploring the preventive treatment of HBV-related HCC.

Replisome Proximal Protein Associations and Dynamic Proteomic Changes at Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is a fundamental cellular process that ensures the transfer of genetic information during cell division. Genome duplication takes place in S phase and requires a dynamic and highly coordinated recruitment of multiple proteins at replication forks. Various genotoxic stressors lead to fork instability and collapse, hence the need for DNA repair pathways. By identifying the multitude of protein interactions implicated in those events, we can better grasp the complex and dynamic molecular mechanisms that facilitate DNA replication and repair. Proximity-dependent biotin identification was used to identify associations with 17 proteins within four core replication components, namely the CDC45/MCM2-7/GINS helicase that unwinds DNA, the DNA polymerases, replication protein A subunits, and histone chaperones needed to disassemble and reassemble chromatin. We further investigated the impact of genotoxic stress on these interactions. This analysis revealed a vast proximity association network with 108 nuclear proteins further modulated in the presence of hydroxyurea; 45 being enriched and 63 depleted. Interestingly, hydroxyurea treatment also caused a redistribution of associations with 11 interactors, meaning that the replisome is dynamically reorganized when stressed. The analysis identified several poorly characterized proteins, thereby uncovering new putative players in the cellular response to DNA replication arrest. It also provides a new comprehensive proteomic framework to understand how cells respond to obstacles during DNA replication.

RNF4 sustains Myc-driven tumorigenesis by facilitating DNA replication.

The mammalian SUMO-targeted E3 ubiquitin ligase Rnf4 has been reported to act as a regulator of DNA repair, but the importance of RNF4 as a tumor suppressor has not been tested. Using a conditional-knockout mouse model, we deleted Rnf4 in the B cell lineage to test the importance of RNF4 for growth of somatic cells. Although Rnf4-conditional-knockout B cells exhibited substantial genomic instability, Rnf4 deletion caused no increase in tumor susceptibility. In contrast, Rnf4 deletion extended the healthy lifespan of mice expressing an oncogenic c-myc transgene. Rnf4 activity is essential for normal DNA replication, and in its absence, there was a failure in ATR-CHK1 signaling of replication stress. Factors that normally mediate replication fork stability, including members of the Fanconi anemia gene family and the helicases PIF1 and RECQL5, showed reduced accumulation at replication forks in the absence of RNF4. RNF4 deficiency also resulted in an accumulation of hyper-SUMOylated proteins in chromatin, including members of the SMC5/6 complex, which contributes to replication failure by a mechanism dependent on RAD51. These findings indicate that RNF4, which shows increased expression in multiple human tumor types, is a potential target for anticancer therapy, especially in tumors expressing c-myc.

Dimerization-dependent serine protease activity of FAM111A prevents replication fork stalling at topoisomerase 1 cleavage complexes

FAM111A, a serine protease, plays roles in DNA replication and antiviral defense. Missense mutations in the catalytic domain cause hyper-autocleavage and are associated with genetic disorders with developmental defects. Despite the enzyme’s biological significance, the molecular architecture of the FAM111A serine protease domain (SPD) is unknown. Here, we show that FAM111A is a dimerization-dependent protease containing a narrow, recessed active site that cleaves substrates with a chymotrypsin-like specificity. X-ray crystal structures and mutagenesis studies reveal that FAM111A dimerizes via the N-terminal helix within the SPD. This dimerization induces an activation cascade from the dimerization sensor loop to the oxyanion hole through disorder-to-order transitions. Dimerization is essential for proteolytic activity in vitro and for facilitating DNA replication at DNA-protein crosslink obstacles in cells, while it is dispensable for autocleavage. These findings underscore the role of dimerization in FAM111A’s function and highlight the distinction in its dimerization dependency between substrate cleavage and autocleavage.

The function of Bazhen decoction in rescuing progeroid cell senescence via facilitating G-quadruplex resolving and telomere elongation

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe Bazhen decoction is one of the most extensively used Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions for treatment of aging related diseases. However, due to the complexity of the components, the pharmacological mechanism of Bazhen decoction is still limited. Aim of the studyIn this study, with the aim of helping the clinical precision medicine of TCM, we try out a systematic analysis for dissecting the molecular mechanism of complicated TCM prescription: Bazhen decoction. We identify the pharmacological mechanism of Bazhen decoction in telomere elongation as revealed by systematic analysis. Materials and methodsBy RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis of Bazhen decoction treated wild type cells, we reveal the transcriptome profile induced by Bazhen decoction. We utilized the cells derived from Werner syndrome (WS) mice, which is known to be dysfunctional in telomere elongation due to the deficiency of DNA helicase Wrn. By Western blot, qPCR, Immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, telomere FISH, and SA-β-Gal staining, we verify the transcriptome data and confirm the pharmacological function of Bazhen decoction and its drug containing serum in telomere elongation and reversing progeroid cell senescence. ResultsWe reveal that Bazhen decoction may systematically regulate multiple anti-aging pathways, including stem cell regulation, protein homeostasis, cardiovascular function, neuronal function, anti-inflammation, anti-DNA damage induced stress, DNA helicase activity and telomere lengthening. We find that Bazhen decoction and its drug containing serum could up-regulate multiple DNA helicases and telomere regulating proteins. The increased DNA helicases promote the resolving of G-quadruplex (G4) structures, and facilitate DNA replication and telomere elongation. These improvements also endow the cellular resistance to DNA damages induced by replication stress, and rescue the WS caused cellular senescence. ConclusionsTogether these data suggest that Bazhen decoction up-regulate the expression of DNA helicases, thus facilitate G4 resolving and telomere maintenance, which rescue the progeroid cellular senescence and contribute to its anti-aging properties. Our data reveal a new molecular mechanism of Bazhen decoction in anti-aging related diseases via elongating telomere, this may shed light in the application of Bazhen decoction in multiple degenerative diseases caused by telomere erosion.

E2F8 exerts cancer-promoting effects by transcriptionally activating RRM2 and E2F8 knockdown synergizes with WEE1 inhibition in suppressing lung adenocarcinoma

Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is a rate-limiting enzyme that facilitates DNA replication and repair by reducing nucleotide diphosphates (NDPs) to deoxyribonucleotide diphosphates (dNDPs) and is thereby crucial for cell proliferation and cancer development. The E2F family of transcription factors includes key regulators of gene expression involved in cell cycle control. In this study, E2F8 expression was significantly increased in most cancer tissues of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients and was correlated with the expression of RRM2 through database and clinical samples analysis. The protein expression of E2F8 and RRM2 were positively correlated with tumor–node–metastasis (TNM) pathological stage, and high expression of E2F8 and RRM2 predicted a low 5-year overall survival rate in LUAD patients. Overexpression and knockdown experiments showed that E2F8 was essential for LUAD cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, and cell cycle progression, which were RRM2-dependent. Reporter gene, ChIP-qPCR, and DNA pulldown–Western blot assays indicated that E2F8 activated the transcription of the RRM2 gene by directly binding with the RRM2 promoter in LUAD cells. Previous studies indicated that inhibition of WEE1 kinase can suppress the phosphorylation of CDK1/2 and promote the degradation of RRM2. We further showed here that the combination of E2F8 knockdown with MK-1775, an inhibitor of WEE1 being evaluated in clinical trials, synergistically suppressed proliferation and promoted apoptosis of LUAD cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, this study reveals a novel role of E2F8 as a proto-oncogenic transcription activator by activating RRM2 expression in LUAD, and targeting both the transcription and degradation mechanisms of RRM2 could produce a synergistic inhibitory effect for LUAD treatment in addition to conventional inhibition of RR enzyme activity.

DNA replication initiation factor RECQ4 possesses a role in antagonizing DNA replication initiation

Deletion of the conserved C-terminus of the Rothmund-Thomson syndrome helicase RECQ4 is highly tumorigenic. However, while the RECQ4 N-terminus is known to facilitate DNA replication initiation, the function of its C-terminus remains unclear. Using an unbiased proteomic approach, we identify an interaction between the RECQ4 N-terminus and the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) on human chromatin. We further show that this interaction stabilizes APC/C co-activator CDH1 and enhances APC/C-dependent degradation of the replication inhibitor Geminin, allowing replication factors to accumulate on chromatin. In contrast, the function is blocked by the RECQ4 C-terminus, which binds to protein inhibitors of APC/C. A cancer-prone, C-terminal-deleted RECQ4 mutation increases origin firing frequency, accelerates G1/S transition, and supports abnormally high DNA content. Our study reveals a role of the human RECQ4 C-terminus in antagonizing its N-terminus, thereby suppressing replication initiation, and this suppression is impaired by oncogenic mutations.

Observing protein dynamics during DNA-lesion bypass by the replisome.

Faithful DNA replication is essential for all life. A multi-protein complex called the replisome contains all the enzymatic activities required to facilitate DNA replication, including unwinding parental DNA and synthesizing two identical daughter molecules. Faithful DNA replication can be challenged by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, which can result in roadblocks to replication, causing incomplete replication, genomic instability, and an increased mutational load. This increased mutational load can ultimately lead to a number of diseases, a notable example being cancer. A key example of a roadblock to replication is chemical modifications in the DNA caused by exposure to ultraviolet light. Protein dynamics are thought to play a crucial role to the molecular pathways that occur in the presence of such DNA lesions, including potential damage bypass. Therefore, many assays have been developed to study these dynamics. In this review, we discuss three methods that can be used to study protein dynamics during replisome–lesion encounters in replication reactions reconstituted from purified proteins. Specifically, we focus on ensemble biochemical assays, single-molecule fluorescence, and cryo-electron microscopy. We discuss two key model DNA replication systems, derived from Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The main methods of choice to study replication over the last decades have involved biochemical assays that rely on ensemble averaging. While these assays do not provide a direct readout of protein dynamics, they can often be inferred. More recently, single-molecule techniques including single-molecule fluorescence microscopy have been used to visualize replisomes encountering lesions in real time. In these experiments, individual proteins can be fluorescently labeled in order to observe the dynamics of specific proteins during DNA replication. Finally, cryo-electron microscopy can provide detailed structures of individual replisome components, which allows functional data to be interpreted in a structural context. While classic cryo-electron microscopy approaches provide static information, recent developments such as time-resolved cryo-electron microscopy help to bridge the gap between static structures and dynamic single-molecule techniques by visualizing sequential steps in biochemical pathways. In combination, these techniques will be capable of visualizing DNA replication and lesion encounter dynamics in real time, whilst observing the structural changes that facilitate these dynamics.

ZFP281-BRCA2 prevents R-loop accumulation during DNA replication

R-loops are prevalent in mammalian genomes and involved in many fundamental cellular processes. Depletion of BRCA2 leads to aberrant R-loop accumulation, contributing to genome instability. Here, we show that ZFP281 cooperates with BRCA2 in preventing R-loop accumulation to facilitate DNA replication in embryonic stem cells. ZFP281 depletion reduces PCNA levels on chromatin and impairs DNA replication. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that ZFP281 can interact with BRCA2, and that BRCA2 is enriched at G/C-rich promoters and requires both ZFP281 and PRC2 for its proper recruitment to the bivalent chromatin at the genome-wide scale. Furthermore, depletion of ZFP281 or BRCA2 leads to accumulation of R-loops over the bivalent regions, and compromises activation of the developmental genes by retinoic acid during stem cell differentiation. In summary, our results reveal that ZFP281 recruits BRCA2 to the bivalent chromatin regions to ensure proper progression of DNA replication through preventing persistent R-loops.

Chromatin organization and DNA damage.

Genomic DNA is organized three-dimensionally in the nucleus as chromatin. Recent accumulating evidence has demonstrated that chromatin organizes into numerous dynamic domains in higher eukaryotic cells, which act as functional units of the genome. These compacted domains facilitate DNA replication and gene regulation. Undamaged chromatin is critical for healthy cells to function and divide. However, the cellular genome is constantly threatened by many sources of DNA damage (e.g., radiation). How do cells maintain their genome integrity when subjected to DNA damage? This chapter describes how the compact state of chromatin safeguards the genome from radiation damage and chemical attacks. Together with recent genomics data, our finding suggests that DNA compaction, such as chromatin domain formation, plays a critical role in maintaining genome integrity. But does the formation of such domains limit DNA accessibility inside the domain and hinder the recruitment of repair machinery to the damaged site(s) during DNA repair? To approach this issue, we first describe a sensitive imaging method to detect changes in chromatin states in living cells (single-nucleosome imaging/tracking). We then use this method to explain how cells can overcome potential recruiting difficulties; cells can decompact chromatin domains following DNA damage and temporarily increase chromatin motion (∼DNA accessibility) to perform efficient DNA repair. We also speculate on how chromatin compaction affects DNA damage-resistance in the clinical setting.

Translesion polymerase eta both facilitates DNA replication and promotes increased human genetic variation at common fragile sites

Significance Common fragile sites (CFSs) are normal loci that are genetically unstable under normal and oncogenic replication stress. Pol eta has been proposed to play a key role in CFS replication. Here, we show that in the absence of Pol eta, replication at five specific CFS loci is perturbed, with fork pausing observed at several sites. Sequence analysis showed that certain pause sites are associated with the presence of non-B DNA motifs, while others are not. Importantly, pause sites are located within regions of increased genetic variation in healthy human populations that could be attributed to Pol eta activity. Our data unveil a role for Pol eta in overcoming replication stress, reducing DNA breakage, and promoting genetic variation at CFSs.

USP7 and VCPFAF1 define the SUMO/Ubiquitin landscape at the DNA replication fork.

SummaryThe AAA+ ATPase VCP regulates the extraction of SUMO and ubiquitin-modified DNA replication factors from chromatin. We have previously described that active DNA synthesis is associated with a SUMO-high/ubiquitin-low environment governed by the deubiquitylase USP7. Here, we unveil a functional cooperation between USP7 and VCP in DNA replication, which is conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans to mammals. The role of VCP in chromatin is defined by its cofactor FAF1, which facilitates the extraction of SUMOylated and ubiquitylated proteins that accumulate after the block of DNA replication in the absence of USP7. The inactivation of USP7 and FAF1 is synthetically lethal both in C. elegans and mammalian cells. In addition, USP7 and VCP inhibitors display synergistic toxicity supporting a functional link between deubiquitylation and extraction of chromatin-bound proteins. Our results suggest that USP7 and VCPFAF1 facilitate DNA replication by controlling the balance of SUMO/Ubiquitin-modified DNA replication factors on chromatin.

The histone chaperone Nrp1 is required for chromatin stability and nuclear division in Tetrahymena thermophila

Histone chaperones facilitate DNA replication and repair by promoting chromatin assembly, disassembly and histone exchange. Following histones synthesis and nucleosome assembly, the histones undergo posttranslational modification by different enzymes and are deposited onto chromatins by various histone chaperones. In Tetrahymena thermophila, histones from macronucleus (MAC) and micronucleus (MIC) have been comprehensively investigated, but the function of histone chaperones remains unclear. Histone chaperone Nrp1 in Tetrahymena contains four conserved tetratricopepeptide repeat (TPR) domains and one C-terminal nuclear localization signal. TPR2 is typically interrupted by a large acidic motif. Immunofluorescence staining showed that Nrp1 is located in the MAC and MICs, but disappeared in the apoptotic parental MAC and the degraded MICs during the conjugation stage. Nrp1 was also colocalized with α-tubulin around the spindle structure. NRP1 knockdown inhibited cellular proliferation and led to the loss of chromosome, abnormal macronuclear amitosis, and disorganized micronuclear mitosis during the vegetative growth stage. During sexual developmental stage, the gametic nuclei failed to be selected and abnormally degraded in NRP1 knockdown mutants. Affinity purification combined with mass spectrometry analysis indicated that Nrp1 is co-purified with core histones, heat shock proteins, histone chaperones, and DNA damage repair proteins. The physical direct interaction of Nrp1 and Asf1 was also confirmed by pull-down analysis in vitro. The results show that histone chaperone Nrp1 is involved in micronuclear mitosis and macronuclear amitosis in the vegetative growth stage and maintains gametic nuclei formation during the sexual developmental stage. Nrp1 is required for chromatin stability and nuclear division in Tetrahymena thermophila.

An emerging picture of FANCJ's role in G4 resolution to facilitate DNA replication.

A well-accepted hallmark of cancer is genomic instability, which drives tumorigenesis. Therefore, understanding the molecular and cellular defects that destabilize chromosomal integrity is paramount to cancer diagnosis, treatment and cure. DNA repair and the replication stress response are overarching paradigms for maintenance of genomic stability, but the devil is in the details. ATP-dependent helicases serve to unwind DNA so it is replicated, transcribed, recombined and repaired efficiently through coordination with other nucleic acid binding and metabolizing proteins. Alternatively folded DNA structures deviating from the conventional anti-parallel double helix pose serious challenges to normal genomic transactions. Accumulating evidence suggests that G-quadruplex (G4) DNA is problematic for replication. Although there are multiple human DNA helicases that can resolve G4 in vitro, it is debated which helicases are truly important to resolve such structures in vivo. Recent advances have begun to elucidate the principal helicase actors, particularly in cellular DNA replication. FANCJ, a DNA helicase implicated in cancer and the chromosomal instability disorder Fanconi Anemia, takes center stage in G4 resolution to allow smooth DNA replication. We will discuss FANCJ's role with its protein partner RPA to remove G4 obstacles during DNA synthesis, highlighting very recent advances and implications for cancer therapy.

MIF is a 3\u2019 flap nuclease that facilitates DNA replication and promotes tumor growth

How cancer cells cope with high levels of replication stress during rapid proliferation is currently unclear. Here, we show that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a 3’ flap nuclease that translocates to the nucleus in S phase. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 co-localizes with MIF to the DNA replication fork, where MIF nuclease activity is required to resolve replication stress and facilitates tumor growth. MIF loss in cancer cells leads to mutation frequency increases, cell cycle delays and DNA synthesis and cell growth inhibition, which can be rescued by restoring MIF, but not nuclease-deficient MIF mutant. MIF is significantly upregulated in breast tumors and correlates with poor overall survival in patients. We propose that MIF is a unique 3’ nuclease, excises flaps at the immediate 3’ end during DNA synthesis and favors cancer cells evading replication stress-induced threat for their growth.

High-mobility group box 2 protein is essential for the early phase of adipogenesis

Understanding of the mechanism of adipogenesis is essential for the control of obesity, which predisposes toward numerous health problems. High-mobility group box protein 2 (HMGB2) is a non-histone chromosomal protein that facilitates DNA replication, transcription, recombination, and repair. Here, we studied the role of HMGB2 in adipogenic differentiation. The expression of HMGB2 was measured at the mRNA and protein levels in cultured 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cells and during the process of adipogenic differentiation induced bya cocktail of insulin, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and dexamethasone. This increased in the early phase and decreased in the late phase of differentiation. However, 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cells did not differentiate into adipocytes after the knockdown of HMGB2 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA). Similarly, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from Hmgb2−/− mice did not express peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in response to the adipocyte differentiation cocktail and did not differentiate. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a negative regulator of adipogenic differentiation. We found that β-catenin expression was downregulated during 3T3-L1 adipogenic differentiation, as expected, but not when endogenous HMBG2 expression was knocked down using siRNA. These results indicate that HMGB2 plays an essential role in the early phase of the differentiation of pre-adipocytes and MSCs, and probably interacts with other regulators, such as PPARγ and Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

DNA replication stress and emerging prospects for PARG inhibitors in ovarian cancer therapy

Poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation has central functions in maintaining genome stability, including facilitating DNA replication and repair. In cancer cells these processes are frequently disrupted, and thus interfering with poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation can exacerbate inherent genome instability and induce selective cytotoxicity. Indeed, inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are having a major clinical impact in treating women with BRCA-mutant ovarian cancer, based on a defect in homologous recombination. However, only around half of ovarian cancers harbour defects in homologous recombination, and most sensitive tumours eventually acquire PARP inhibitor resistance with treatment. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop alternative treatment strategies to target tumours with both inherent and acquired resistance to PARP inhibition. Several novel inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase (PARG) have been described, with promising anti-cancer activity in vitro that is distinct from PARP inhibitors. Here we discuss, the role of poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation in genome stability, and the potential for PARG inhibitors as a complementary strategy to PARP inhibitors in the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Multiprotein E. coli SSB-ssDNA complex shows both stable binding and rapid dissociation due to interprotein interactions.

Escherichia coli SSB (EcSSB) is a model single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein critical in genome maintenance. EcSSB forms homotetramers that wrap ssDNA in multiple conformations to facilitate DNA replication and repair. Here we measure the binding and wrapping of many EcSSB proteins to a single long ssDNA substrate held at fixed tensions. We show EcSSB binds in a biphasic manner, where initial wrapping events are followed by unwrapping events as ssDNA-bound protein density passes critical saturation and high free protein concentration increases the fraction of EcSSBs in less-wrapped conformations. By destabilizing EcSSB wrapping through increased substrate tension, decreased substrate length, and protein mutation, we also directly observe an unstable bound but unwrapped state in which ∼8 nucleotides of ssDNA are bound by a single domain, which could act as a transition state through which rapid reorganization of the EcSSB–ssDNA complex occurs. When ssDNA is over-saturated, stimulated dissociation rapidly removes excess EcSSB, leaving an array of stably-wrapped complexes. These results provide a mechanism through which otherwise stably bound and wrapped EcSSB tetramers are rapidly removed from ssDNA to allow for DNA maintenance and replication functions, while still fully protecting ssDNA over a wide range of protein concentrations.