Facial Type Research Articles

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in RUNX2 and BMP2 contributes to different vertical facial profile.

The vertical facial profile is a crucial factor for facial harmony with significant implications for both aesthetic satisfaction and orthodontic treatment planning. However, the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the development of vertical facial proportions is still poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the potential impact of some SNPs in genes associated with craniofacial bone development on the establishment of different vertical facial profiles. Vertical facial profiles were assessed by two senior orthodontists through pre-treatment digital lateral cephalograms. The vertical facial profile type was determined by recommended measurement according to the American Board of Orthodontics. Healthy orthodontic patients were divided into the following groups: "Normodivergent" (control group), "Hyperdivergent" and "Hypodivergent". Patients with a history of orthodontic or facial surgical intervention were excluded. Genomic DNA extracted from saliva samples was used for the genotyping of 7 SNPs in RUNX2, BMP2, BMP4 and SMAD6 genes using real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The genotype distribution between groups was evaluated by uni- and multivariate analysis adjusted by age (alpha = 5%). A total of 272 patients were included, 158 (58.1%) were "Normodivergent", 68 (25.0%) were "Hyperdivergent", and 46 (16.9%) were "Hypodivergent". The SNPs rs1200425 (RUNX2) and rs1005464 (BMP2) were associated with a hyperdivergent vertical profile in uni- and multivariate analysis (p-value < 0.05). Synergistic effect was observed when evaluating both SNPs rs1200425- rs1005464 simultaneously (Prevalence Ratio = 4.0; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.2-13.4; p-value = 0.022). In conclusion, this study supports a link between genetic factors and the establishment of vertical facial profiles. SNPs in RUNX2 and BMP2 genes were identified as potential contributors to hyperdivergent facial profiles.

MANFAAT ULVA LACTUCA SEBAGAI MASKER WAJAH ALAMI

Cosmetic products in Indonesia are growing rapidly in this era of technological progress, so now cosmetics are synonymous with women, and men are also interested in skincare. However, due to the lack of knowledge about the function of the substances contained in a product whether it is good or not if used in cosmetic products. Apart from that, most people do not know how to utilize village potential. Making organic masks aims to avoid the dangers of instant masks and utilizing the potential of village natural resources is the right solution. Therefore, this community service activity can be used as education on organic masks based on utilizing the potential of Ulva lactuca seaweed. Organic masks are very safe from chemicals that can damage facial skin. Organic masks contain more nutrients that are good for facial skin and can be used by all facial skin types. The results of community service showed a low increase in the participants' understanding of knowledge.

Quantitative evaluation of vertical control in orthodontic camouflage treatment for skeletal class II with hyperdivergent facial type

BackgroundIn this study, we sought to quantify the influence of vertical control assisted by a temporary anchorage device (TAD) on orthodontic treatment efficacy for skeletal class II patients with a hyperdivergent facial type and probe into the critical factors of profile improvement.MethodsA total of 36 adult patients with skeletal class II and a hyperdivergent facial type were included in this retrospective case–control study. To exclude the effect of sagittal anchorage reinforcement, the patients were divided into two groups: a maxillary maximum anchorage (MMA) group (N = 17), in which TADs were only used to help with anterior tooth retraction, and the MMA with vertical control (MMA + VC) group (N = 19), for which TADs were also used to intrude the maxillary molars and incisors. The treatment outcome was evaluated using dental, skeletal, and soft-tissue-related parameters via a cephalometric analysis and cast superimposition.ResultsA significant decrease in ANB (P < 0.05 for both groups), the retraction and uprighting of the maxillary and mandibular incisors, and the retraction of protruded upper and lower lips were observed in both groups. Moreover, a significant intrusion of the maxillary molars was observed via the cephalometric analysis (− 1.56 ± 1.52 mm, P < 0.05) and cast superimposition (− 2.25 ± 1.03 mm, P < 0.05) of the MMA + VC group but not the MMA group, which resulted in a remarkable decrease in the mandibular plane angle (− 1.82 ± 1.38°, P < 0.05). The Z angle (15.25 ± 5.30°, P < 0.05) and Chin thickness (− 0.97 ± 0.45°, P < 0.05) also improved dramatically in the MMA + VC group, indicating a better profile and a relaxed mentalis. Multivariate regression showed that the improvement in the soft tissue was closely related to the counterclockwise rotation of the mandible plane (P < 0.05).ConclusionsTAD-assisted vertical control can achieve intrusion of approximately 2 mm for the upper first molars and induce mandibular counterclockwise rotation of approximately 1.8°. Moreover, it is especially important for patients without sufficient retraction of the upper incisors or a satisfactory chin shape.

Comparison of Soft Tissue Chin Thickness in Adult Patients With Various Mandibular Divergence Patterns.

Objective This study aimed to compare the soft tissue chin (STC) thickness at different levels in patients presenting for orthodontic treatment with different vertical facial types. Materials and methods This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Sharif Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan, on 195 subjects. Patients presenting for orthodontic treatment, both genders, aged from 18 to 32 years, and Pakistani nationals were included. Patients with any craniofacial deformity, syndrome, cleft lip and palate, previous orthodontic or orthognathic treatment, and multiple missing teeth and prostheses in edentulous areas were excluded. Vertical facial patterns and STC thickness were recorded from pre-treatment lateral cephalograms. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to compare STC among various vertical facial patterns. Post-hoc analysis was done using the Tukey test. Results There were 126 females (64.62%) and 69 males (35.38%). The mean age was 21.66 ± 3.44 years. All three soft tissue chin thickness distances significantly differed among vertical facial patterns (p<0.001). Multiple comparisons show that the distance between soft and hard tissue pogonion was insignificant between low and normal anglefacial heights (p=0.5). Similarly, no significant difference was observed for the distance between softand hard tissue menton in low and normal angle subjects (p=0.4). The rest of the multiple comparisons were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion The STC thickness is significantly associated with vertical facial divergence. While planning orthognathic surgery or genioplasty of the mandible, due consideration should be given to vertical divergence of the face to avoid unwanted facial changes.

Facial Morphometry of the Mwaghavul Ethnic Group in Plateau State, Nigeria

The face is the most striking feature which distinguishes an individual. Human body dimensions are affected by ecological, biological, geographical, racial, gender, age and nutritional factors. Anthropometrics vary from tribe to tribe, and from race to race and, also differs amongst different age groups and between the two sexes of a given population. The aim of the study was to determine the facial morphometry of the Mwaghavul ethnic group of Plateau State, Nigeria. The objectives were to determine facial dimensions, facial index and facial types of Mwaghavul ethnic group. Four hundred and five (405) participants (231, males; 174, females) aged 18-30 years were involved in this study. The study was carried out on Mwaghavul students of College of Education Gindiri, Mangu LGA of Plateau State in Nigeria. The photographic setup consisted of a tripod stand and digital camera. The participants were positioned at a distance of 120 cm from the camera. The camera was raised to the ear level of the participants to provide good quality of image and to prevent distortion of the face. The photographs were captured at a standard resolution of 12.1 megapixels. A digital vernier caliper was then used to measure the facial linear dimensions. The photographic records were analysed using a bioanalyser (version 6). The program was customized with the landmarks used in this study. Facial width higher in females than in males (p=0.047) while facial and lower facial indices were higher in males than in females (p&lt;0.001) respectively. The facial type of Mwaghavul ethnic group was found to be dominantly hyperleptoprosopic in both sexes. These variations were possibly due to age, inter- and intra-ethnic, nutritional, socio-economic, genetic, gender, racial and climatic factors

Comparison of temporomandibular joints in relation to ages and vertical facial types in skeletal class II female patients: a multiple-cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is closely related to the dynamic balance and stability of mandibular function and orthodontic treatment. Skeletal class II female patients are thought to be at high risk for TMJ disease. The relationship between the TMJ and craniofacial structures is still controversial. This study compared the morphology and position of the TMJ in skeletal class II adolescents and adults with various vertical facial types using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and methodsA total of 117 skeletal class II patients were divided into three groups according to the FH-GoGn angle (hypodivergent, normodivergent and hyperdivergent), with 40 class I normodivergent patients serving as controls. Each group contained two age subgroups (adolescents: 11–14 years old, adults: 18–35 years old). The size (condylar length, height, long and short axis diameter, glenoid fossa width and depth) and shape (condylar neck inclination, condylar head angle and long axis angle, articular eminence inclination) of the condyle and fossa, joint space (anterior, superior, posterior, mesial and lateral), and position of the fossa (vertical, transverse, and anteroposterior distance) and condyle were measured and compared using CBCT.ResultsClass II hypodivergent patients exhibited the greatest condylar length, height, and long- and short-axis diameter; steepest articular eminence; deepest fossa depth; largest superior, mesial and lateral joint spaces; and highest fossa position in both age groups. The manifestations of class II hyperdivergent patients were mostly the opposite. In adults, except for the condylar long axis angle, the measurements of the condyle increased differently among skeletal patterns, while the measurements of the fossa decreased, as the joint spaces and fossa position remained approximately stable compared with those in adolescents.ConclusionThe vertical skeletal pattern, rather than the class II sagittal skeletal pattern, may be the main factor affecting the morphology and position of the TMJ. Attention should be given to the TMJ area in hyperdivergent patients with a relatively poor-fit condyle-fossa relationship. The changes in the TMJ with age were mainly morphological rather than positional and varied with skeletal pattern.

Effects of two-phase treatment with functional appliances versus one-phase treatment with pre-molar extraction in Class II div 1 monozygotic twins: A case study

The aim of the study was to compare the skeletal, dental, or soft-tissue outcomes of a one-phase camouflage treatment with pre-molar extraction versus a two-phase treatment with combined twin-block high-pull headgear followed by fixed orthodontic treatment in monozygotic twins. 12-year-old male monozygotic twins presented to the dental clinic with complaints about their anterior teeth. Cephalometric analysis of the patients revealed skeletal Class II malocclusion and a long facial type. Extraoral examination of the patients revealed incompetence of lip seal and a convex profile. In Patient 1, the use of a high pull headgear combined with a twin block to correct skeletal anteroposterior and vertical malocclusions with growth modification and then fixed orthodontic treatment was planned. Patient 2 did not comply with the treatment, complaining that the use of the device could cause esthetic problems and difficulties in use. Therefore, camouflage treatment with extraction of four pre-molars was planned as another treatment option for Class II patients in Patient 2. With the camouflage treatment, the patient continued to grow normally. The combined treatment with twin block and a high pull occipital headgear resulted in inhibition of maxillary growth and a reduction in the severity of the skeletal Class II malocclusion, but the mandibular changes were similar in both patients at the end of treatment. Despite the different treatment modalities, both twins achieved a Class I canine-molar relationship and ideal overjet and overbite. Patients can close their lips with improved soft-tissue profiles. The criteria for the choice of treatment depend entirely on the requirements of the patient.

Comparison study of chewing efficiency in patients with different vertical skeletal patterns of Angle Class I and Angle Class II malocclusions.

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the differences in chewing efficiency among patients with different vertical skeletal types of Angle Class I and Angle Class II malocclusions, to provide reference for orthodontic clinical practice. Sample size estimation revealed a minimum of 53 for each class. Thus, a total of 108 patients with Angle Class I and Angle Class II malocclusions were selected. Lateral skull radiographs were taken, and head measurements were analyzed via geometric tracing software. Chewing efficiency was measured using the gravimetric method to compare between the two groups. The vertical skeletal pattern was classified via Steiner analysis. Significant statistical differences in chewing efficiency were observed between patients presenting with Angle Class I and Angle Class II malocclusions (P < .05). Additionally, significant differences in chewing efficiency were observed among patients with different vertical skeletal patterns (P < .05). Furthermore, a statistically significant difference in chewing efficiency was found between men and women (P < .05). Patients with Angle Class I malocclusions exhibited significantly higher chewing efficiency compared to those with Angle Class II malocclusions. Among patients with different vertical facial types, the chewing efficiency followed the order of low angle > normal angle > high angle. Moreover, men demonstrated a higher chewing efficiency than women.

Radiographic assessment of maxillary sinus membrane and lateral wall thickness using cone-beam CT in different facial types in southwestern Saudi Arabia.

The anatomy of the edentulous posterior maxilla and maxillary sinus possess unique challenges in implant dentistry. The purpose of this study was to assess maxillary sinus membrane thickness (MT) and lateral wall thickness (LWT) in different facial index profiles and to describe the clinical implications. A retrospective image analysis of 75 CBCT scans was done, which yielded a total of 150 sinus images. The facial index was calculated as per the formula given in the text and grouped as euryprosopic, mesoprosopic and leptoprosopic. The images obtained were of 36 women (48%) and 39 men (52%), with maximum subjects in 30-39 years age group. MT and LWT were measured at three different points on the radiograph at every 3mm from the base of the sinus floor in premolar and molar regions of each image. Results showed females had significant differences from males in LWT in both premolar and molar regions (p = 0.018 and 0.032 respectively). Subjects in 40-49 years of age had significant differences (p = 0.021) in MT in premolar region only. Also, difference in MT in premolar and molar regions were also statistically significant. Lastly, the present study did not find any statistically significant difference in MT and LWT in all three facial indices groups. It can be concluded that different facial indices have no positive correlation with maxillary sinus membrane thickness and lateral wall thickness. Hence, surgical complications are avoidable with proper detailed knowledge and appropriate identification of the anatomic structures characteristic to the maxillary sinus.

Does facial growth pattern affect the perception of lower facial asymmetry?

To investigate the influence of vertical facial type on esthetic perception of lower facial asymmetry as evaluated by orthodontists, dentists, and laypeople. Three adult females were selected with normal growth patterns (NGP), vertical growth patterns (VGP), and horizontal growth patterns (HGP). Frontal photographs were made symmetric and digitally altered, rotating the lower facial third clockwise, ranging from 0° to 6° in 1° increments. A web-based survey was designed with 24 images (eight images for each model) in random order. Each image was rated using a scale ranging from 0 (unattractive) to 10 (the most attractive) by 75 orthodontists, 73 dentists, and 78 laypeople. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine whether differences among groups were significant. Pairwise comparisons were made with Mann-Whitney U test. The significance level was set at P = .05. In NGP, orthodontists and dentists could recognize slighter deviations (2°), while deviations in VGP and HGP under 3° were not recognized by all groups. Severe deviations (≥4°) were distinguished better in HGP by orthodontists and laypeople. In VGP and NGP, there was no significant difference over 4°. Growth pattern has a significant influence on perception of lower facial asymmetry. Less severe asymmetry can be detected better in NGP. In severe degrees, increments of asymmetry can be perceived more in HGP by orthodontists and laypeople.

Boundary of mandibular molar distalization in orthodontic treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To explore the mandibular retromolar space length (MRSL), initial root-inner cortex contact percentage (IRCCP), and the various factors that influence mandibular molar distalization. Searches were undertaken in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and grey literature (Google Scholar and OpenGrey) for eligible cross-sectional observational studies measuring the MRSL and IRCCP in healthy adult patients. The risk of bias and evidence quality were evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute's checklist and GRADE framework. Thirteen studies involving 1169 patients were included for qualitative synthesis. Seven of these studies were eligible for quantitative analysis. Meta-analysis showed that the mean MRSL at the subfurcation-6 mm plane in Asian normodivergent cases was 3.78 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.81-4.35; I2 = 79.7%) for skeletal Class-I malocclusions, 3.02 mm (95% CI: 2.10-3.94; I2 = 62.5%) for Class-II, and 4.43 mm (95% CI: 3.14-5.73; I2 = 75.1%) for Class-III. The mean MRSL at the sub-cementoenamel junction (CEJ)-10 mm plane for Asian, Class-I, normodivergent cases was 3.28 mm (95% CI: 2.44-4.12; I2 = 68.9%). The mean IRCCP for Asian, Class-I, normodivergent cases was 27.2% (95% CI: 0.22-0.32; I2 = 0%). In Asian normodivergent cases, MRSL ranges from 3.28 to 4.43 mm with a 27.2% IRCCP for Class-I. Cone-beam computed tomography imaging is recommended for measuring the MRSL in the apex region particularly before molar distalization. Factors influencing MRSL and IRCCP include different races, skeletal patterns, facial types, and third-molar status.

Radiographic Imaging for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Skeletal Class III Malocclusion.

Skeletal Class III malocclusion is one type of dentofacial deformity that significantly affects patients' facial aesthetics and oral health. The orthodontic treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion presents challenges due to uncertainties surrounding mandibular growth patterns and treatment outcomes. In recent years, disease-specific radiographic features have garnered interest from researchers in various fields including orthodontics, for their exceptional performance in enhancing diagnostic precision and treatment effect predictability. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the valuable radiographic features in the diagnosis and management of skeletal Class III malocclusion. Based on the existing literature, a series of analyses on lateral cephalograms have been concluded to identify the significant variables related to facial type classification, growth prediction, and decision-making for tooth extractions and orthognathic surgery in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion. Furthermore, we summarize the parameters regarding the inter-maxillary relationship, as well as different anatomical structures including the maxilla, mandible, craniofacial base, and soft tissues from conventional and machine learning statistical models. Several distinct radiographic features for Class III malocclusion have also been preliminarily observed using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Comparative Study on the Impact of Vertical Growth on dental and Soft Tissue Profile

Aim: This study aimed to compare facial groups based on their vertical skeletal characteristics (hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent) and their associated soft tissue features, focusing on the lips and chin. Materials and Methods: A total of 103 lateral cephalometric x-rays were obtained from patients sought orthodontic treatment. The samples were categorized into hypodivergent (Md/Mx &lt;20°), normodivergent (Md/Mx between &gt;20° and 28°), and hyperdivergent (Md/Mx &gt;28°) facial types. Results: In Class I group, normodivergent facial type was the most prevalent (55.2%), while hyperdivergent pattern dominated in Class II (54.5%) and Class III (40%) groups. The hypodivergent group exhibited the highest mean thickness for upper and lower lips (8.95 mm and 9.35 mm, respectively). Hyperdivergent individuals had the greatest mean upper lip height (11.3 mm), whereas hypodivergent individuals had the highest mean lower lip height (25.32 mm). Procumbency of upper (PUL) and lower lips (PLL) was most prominent in the hypodivergent group (2.08 mm and 0.87 mm, respectively). Hyperdivergent individuals showed the maximum mean chin thickness (7.84 mm). Statistically significant differences were observed only between Hypo vs Normo-divergent groups in upper lip thickness (ULT), and in PUL and PLL between Hypo vs Normodivergent and Hypo vs Hyperdivergent groups. Conclusion: The study concluded that a correlation between the hard tissue (bones and teeth) and soft tissue (facial features) topography were found in Sudanese subjects. There was a significant correlation between the soft tissue variables including nasolabial angle, upper lip thickness, and length in the three different skeletal vertical dimensions, but this correlation was observed only in the lower jaw. Individuals with hypodivergent facial patterns tend to have greater thickness in the upper and lower lips, lower lip height, compared to normodivergent and hyperdivergent counterparts.

Orthodontic-Surgical Correction of a Skeletal Class III Malocclusion: Case Report

Introduction: Class III malocclusions and anterior crossbites are disturbing for patients because they are very apparent and often cause aesthetic and functional damage. Description: The clinical case describes a 19-year-old patient in good general health attended the dento-facial orthopedics service at the Rabat Hospital Center for Dental Consultation and Treatment presenting an anterior crossbite. The clinical examination and the cephalometric analysis showed that the patient had a Class III malocclusion of maxillary and mandibular origin with hyperdivergent facial type. An orthodontic-surgical treatment was well indicated for correction of the skeletal discrepancy in three phases: presurgical orthodontic preparation, orthognathic surgery and orthodontic finishing. Results: In reviewing the patient’s final records, the major goals set at the beginning of treatment were successfully achieved; the facial profile and proportion were significantly improved with solid functional occlusion Conclusion: In class III malocclusion when facial aesthetics is altered, the surgical-orthodontic treatment is the most indicated for patients who do not present facial growth.

Three-dimensional facial soft-tissue changes after surgical orthodontics in different vertical facial types of skeletal Class III malocclusion: A retrospective study

The study compared the soft-tissue response to hard-tissue movement among different Class III vertical facial types after orthognathic surgery (OGS).The study included 90 consecutive adult patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion who underwent two-jaw OGS. Patients were divided into three groups (high, medium, and low angle) based on the presurgical Frankfort–mandibular plane angle. Cone-beam computerized tomographs were taken before surgery and after debonding. Soft- and hard-tissue linear and angular measurements were performed using three-dimensional reconstruction images. One-way analysis of variance was used for intergroup comparisons.Soft tissue tended to respond more to hard-tissue movement in the lower lip area in patients with low angle (mean = 0.089, SD = 0.047, p = 0.023), whereas no significant difference was observed for other sites. Consistently, L1/Li thickness increased most significantly in the high-angle group (mean = 1.98, SD = 2.14, p = 0.0001), and B/Si thickness decreased most significantly after surgery (mean = 2.16, SD = 2.68, p = 0.016).The findings suggest that the high-angle group had a higher chance of undergoing genioplasty to enhance chin contour. Different OGS plans should be considered for different Class III vertical facial types.

Analysis of Breast Milk Samples in Lactating Women After Undergoing Botulinum Toxin Injections for Facial Rejuvenation: A Pilot Study.

Abstract Background: There are little data on the risk to a breastfeeding infant after facial botulinum toxin injections to the mother. Objective: To detect the presence of botulinum toxin in breast milk from lactating subjects treated with facial botulinum toxin injections, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Methods: For this pilot study, lactating women were injected with standardized facial botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) (range 40-92 U). Collected breast milk samples over 5 days were analyzed for the presence of botulinum toxin. Exclusion criteria included (1) lactating women still using their breast milk for their infant, (2) muscular disorders, (3) any medication that could interfere with neuromuscular function, (4) uncontrolled systemic disease, (5) pregnant, and (6) neuromodulator injection in the past 90 days. Results: Four lactating women were recruited. Eight samples had no BTXA detected, whereas 8 of the 16 total had detectible amounts, which were well below the reported lethal oral dose for an infant. Conclusion: Although the exclusion of lactating women from receiving cosmetic botulinum toxin injections is out of an abundance of caution to the theoretical risk to the infant, this study helps support the notion that facial botulinum toxin injections do not warrant an interruption in breastfeeding. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed.

Vertical Dentofacial Skeletal Divergency Is Not Linked with Oral Health-Related Quality of Life

The aim of this study is to assess how vertical skeletal malocclusion affects oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among a sample of individuals comprising adolescents, young adults, and adults seeking orthodontic treatment. From January 2019 to March 2020, participants were consecutively enrolled. The assessment of OHRQoL involved measurement using the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14). Lateral cephalograms were performed to measure the vertical skeletal divergency with four cephalometric measurements. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed. The Mann–Whitney test was applied to compare OHRQoL scores according to the vertical dimension category. The mean age of the participants ranged between 30.3 ± 14.9 and 29.9 ± 14.4 and there was a majority of female participants, between 64.1% and 65.9%. There were no statistically significant differences observed between hyperdivergent and normodivergent groups in either the total score or any domain of the OHIP-14 questionnaire. Individuals with hyperdivergent facial morphology did not show a reduced OHRQoL compared with a normodivergent facial type.

ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GOLDEN RATIO AND THE FACIAL PARAMETER THROUGH CBCT IN SEVENTH CYCLE STUDENTS OF THE FACULTY OF DENTISTRY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CUENCA, PERIOD SEPTEMBER 2023 - FEBRUARY 2024.

The clinical skill necessary to modify dentofacial structure through orthodontic procedures, maxillofacial surgery or plastic surgery involves having a deep understanding of facial harmony. This encompasses the evaluation of facial aesthetics, proportions and symmetry to achieve optimal results.To analyze the relationship between the elements of the golden ratio with the facial parameter using CBCT and lateral cephalic of the seventh cycle “A” students of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Cuenca. The group of participants in the study was made up of students of the seventh cycle Orthodontics course at the University of Cuenca, which includes 34 people between the ages of 20 and 30 years, belonging to both sexes, with and without orthodontic treatment. with class I malocclusion complete dentition. The facial type of each patient was analyzed in relation to the presence or absence of the divine proportion (1.618) between head height and width. bizygomatic. Additionally, a data collection matrix was developed to evaluate craniofacial anthropometric measurements. It was observed that 0% are brachyfacial, 0% are mesofacial and 100% are dolichofacial. Furthermore, the vertical relationship and harmonic profile component of the golden ratio was present in a higher percentage (66.66%) in dolichofacial individuals when compared to the other facial types.The morphological facial type that had the most predominance in our study was the dolichofacial with absence of brachyfacials and mesofacials, in the students there was more golden ratio in the vertical relationship and harmonic profile regardless of the sex of the students.

Sistem Rekomendasi Produk Sunscreen Berdasarkan Jenis Kulit Menggunakan Metode Forward Chaining Dan Profile Matching

Skin, as the outermost organ that protects the human body, is susceptible to exposure to external factors such as UV rays, pollution and chemicals, which can have a negative impact and worsen its appearance. Therefore, protecting the skin by using sunscreen is important. The diversity of sunscreen products and skin types sometimes makes it difficult for consumers to choose the right product. To overcome this problem, forward chaining and profile matching methods are applied. Forward chaining is used to determine facial skin type based on existing symptoms to reach conclusions. Next, the Profile Matching method is used to recommend sunscreen products that suit user preferences, by selecting the best alternative based on existing criteria. It is hoped that this research can provide solutions for consumers in choosing the right sunscreen according to their skin type, minimize skin problems that may arise, and increase the comfort of using the product. It is hoped that this research can provide solutions for consumers in choosing the right sunscreen according to their skin type, minimize skin problems that may arise, and increase the comfort of using the product.&#x0D;

Role of Age, Gender and Vertical Facial Type on Anatomical Location of Mandibular Foramen in Paediatric Population: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Pain management is paramount in paediatric dental care, influencing patient cooperation and future perceptions of dental treatment. The widely used Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) anaesthesia faces challenges in children due to anatomical variations. The position of the mandibular foramen, which evolves with age, growth patterns, and facial types, necessitates customised approaches for effective paediatric pain management. Aim: To identify the position of the mandibular foramen amongst children aged 7-14 years with respect to age, gender, and facial types. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study conducted in West Bengal, India, 126 children aged 7-14 were investigated from March 2021 to August 2022. The Orthopantomograms (OPG) and lateral cephalograms were assessed for the location of the mandibular foramen with respect to age, sex, and facial type in clear radiographs with normal growth. Statistical analysis encompassed descriptive statistics, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: A total of 126 x-rays were analysed across age, gender, and facial types, showing a mean age of 10.78 years. There were 52 (41.3%) males and 74 (58.7%) females. The distribution of subjects according to facial types was as follows: short (n=33, 26.2%), normal (n=19, 15.1%), and long (n=74, 58.7%). The vertical position of the mandibular foramen increased with age. No significant gender difference was observed regarding the vertical position of the mandibular foramen. However, a significant variation across facial types was observed, with individuals with normal faces exhibiting a greater vertical position. Conclusion: This study revealed that the vertical position of the mandibular foramen increases with age. There was no significant difference found between males and females in the location of the mandibular foramen; however, individuals with normal faces exhibited a greater vertical position of the same