Facial Type Research Articles

The effectiveness of the use of cephalometric analysis in prosthetics with fixed structures on dental implants in patients with complete edentulism of the jaws

Aim . To optimize the rehabilitation of edentulous patients during orthopaedic treatment on dental implants. Materials and methods . We analyzed the results of cephalometry in 126 patients divided into two groups according to skeletal and facial types using Dentium “Rainbow CT”. We compared the data obtained in the patients of the general group in the process of the prosthesis without using cephalometry with the data of patients of the main group in the diagnosis and treatment of which cephalometry was used. Results and discussion . The cephalometric analysis revealed the following complications in the study group (70 subjects): underbite - 23.4%; overbite - 19.3; chips and mechanical damage - 7.2%; muscle pain dysfunction (MPD) - 24.8%; TMJ dysfunction - 21.1%. At the same time, in the main group (56 patients) these indices were 2.2%, 3.1%, 2.1%, 1.8%, and 2.3%, respectively. Conclusion . As a result of cephalometric analysis studies, the number of complications in the main group was significantly lower than in the general group, which is associated with the use of cephalometry in the diagnosis and treatment planning of orthopaedic patients. The author considers expedient the use of cephalometric analysis for the treatment and prevention of possible further complications during prosthetics by fixed orthopaedic constructions on dental implants in case of complete mandibular adentia.

Three-dimensional radiographic assessment of the mandibular retromolar donor site in different vertical facial growth types

PurposeTo assess volumetrically, the impact of vertical facial growth types (VGFT) on the retromolar area as a bone donor site Material and methods60 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of adult individuals were classified in three groups according to their SN-GoGn angle: hypodivergent group (hG) (33.33%), normodivergent group (NG) (30%) and hyperdivergent group (HG) (36.67%). Total harvestable bone volume and surface (TBV and TBS respectively), total cortical and cancellous bone volume (TCBV and TcBV respectively) and the percentage of cortical and cancellous bone volume (CBV and cBV respectively) were evaluated. ResultsThe whole sample showed a mean TBV of 1220.99±448.81mm³ and a mean TBS of 940.29±259.93mm². Statistically significant differences were found between the different outcome variables and the vertical growth patterns (p<0.001). TBS differs for the different vertical growth patterns with the highest mean of TBS observed in the hG group. TBV also significantly differs between the different vertical growth patterns (p<0.001) with the highest mean observed for the hG individuals. Significant differences in percentages of cBV and CBV were present between the hyper-divergent groups and the other groups (p<0.001) with the hyper-divergent group having the lowest percentage of CBV and the highest percentage of cBV. Conclusionhypodivergent individuals tend to have thicker bone blocks that can be used in onlay technique while thinner bone blocks harvested from hyperdivergent and normodivergent individuals can be used in three-dimensional grafting approach.

The relationship between the distribution of facial erythema and skin type in rosacea patients: a cross-sectional analysis.

Individuals with rosacea have different facial erythema distribution patterns; however, whether they are related to the skin type is unclear. This study enrolled 201 Chinese patients, including 195 females and six males, diagnosed with rosacea. Facial images were taken using the VISIA® Complexion Analysis System, and red-area images were further analyzed. The erythema distribution pattern of rosacea was divided into peace signs, wing shapes, and neither of the two patterns, according to the distribution location. Skin types were divided according to the Fitzpatrick skin type, and oily-dry skin subtypes were determined according to the Baumann skin-type scale. There were 130 and 44 cases of typical peace signs and typical wing shapes, respectively. The remaining 27 cases were of neither type. Among the 76 patients with peace-sign patterns, the majority (58.5%) had oily combination skin. Among the patients with a typical wing shape, 43 (97.7%) had dry combination skin. Among the 27 patients with no peace-sign or wing-shape pattern, 17 (63.0%) had dry combination skin (p < 0.05). The peace sign pattern was more common in individuals with darker skin tones (p < 0.05). The differences in the immune microenvironment, Demodex habitation, and altered lipid content may explain the presence of the peace-sign pattern in the oily combination skin population. Wing-type patterns are associated with the lateral parts of the cheeks and could be caused by abnormal vessel dilations of the anatomic branches of the zygomatic-facial and facial arteries, which indicates that the main pathogenesis for this type of rosacea may be neurovascular. Our study is the first to report that facial erythema distribution characteristics of rosacea are associated with skin types.

유산소 운동시 마스크 착용으로 인한 여드름 발생률과 피부수분도 변화

In general, the incidence of acne is most determined by the amount of sebum by the facial skin type. This study analyzed the relationship between the incidence of acne due to wearing a mask during aerobic exercise and the moisture level of the skin inside the mask and the effect of carbon dioxide on the skin during breathing or the reason why acne occurs. We would like to clarify the incidence of acne by wearing a mask during aerobic exercise. This review paper is a literature review and this method is a narrative review using PRISMA flow diagram. It appears that wearing masks for a long time is causing more and more skin diseases. It appears that various skin diseases are increasingly occurring due to wearing masks. It has been shown that long-term use of a mask during aerobic exercise not only can negatively affect the skin, but also has a rate of acne. Of all skin types, people with oily skin have experienced facial recurrence of acne or newly started acne. It is recommended to ventilate the inside of the mask during moderate intensity of exercise, even during light aerobic exercise.

The relationship between the facial type and the state of chewing muscles in children with cerebral palsy

Relevance. The modern development of practical dentistry and the emergence of new techniques and methods of diagnosis and treatment determine the necessity and expediency of studying the anatomical features of the head, skull, structure of dental arches, and dental segments in general. Knowledge of the patterns and characteristics of the skull structure and their relationship with morphometric, clinical and functional parameters will allow the diagnosis of various forms of maxillofacial disorders based on comorbidity.Materials and methods. The study examined 30 children aged 6 to 12 y.o. to determine the relationship between the type of face and the state of the chewing muscles in children with cerebral palsy. Maxillofacial anthropometric measurements were made, e.g., the bitragional length (t-t) and the distance between the tragion and subnasale landmarks (t-sn); the gnathic index of the face was calculated, and the mouth opening range was measured. The surface electromyography determined the mean biopotential amplitude of the right and left proper masticatory and temporal muscles using the "bruxism" test.Results. The anthropometric measurement data indicate the prevalence of a brachygnathic facial type in children with cerebral palsy. The electromyographic study data evidence spasticity of the masticatory muscles.Conclusion. The obtained data indicate functional overload of the chewing muscles. Masticatory muscles' hypertonicity determined the brachygnathic facial type in children with cerebral palsy.

Relationship between the Position of the Mandibular Third Molar with Different Vertical Skeletal Dimensions on the Panoramic Images in Patients Referred to Isfahan (Khorasgan) University Dental School

Introduction: Due to the increased prevalence of third molar impaction and the complications and existence of disagreements regarding the predicting factors for the impaction of this tooth, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the position of the mandibular third molar with different vertical skeletal dimensions on the panoramic images.Materials &amp; Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out on lateral cephalogram and orthopantomogram records of 130 orthodontic patients visiting to Isfahan (Khorasgan) University Dental School. Age range of the sample was 20-35 years. Various facial forms were determined with mandibular plane angle (SN-GoGn), jarabak index and Y-axis; S-GN– Frankfort plane. Beta angle; which is the angle between intersecting long axis of mandibular second molar and mandibular third molar was measured to determine the angle of eruption of mandibular third molar. Eruption pattern was classified as per Pell &amp; Gregory and winter’s system. The data were analyzed by Chi-square test (p value &lt; 0.05).Results: There was a significant difference in the frequency distribution of growth pattern on the left side of the jaw (p value = 0.048). There was no significant difference in the frequency distribution of the eruption pattern in the right side of the jaw (p value = 0.11). There was no significant difference in the frequency distribution of eruption surface in the right face between different facial forms (p value = 0.49) But on the left side of the jaw there was a significant difference between the three facial forms (p value = 0.049). Frequency distribution of mandibular third molar impaction was significantly different between the three facial forms (p value = 0.03). There was no significant difference between the three facial forms in terms of frequency of eruption angle in the right side of the jaw (p value = 0.25) and also in the left side of the jaw (p value = 0.15).Conclusion: The incidence of impaction was significantly more in patients with long face than in other two groups. The prevalence of surface and pattern of third molar eruption in only one side of jaw was significantly different between the three facial forms. There was no significant difference between the frequency of angle of eruption and facial skeletal types in both jaws.

Associations between skeletal discrepancies, breathing pattern, and upper airway obstruction in Class III malocclusions.

To verify the associations between sagittal and vertical skeletal discrepancies, changes in upper airways, and breathing pattern in children and adolescents with Angle Class III and Class III subdivision malocclusions. Eighty-five children and adolescents with a mean age of 9.5±1.74 years were selected. Cephalometry assessed the sagittal relationship (AO-BO measurement), facial types (Ricketts VERT index), nasopharynx, and oropharynx. An otorhinolaryngologist analyzed the breathing pattern and upper airway obstruction during anamnesis, physical examination, anterior rhinoscopy, and nasofibroscopy. Medical records were also reviewed. For statistical analysis, ordinary one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis (Tukey's post-hoc), unpaired t-test, Pearson's correlation, chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests (p<0.05) were used. The nasopharyngeal cephalometric dimension and pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy were associated, whereas the oropharyngeal cephalometric dimension and palatine tonsils hypertrophy were not. Sagittal discrepancies were associated with septum deviation, while facial type was associated with inferior turbinate and palatine tonsils hypertrophy. However, facial type was not associated with breathing pattern, septum deviation, and pharyngeal tonsils hypertrophy. Sagittal discrepancies and type of malocclusion were not associated with breathing pattern and changes in upper airways, except for the severity of septum deviation and Class III malocclusions, which were associated with large sagittal discrepancies. Although the facial types analyzed presented signs of airway obstruction, the highest prevalence of inferior turbinate and palatine tonsils hypertrophy were found in patients with dolichofacial type.

Facial Skin Type Prediction Based on Baumann Skin Type Solutions Theory Using Machine Learning

The lack of knowledge of different facial skin types is still a frequent problem in Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to build a facial skin type prediction system using machine learning to classify facial skin types based on Baumann Skin Type Solutionswhich provides information on different skin types and suitable skincare ingredients. The dataset is collected manually by distributing a questionnaire among Indonesian citizens. The prediction models are built using three machine learning methods namely SVM, XGBoost, and 1D-CNN, and compared using 5-fold stratified cross-validation. XGBoostachieved the best performance on facial skin type prediction and optimized through hyperparameter tuning using Bayesian Optimization with a result of 93.5% averaged F1-score.

Bilateral Facial Nerve Palsy as a Rare Presentation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a disease of the immune system, has a relapsing-remitting course. It is known to affect multiple organ systems of the body, including the nervous system. Cranial neuropathy, particularly facial neuropathy, is an unusual complication of SLE whose pathogenic mechanism is still not understood. Cardiac involvement, like myocarditis and papilledema, is another rare presentation of SLE. A 23-year-old male had bilateral lower motor neuron type of facial palsy which on a thorough investigation was found to be as a manifestation of SLE confirmed by antinuclear antibodies and double-stranded DNA antibody positive test. Electrocardiogram and echocardiography were suggestive of myocarditis. Fundus examination revealed Grade 2 papilledema. The patient was managed with symptomatic treatment along with corticosteroids, to which he responded gradually. Bilateral facial nerve lower motor neuron type palsy is a rare manifestation of SLE which should be diagnosed promptly and can be managed with corticosteroids. The clinician should also keep an eye on infrequent manifestations like myocarditis and papilledema.

Does the volume of the naso and oropharynx differ among individuals of different skeletal and breathing patterns? a study using cbct images

Aim: To investigate if the volumes of the naso and oropharynx have a relationship with sex, skeletal pattern, and breathing pattern. Materials and Methods: Cone beam computed tomography images of 298 individuals (144 men and 154 women) were classified according to skeletal malocclusion (Class I, II, or III), facial type (brachycephalic, mesocephalic, or dolichocephalic), and breathing pattern (nasal or oral breathing). The volumes of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and total volume (combination of the volumes of the naso and oropharynx) of each individual was calculated through semiautomatic segmentation with ITK-SNAP software. The images were assessed by two dentomaxillofacial radiologists independently. Multi-way analysis of variance compared the data at a significance level of 5% (α=0.05). Results: Intra- and interevaluator agreement values ranged from 0.96 to 0.98, and from 0.77 to 0.94, respectively. The volume of the nasopharynx was related to sex, with men showing greater volumes than women (p=0.0197). For the oropharynx, brachycephalic individuals had greater volumes than dolichocephalics (p=0.0423); mesocephalic individuals showed intermediate volumes and did not differ from the other types (p&gt;0.05). Skeletal malocclusion and breathing pattern did not have an association with the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and total volume (p&gt;0.05). Conclusions: The volumes of the nasopharynx and oropharynx differ between individuals of different sexes and facial types, respectively. Conversely, there is no relationship between the volume of these regions and the skeletal malocclusions and breathing patterns.

Clinical characteristics of pain in patients with trigeminal neuralgia: data from a neurosurgical clinic

Among the pain syndromes caused by damage to cranial nerves, trigeminal nerve pathology occupies the main place. Trigeminal neuralgia is an exhausting condition characterized by acute shooting recurrent pain in the face. However, according to modern classification of facial pain types, there is also a distinction made for the second type of neuralgia, in which the mentioned pain alternates with dull, burning pain in the area of trigeminal nerve innervation. Numerous clinical and diagnostic criteria which can influence the results of surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia are being actively studied. However, the data varies both in terms of the number of criteria considered and the nature of the study, as well as the research outcomes.Objective ‒ to determine the demographic, clinical, and anatomical characteristics of patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia upon their admission in the neurosurgical ward for microvascular decompression of the trigeminal nerve.Materials and мethods. A retrospective analysis of medical data from 92 patients with trigeminal neuralgia, who were admitted to the Regional Clinical Center of Neurosurgery and Neurology from 2011 to 2023 was performed. The data included: patient's gender and age, type of neuralgia according to K. Burchiel and colleagues' classification (2009), involvement of trigeminal nerve branches, duration of pain prior to hospitalization, medication for conservative therapy and its dosage. Results. Trigeminal neuralgia most commonly affects elderly patients. This may be associated with systemic atherosclerotic vessel damage, leading to increased irritation by a denser vessel wall. Another cause of late disease manifestation may be gradual demyelination in the vicinity of the neurovascular conflict. Women are more likely to be affected than men. Right-sided trigeminal nerve involvement and the involvement of lower and upper jaw branches are more characteristic, with pain more frequently being paroxysmal in nature. In seven out of ten patients, the cause of neurovascular conflict is an artery, with the upper cerebellar artery being the most typical conflict.Conclusions. Demographic and clinical-diagnostic indicators vary among patients with trigeminal neuralgia. There are numerous variables that can influence the long-term effects of conservative and surgical treatment in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. A comprehensive assessment of these factors can identify a group of patients who are likely to have the most successful long-term treatment outcomes for trigeminal neuralgia.

Correlation of diagnostic tests ANB Angle, Wits assessment and A:B ratio in determination of intermaxillary sagital relationship

INTRODUCTION: Among the diagnostic tests to evaluate sagittal maxillomandibular skeletal discrepancies and the different changes that occur during growth, the following are presented: ANB angle, (Riedel 1948); the Wits Assessment, (Jacobson 1975) of linear type and the A:B Ratio (Terreros 2020), study of geometric proportions, as alternative diagnostic tests to establish the intermaxillary sagittal relationship. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlation of intermaxillary sagittal appreciation between angular diagnostic tests (ANB), linear (WITS) and A:B ratio (geometric proportional) in different facial types. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Comparative radiographic study with a quantitative, cross-sectional, retrospective approach in search of 55 cephalometric radiographs of boys and girls aged 8 to 13 years, descriptive-analytical design study, deductive method. RESULTS: In this study it was shown that between the ANB Angle and the A:B Ratio there is a moderate negative relationship of -0.59, between the Wits assessment and the A:B Ratio the correlation is -0.504, which indicates that there is a moderate negative relationship and Angle ANB with the Wits Rating the value is 0.501 which indicates that there is a moderate positive correlation. CONCLUSION: It is established that the ANB angle diagnostic test uses the Nasion point as a reference and that its position affects its diagnosis. There is a moderate to good correlation between the diagnostic tests ANB Angle, A:B Ratio and Wits Assessment in the determination of the intermaxillary sagittal relationship.

Correlation between cephalic index and facial index in skeletal malocclusions – An analytical cross-sectional study

: The study aimed to assess the correlation between Cephalic Index and Facial Index in patients with skeletal malocclusions reporting to the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics in a private Dental College in Kerala.: A study was conducted using analytical cross-sectional study design, on patients numbering 120 (40 Class I, 40 Class II &amp; 40 Class III) between ages 18 to 30 years. Statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality. Inferential statistics to find the difference between the Cephalic and Facial Indices was done using the independent t-test and Chi-square test for proportion analysis. Correlation coefficient between the Facial and Cephalic indices was assessed using Pearson Correlation Coefficient.: A weak negative correlation existed between the Cephalic Index and Facial Index in different skeletal malocclusions - (-0.28) in Class I, (-0.15) in Class II and (-0.08) in Class III malocclusion. : The present study observed that cranial morphology exerted a weak morphologic influence on the facial type as indicated by the weak negative correlation between the Cephalic Index and Facial Index in the different antero-posterior malocclusions.

Class II malocclusion- mini plate assisted non-extraction treatment approach

Class II mal-occlusion and its non-extraction treatment approach can be quite a garbled decision for an orthodontic professional, as it has varied modalities to it depending on variety of factors such as patients facial type and profile, malocclusion of the teeth, age of the patient, overjet and overbite and many more. The non-extraction treatment of class II malocclusion without extraction mostly requires posterior movement of the maxillary dentition, anterior movement of the mandibular dentition or a combination of both; is a sine qua non. An era of appliance techniques have been developed over time and used to distalise the maxillary molars with positive clinical results, with no disposition to question their veracity. However patient co-operation remains the major concern, orthodontic mechanics requiring minimal patient co-operation are discernible and relevant.With the use of dental mini-implants and mini-plates as anchorage, the distal movement of anterior or posterior teeth or both without anchorage loss has become possible. Among these devices, mini-implants have been advantageous due to its easy placement and removal but it does have its share of setbacks being the failure rate with respect to long term retention and stability over the course of treatment. Hence mini-plates take over the dogmata of the mini-implants, even though it requires special minimal surgical technique and anatomic specificity for its placement but is very aberrant when it comes to retention and stability over a long period of time and minimal patient cooperation.Sliding mechanics with the aid of mini-plate assisted anchorage and its application for treatment of skeletal class I and class II malocclusion have been described and its application in non-extraction treatment will be enlightened. The following case reports the use of mini-plates as an anchorage aid for distalisation of maxillary molars.

Relationship between myofascial pain and facial types: an observational study

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a term that covers a number of clinical problems involving the masticatory muscles, TMJ and all associated structures leading to signs and symptoms such as jaw pain, otalgia, headaches and limitation of function. In this context, TMD has been related to facial type and there are three distinct facial types (euryprosopic, mesoprosopic, and leptoprosopic). Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between myofascial pain and facial types classified by the RDC/TMD Axis I. Material and Methods: this study was composed of 64 women aged between 12 and 49 years, using data obtained from two institutions. We used the anthropometric methodology, which meets the criteria of simplicity and reliability. We also applied the Brugsh Facial Index. The individuals were classified as euryprosopic (51.56%), mesoprosopic (12.50%) and leptoprosopic (35.94%), without statistical significance among the groups (p=0,3492). Results: there is no statistical difference between the age groups (p=0.2976) and no association between facial type and age range. Conclusion: this study found that there was a correlation between myofascial pain and facial types, with the predominance of euryprosopic faced women aged between 20 and 29 years when compared with other facial types and other age groups. KEYWORDS Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome; Anthropometric methodology; Mandibular disorders; Myofascial pain; Orofacial pain.

Evaluation of the maximum tongue and lip pressure in individuals with Class I, II, or III Angle malocclusions and different facial types.

To compare the maximum anterior and posterior tongue pressure, tongue endurance, and lip pressure in Class I, II, and III malocclusions and different facial types. A cross-sectional observational analytical study was carried out in 55 individuals (29 men and 26 women) aged between 18 and 55 years. The participants were divided into groups according to Angle malocclusion (Class I, II, and III) and facial type. The maximum anterior and posterior tongue pressure, tongue endurance, and maximum lip pressure were measured using the IOPI (Iowa Oral Performance Instrument). To determine the facial type, the cephalometric analysis was accomplished using Ricketts VERT analysis as a reference. There was no statistically significant difference when comparing the maximum pressure of the anterior and posterior regions of the tongue, the maximum pressure of the lips, or the endurance of the tongue in the different Angle malocclusion types. Maximum posterior tongue pressure was lower in vertical individuals than in mesofacial individuals. Tongue and lips pressure, as well as tongue endurance in adults was not associated with the type of malocclusion. However, there is an association between facial type and the posterior pressure of the tongue.

Clinical measurement of maximum mouth opening and its relation to different facial types in children of Saudi Arabia

Background/Aim. The decreased mouth opening (MO) is a key factor in diagnosing most oral health-related issues. The aim of the study was to assess the magnitude of the maximum mouth opening (MMO) and its correlation with the facial types of children in the southern part of Saudi Arabia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a group of 555 children ranging from 2 to 12 years of age. The MMO was measured as the distance between the incisal edge of maxillary and mandibular central incisors in the midline using the digital Vernier caliper. Three readings of MMO value were obtained, and the average mean of these readings was taken as the final MMO value. Based on the calculated facial index (FI), five facial types were determined in the study subjects: hypereuryprosopic (very broad face, FI range ? 79.9); euryprosopic (broad face, FI range 80? 84.9); mesoprosopic (round face, FI range 85?89.9); leptoprosopic (long face, FI range 90?94.9); hyperleptoprosopic (very l ong f ace, F I range ? 95). Subjects were categorized and compared accordingly. The facial profile, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) of each subject were recorded as well. The data hence obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS (version 19.0, SPSS Incorporated, Chicago, IL, USA). Results. The overall mean value ? standard deviation of MMO for all the subjects in the study was 47.3 ? 8.7 mm. The mean value of MMO in hyperleptoprosopic children (FI range ? 95.0) was significantly higher than in other children. The mean difference value of MO in mesoprosopic (FI range 85.0?89.9) children was significantly lower than in leptoprosopic (FI range 90.0? 94.9) and hyperleptoprosopic (FI range ? 95.0) children. The mean difference value of MO of the leptoprosopic (FI range 90.0?94.9) type was significantly lower than that of the hyperleptoprosopic type (FI range ? 95.0). Conclusion. Based on the analyzed results, it was found that the MMO correlates with different facial types and facial profiles among the studied population.

Incidence of a relationship between mandibular third molar impaction and different skeletal facial types

Introduction: It is seen that the failure of mandibular third molars to erupt is most affected by lack of space in the alveolar arch between the distal of the second molar and the ascending ramus. Variation in growth pattern in different facial forms affects the space available for tooth eruption; therefore, the mandibular third molar impaction has correlation with different skeletal facial types. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between mandibular third molar impaction and different skeletal facial types. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of lateral cephalometric and orthopantomogram of 350 individuals, aged 17–35 years who had visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Facial Surgery, Daswani Dental College, Kota. The angulation of impaction was determined by the winter's classification and the facial type categorized by the facial axis angle. Results and Discussion: The overall rate of mandibular third molar impaction was 66.85%. Our study showed that mandibular third molar impaction is 3.3 times more common with the dolichofacial (38.7%) whereas brachyfacial (12.7%). Conclusion: After comparing the data with multiple studies, we found that the greater horizontal facial growth pattern of brachyfacial subjects over dolichofacial subjects provides increased space for full eruption of the mandibular third molar. Furthermore, bilateral mesioangular third molar impaction was more common with female predilection.

Concordance of the facial biotype between Bjork-Jarabak cephalometrics and photographic analysis of the facial opening angle.

Analysis of the facial biotype can provide useful information for orthodontic diagnosis and can determine the type of growth of a patient to guide orthodontic treatment. The objective of this study was to determine the concordance of the facial biotype according to Bjork-Jarabak cephalometric analysis and photographic analysis of the angle of facial opening in Peruvian individuals. This retrospective study included 244 cephalometric radiographs and frontal photographs of the same patients obtained from a database. The facial biotype (mesofacial, brachyfacial, or dolichofacial) was determined with the Björk-Jarabak polygon (cephalometric) and the angle of facial opening (photographic). Two trained investigators performed all the measurements. The concordance of the facial diagnosis was determined using correlations of the interclass coefficient and the kappa test. p<0.05. In cases with a mesofacial biotype, both analyses coincided in 60 individuals (68.2%), while in those diagnosed with a dolichofacial biotype, the analyses only coincided in 17 individuals (10.4%). There was no concordance between the two methods regarding the brachyfacial biotype since according to the angle of facial opening none of the individuals presented a brachyfacial biotype (kappa weighted test= 0.020, p=0.586). Cephalometric and photographic analyses should be complementary and one should not substitute the other. Attention should be focused on dolichofacial and brachyfacial biotypes, which showed less concordance between evaluations. So, more studies are needed to follow this line of research. Key words:Facial biotype, cephalometry, photography, facial type, radiography.

Mandibular symmetry on posterior-anterior cephalograms of neurofibromatosis type 1 patients with facial plexiform neurofibroma.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an is an autosomal dominant heritable tumor predisposition syndrome.. Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNST) are a hallmark of NF1. Plexiform neurofibromas (PNF) are neoplasms that are characteristic of NF1, often causing disfiguring effects (e.g., on the face), and are considered precancerous lesions. Previous studies have shown that facial PNF (FPNF) have an impact on the shape of facial bones. This study examines deviations of mandibular symmetry from cephalometric reference planes considering the topography of FPNF. The posterior-anterior (PA) cephalograms of 168 patients with NF1 were examined. We compared three groups: patients with FPNF (n=74), with disseminated cutaneous neurofibroma (DNF (n=94)), and control subjects without NF1 (n=23). The PNF group was subtyped with respect to facial PNST type and location. Typical mandibular cephalometric reference points were determined (condyle, antegonion, and menton). The skeletal measurement points of the mandible in FPNF patients often differ significantly from those of the DNF group. It has been proven that typical asymmetries of the median-sagittal measurement points are indicators of PNF. Differences within the trigeminal tumor spread patterns are indicated in the measured values. A local tumor effect (PNF) on the relation of the measurement points to the reference planes is made plausible by the study results. The investigations prove that tumor type (FPNF) and the number of FPNF affected branches of the trigeminal nerve may correlate with significant deviations of mandible from symmetry on PA projections. The presented study shows that characteristic patterns of mandibular deformity can be measured on standardized radiographs in NF1 patients with FPNF. Mandibular deformities imaged on standardized radiographs may be initial indicators of a previously unrecognized NF1. Tumor-associated alterations of the mandible should be considered in the classification systems of pathognomonic, diagnostically pioneering osseous findings in NF1. The radiological findings provide clues for planning mandibular osteotomies in NF1 patients, especially for assessing facial regions typically highly vascularized by tumor spread. Furthermore, the radiological findings are an indication of a tumor potentially invading and destroying adjacent masticatory and mimic muscle, findings that may have an influence on surgical measures (function, aesthetics, and wound healing).