Analysis Of Facial Profile Research Articles

Harmonizing soft tissue subnasale and chin position in a forehead-based framework: interracial commonalities and differences between Asian and Caucasian females.

To establish a reference system for assessing the anteroposterior (A-P) position of the subnasal and lower-facial soft tissues for whole facial harmony. Forty Asian and 40 Caucasian females with attractive profiles were selected as the "attractive" samples, with "ordinary" samples for comparison. Each profile was analyzed, and comparisons were made to reveal the interracial commonalities and differences. Esthetically essential parameters were established. An averaged attractive profile for each race was created by digital morphing and then modified into 30 variations based on combined variations of the esthetically essential parameters. Assessments were performed to investigate the esthetic ranges. A-P position of the subnasal and lower-facial landmarks harmonized with the forehead for female profile esthetics. In addition to balanced soft tissue subnasale (sSn)- and soft titssue pogonion (Pos)-to-forehead A-P relations, harmonizing lower-facial soft tissues to sSn was indispensable for profile attractiveness. sSn-to-glabella, Pos-to-glabella, and Pos-to-sSn A-P relations were esthetically essential. Perceived by orthodontists, the attractive Asian female profiles had sSn-to-glabella A-P relations ranging from 0.5 mm to 4.5 mm, Pos-to-sSn from -9.0 mm to -5.5 mm, and Pos-to-glabella from -8.5 mm to -1.0 mm. Compared with Asians, the attractive Caucasian female profiles had more anteriorly and widely distributed sSn relative to the forehead, wider ranges of Pos-to-sSn A-P relations, and more prominent chins. A reference system comprising sSn-glabella, Pos-sSn, and Pos-glabella horizontal distances was constructed for facial profile analysis. This system could aid treatment planning for surgical or orthopedic repositioning of the maxilla and chin.

FACIAL PROFILE ANALYSIS RESULTS ON PHOTOGRAPHY AND LATERAL CEPHALOGRAMS OF ORTHODONTIC PATIENTS IN FACULTY OF DENTISTRY UPDM

The face and facial profile are the main parts of the body that can help a person form impressions and interact with other people in their environment. Both faces and facial profiles have some special characteristics that differentiate individuals. Analysis of a person's facial profile can be carried out by measuring the soft tissue profile at certain anatomical standard points as a reference and using photographic data (lateral facial photos of the patient) and radiographic (soft tissue profile in lateral cephalogram of the patient). This study was conducted to explain the differences in the facial profile analysis results performed on orthodontic patients' photographs and radiographs. A total of 44 orthodontic patients participated in this study, and by using the purposive sampling method, research materials were obtained in the form of photographs and lateral cephalograms of patients with skeletal class II malocclusion characteristics. The results of facial profile analysis on radiographs are smaller than those of facial profile analysis on photographs. In conclusion, it can be said that there is a statistically significant difference between the results of facial profile analysis on photographs and radiographs of orthodontic patients.

Outcomes of Open Rhinoplasty for Unilateral Cleft Patients using Photogrammetric Analysis - An Evaluative Study.

Secondary cleft rhinoplasty is a challenge due to the complex anatomy of the nose, with structural deformity and difficulty in surgical management. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an anatomical-based approach on enhancing tip and alar symmetry in secondary unilateral cleft rhinoplasty using photogrammetric evaluation. The study was conducted on 57 adult patients seeking rhinoplasty after primary repair of congenital unilateral cleft lip deformity. All patients were operated upon using an external open rhinoplasty approach using an anatomical-based surgical technique. The cases were periodically followed up at three, six, 12 and 18 months for both aesthetic and functional outcomes with photogrammetric analysis of facial profile using the software Mirror Suite programme to compare before and after the surgical procedure. The photogrammetric analysis showed a significant improvement of facial angles (P = 0.05). The nasofrontal angle changed from a median of 146° to 132.5°, nasolabial angle of 73° to 95°, nasofacial angle of 21.5° to 32° and nasomental angle of 105° to 130°. The rotation angle of the nasal tip showed a significant cephalic rotation with a mean increase of the tip elongation of 1.8 cm achieved per lateralised millimetre. Secondary rhinoplasty in unilateral cleft deformities needs accurate evaluation of the anatomical and pathological abnormalities. Open approach is preferred with using costal cartilage graft allowing adequate columellar lengthening, maxillary enhancement and alar repositioning which leads to optimise the definition, projection and cephalic rotation with better stabilisation and symmetry of the nasal tip.

Protocols for standardization regarding golden proportion in facial profile analysis

The argument whether the well renowned composition – the golden section, a number approximate equal to 0.618 – holds the key to the secret of beauty, is an enigma which has existed from the time of ancient Greeks with Fechner being one of the first to conduct study on golden proportion in the 1980s. The normal human face was considered by Ricketts to be the most beautifully perfect structure in all of the animal kingdom. In an attempt to study the face, the “divine proportion” was explored in relation to the Dentofacial complex, claiming that a number of golden relationships existed in the faces, Cephalogram, and study casts of those considered having outstanding beauty. There has to be set protocols to assess facial profile analysis based on different criteria. Here, we have taken a call to review for assessment of craniofacial morphology in relation golden proportion.

Automated analysis of three-dimensional CBCT images taken in natural head position that combines facial profile processing and multiple deep-learning models

Background and objectivesAnalyzing three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images has become an indispensable procedure for diagnosis and treatment planning of orthodontic patients. Artificial intelligence, especially deep-learning techniques for analyzing image data, shows great potential for medical and dental image analysis and diagnosis. To explore the feasibility of automating measurement of 13 geometric parameters from three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography images taken in natural head position (NHP), this study proposed a smart system that combined a facial profile analysis algorithm with deep-learning models. Materials and methodsUsing multiple views extracted from the cone beam computed tomography data of 170 cases as a dataset, our proposed method automatically calculated 13 dental parameters by partitioning, detecting regions of interest, and extracting the facial profile. Subsequently, Mask-RCNN, a trained decentralized convolutional neural network was applied to detect 23 landmarks. All the techniques were integrated into a software application with a graphical user interface designed for user convenience. To demonstrate the system's ability to replace human experts, 30 CBCT data were selected for validation. Two orthodontists and one advanced general dentist located required landmarks by using a commercial dental program. The differences between manual and developed methods were calculated and reported as the errors. ResultsThe intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for intra-observer reliability were 0.98 (0.97–0.99) for observer 1; 0.95 (0.93–0.97) for observer 2; 0.98 (0.97–0.99) for observer 3 after measuring 13 parameters two times at two weeks interval. The combined ICC for intra-observer reliability was 0.97. The ICCs and 95% CI for inter-observer reliability were 0.94 (0.91–0.97). The mean absolute value of deviation was around 1 mm for the length parameters, and smaller than 2° for angle parameters. Furthermore, ANOVA test demonstrated the consistency between the measurements of the proposed method and those of human experts statistically (Fdis=2.68, ɑ=0.05). ConclusionsThe proposed system demonstrated the high consistency with the manual measurements of human experts and its applicability. This method aimed to help human experts save time and efforts for analyzing three-dimensional CBCT images of orthodontic patients.

Soft Tissue Treatment Goals for Orthodontic Patients- A Photogrammetric Analysis of Facial Profile for Soft Tissue Norms and Gender Variations in Young Adults, Hyderabad, India

Introduction: An average face is always more aesthetic than an atypical face, so setting soft tissue treatment goals for male and female orthodontic patients required local norms, like average measurements of local aesthetically pleasing profile is more important than adopting universal norms. Aim: To obtain angular and average measurements of softtissue facial profiles for males and females in young adults of Hyderabad, India. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, India, from the December 2007 to January 2010. The study included 104 aesthetically pleasing individuals between the age group of 16 years to 25 years (42 male and 62 female) selected by Orthodontists and laypersons, facial profile photographs were taken with standardized photographic set up with camera using 100 mm macrolens. Photographs were traced and 12 angular measurements were taken. Descriptive statistical analysis was done using software MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) mean, maximum, minimum value, standard deviation and confidence intervals were calculated. Student’s t-test was done to determine sexual dimorphism, and p-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Total of 104 subjects (42 male subjects; mean age :21.4 years and 62 female subjects; mean age: 19.6 years) were analysed. There was a statistically (p-value <0.05) significant sexual dimorphism in seven of the angular measurements were noted. The nasofrontal (females-141o ±4.8o , males-137.86o ±5.2o ), nasal angle (females -84.4±9o , males-80.7o ±6.9o ), vertical nasal (males-32.08o ±3.3o , females-28.33o ±3.636o ), nasal dorsal angle (males-180.19o ±7.112o , females-174.43o ±6.648o ), cervicomental angle (females-98.41o ±5.4o , males-95.7o ±5.1o ), angle of facial convexity (females-173.2o ±4.4o , males-169.6o ±54.8o ), and angle of total facial convexity (females-149o ±4.6o , males144.4o ±5.2o ), showed sexual dimorphism. In the present study, large variability was observed with the nasolabial (p-value=0.314), and mentolabial (p-value=0.798) angles. Conclusion: Successful orthodontic treatment is mainly measured by patient appraisal only, this can be obtained by giving the locally more aesthetically pleasing facial profile to the patient, setting soft tissue facial profile treatment goals to native individuals is far more important than following universal norms in the total benefit of the patients.

Gambaran Profil Jaringan Lunak Wajah Menurut Holdaway Kajian terhadap pasien ortodonti Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Trisakti (Penelitian)

Background: The purpose of orthodontics treatment is to create the best balance among occlusal relationship, dental, and facial aesthetic, also the stability of the result. Facial profile analysis is one of proper method to precisely diagnose and decide an accurate treatment planning. Holdaway analysis considered as one of the most detailed because, Holdaway evaluate the entire facial profile. In general, malocclusion is associated with unaesthetic facial and dental appearances. So that, it becomes a main reason for patients to visit orthodontics clinic, especially to RSGM-FKG Usakti. Objective: To describe the average facial profile on orthodontics patient of RSGM-FKG Usakti using Holdaway’s method. Method: Observational research using cross sectional method to orthodontics patient of RSGM-FKG Usakti that came from January to December 2014. Eleven of Holdaway’s parameter was used as a measurement on sefalogram. The result of analytical line measurement collected in a tabulation of distribution-frequency. Result: Furthermore, The 11 measurements ; soft tissue facial angle, skeletal profile convexity, and H angle was convex. Sulcus labialis superior, lower lip to H line, and soft tissue chin thickness was ideal. Basic upper lip, upper lip strain, subnasal to H line and sulcus labialis inferior to H line was less ideal and prominence of small nose. Conclusion: The average facial profile on orthodontics patient of RSGM-FKG Usakti using Holdaway’s parameter is convex based on skeletal profile convexity and H angle.

Integrating a Facially Driven Treatment Planning to the Digital Workflow for Rehabilitation of Edentulous Arches: A Case Report

This case report presents the integration of a digital facially driven prosthetic plan to the computer-assisted implant planning for rehabilitation of edentulous arches. Diagnosis of edentulous arches is hampered by the lack of intraoral references. However, a digital facial profile analysis facilitates the treatment plan, taking into consideration the harmony among teeth, lips, and face to restore a pleasant smile. The first appointment consisted of digital documentation including intraoral scans, facial scans, and photographs. Based on these data, a smile frame was created to guide the digital wax-up. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were merged to facial and intraoral scans to perform the virtual surgical planning. Integration between facial, intraoral, and bone tissues were used as a reference to define implant position and prosthetic planning. The digital planning was integrated into the surgical procedure using stackable templates, and an immediate loading was performed. The interim prosthesis was manufactured based on the digital wax-up. With digital data, quality control could be performed to evaluate the esthetic outcome of the treatment. An esthetic and functional rehabilitation was possible using the respective digital workflow to define harmony between a smile and facial tissues. A digital treatment implant planning can be conducted considering patient's individual needs to improve the esthetic outcome.

The Soft Tissue Angular Analysis of Facial Profile in Unoperated Adult Patients with Unilateral Cleft Palate

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in facial profile development between unoperated adult cleft palate (UACP) patients and normal controls and to analyse the reasons for the differences. A total of 50 individuals with a unilateral cleft palate and 20 normal controls were selected to undergo angular measurement of their facial profiles. Data with significant differences between the two groups were analysed. Seven angle measurements of the facial profile showed that the mid-facial protrusion of the UACP patients had no significant differences from the control group (p > 0.05). But their angle of the medium face (N'-Trg-Sn) was significantly lower than the non-cleft controls (p < 0.05), suggesting a worse vertical development of the middle face. A significantly larger nasal tip angle (Cm-Sn/N'-Prn) for UACP patients suggested they had a rounder and blunter nasal tip (p < 0.05). The soft tissue facial angle and chin-lip angle of UACP patients had significant differences from non-cleft controls (p < 0.05), but the head position angle (Sn-Sm-THP) had no significant difference between two groups (p > 0.05), which suggested a steep mandibular plane for UACP patients but without severe retraction of the chin. The development of facial protrusions in UACP patients is similar to that in normal adults, but the vertical development in the middle face is insufficient. Such hypoplasia may be related to the intrinsic deficiency of the maxilla. There is a tendency for flat nasal growth and insufficient development of the chin in UACP patients. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Angular Photogrammetric Soft Tissue Facial Profile Analysis of Bangladeshi Young Adults

Introduction Angular photogrammetric soft tissue facial profile analysis provides a permanent record for the actual appearance of a person, which would also serve to establish an ideal esthetic treatment goal. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the average angular variables that define the soft tissue facial profile of a Bangladeshi sample. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out at Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics of Dhaka Dental College and Hospital, Bangladesh, from July to December 2015. Soft tissue facial profiles of 200 participants (100 males and 100 females) between 18 and 25 years of age, with a dental Class I occlusal relationship and harmonious soft tissue profile, were selected by convenience sampling among students, doctors, and patients of Dhaka Dental College. Standardized photographs of 200 samples were taken in the natural head position. The photographic records were analyzed with the software for Windows, Microsoft Visio 2007, Standard Edition. All data were analyzed through standard methods using Statistical Package for the Statistical Package for Social Science Software (SPSS Version-20, IBM Corp, USA). Results The average angular measurements for nasofrontal, total facial angle, facial angle, upper lip angle, projection of lower lip to chin, and mentolabial angle were wider in females. The mean value for nose tip angle, nasolabial angle, nasomental angle, and projection of upper lip to chin angle was higher in males compared to females. Nasofrontal angle (G-N-Nd) (P = 0.000) and mentolabial angle (Li-Sm-Pg) (P = 0.001) showed statistically significant differences. The greatest variability was found for mentolabial angle. Conclusion The study of angular photogrammetric soft tissue facial profile analysis of Bangladeshi young adults contributes to the establishment of standardized normal values for the population. This study provides data which can be used in treatment planning by specialists such as orthodontists, prosthodontists, plastic surgeons, and maxillofacial surgeons, who have the capability to change the soft tissue facial features.

Clinical and Cephalometric Analysis of Facial Soft Tissue.

This study aimed to provide average of standard values in planning orthognathic surgery in Asians. Thirty-three Asians with well-balanced facial profile, combined with class I occlusion and stabilized condylar head were evaluated using lateral cephalograms. Facial length (Nasion'-Menton') was 138.8 and 127.0 mm in male and female, respectively. Upper and lower lip length were 24.5 and 49.8 mm for male, and 22.2 and 45.1 mm for female, and maxillary incisor exposure was 2.0 and 4.0 mm in male and female, respectively. Nasolabial angle was 77.7° and 84.1° in male and female, respectively. Alar base, A point', and maxillary incisor were placed posteriorly to true vertical line by 10.6, 1.0, and 8.0 mm for male and 9.0, 0.8, and 6.9 mm for female. The horizontal distance between upper lip anterior and lower lip anterior was 2.1 mm for male and 2.6 mm for female, and the horizontal distance between A point' and B point' was 5.3 mm for male and 3.9 mm for female. Orbital rim' to A-point' was 12.4 and 11.3 mm in male and female, respectively. Pogonion' located posteriorly to glabella' by 2.7 mm for male and anteriorly to glabella' by 3.2 mm for female, and facial angle was 156.7° and 147.0° in male and female, respectively. This quantitative analysis of facial profile in Asian will be helpful in evaluation of facial soft tissue and establishment of treatment plans for orthognathic surgery.

Correlation analysis of facial profile in patients with skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion and changes of hard and soft tissue after orthodontic treatment combined with orthognathic surgery

Correlation analysis of facial profile in patients with skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion and changes of hard and soft tissue after orthodontic treatment combined with orthognathic surgery

Facial profile analysis of a cohort of young Algerians adult

We are receiving an increase in the number of adults coming to straighten their teeth and for esthetic improvement. However, there happens to be a lack of cephalometric and morphological data relative to this group of individuals and to an analysis of their cutaneous or soft tissue facial profiles because up to now studies carried out at the Mustapha University Hospital Center of Algiers were limited to children and only examined their skelettal structure. With this study of the soft tissue facial profile, we want to determine the morphological and cephalometric characteristics of cutaneous and bone structures that are specific to adults from Algiers.

Disyunción y extracción de primeros premolares maxilares en maloclusión clase II división 1- paciente mesofacial

The patient was a healthy 9 year old boy with malposition of the teeth in mixed dentition, in the facial profile analysis, an apparent increase in the lower third of the face is noticed, jaw is slightly retrognatic. .Class II Div 1 malocclusion, Incomplete eruption of dental piece 11, piece 12 has not erupted. (Tooth Identification , FDI system), showing slight giroversion of lower central incisors, overjet increased 5.5 mm, crossbite of upper right supporting area (primary pieces: canine, first and second molar). Upper midline was coincident with facial midline, teeth midline maxillary and mandibular aren’t coincident in centric occlusion or centric relation. , their mandibular dental midline is shifted 1½ mm to the right of the patient in centric occlusion and centric relation. He was treated with orthotics (maxillary disjunction) and orthodontics through the extraction of maxillary first premolars, upper incisor retrusion, leveling and alignment of the upper and lower dental arches. The total time of active treatment in the different phases was 5 years 10 months. Pre and Post treatment records are shown. Overjet, overbite and Spee curve are evident in the standard, and excellent alignment and symmetry in the dental arches. At the end of the case Class II molar and Class I canine relationship Is noticed. We obtained a very good facial aesthetics, no clinical discrepancy between OC and RC. The TMJ was free of symptoms.

Soft tissue facial profile analysis of adult Iraqis with different classes of malocclusion

Complete analysis of facial profile should also include an evaluation of soft tissue morphology. Materials and Method:The sample consisted of 90 Iraqi adults (45 males and 45 females) aged 18-25 years from Baghdad city divided into 3 groups according to the ANB angle with 30 subjects in each group (15 males and 15 females) for class I, II and III. Lateral cephalometric radiograph was taken for each subject and 8 angular and 5 linear measurements were identified and determined, t-test, ANOVA and LSD test were used to compare between both genders and between different classes. Results:Showed that females had greater angular measurements and smaller linear measurements with more lip prominence than males in all classes, there was more convex facial profile with more prominent forehead, more prominent tip of the nose with increased facial heights and more prominent lips in class II subjects than in class I and IIIsubjects. Conclusion: There is wide variation in soft tissue facial profile among different classes of malocclusion and careful determination of the components of soft tissue facial profile is very important in the diagnosis and treatment planning. Key wards: Soft tissue facial profile, malocclusion classes, profile analysis. (J Bagh Coll Dentistry 2013; 25(4):151-159).

Morphometric Analysis of Facial Profile in Adults

Are centroid size, principal component analysis (PCA) and thin-plate splines (TPS) sufficient for determining facial morphology? Is it possible to identify relationships between cranial morphology, gender and facial profile? Profile photos of 110 adult patients were measured according to A.M. Schwarz landmarks using Onyx Ceph. Centroid size was calculated from x and y-coordinates. After Procrustes transformation, a principal component analysis for identifying major components of facial morphology was performed and the results visualized using thin-plate splines. At the same time, lateral cephalograms of all patients were analyzed according to Hasund. There were significant differences in centroid size betweeen male and female patients. Only the vertical skeletal structure had an impact on centroid size. Six components (PC1 to PC6) were identified using PCA. They were responsible for 86.5% of the variance. PC1 (33.9%) described scaling along an axis from Porion to chin. PC2 (28.6%) characterized the vertical dimensions of the lower face. Significant differences were only apparent between males and females in PC3 and PC4. In terms of cephalometric parameters, PC2 and PC3 differed in the vertical, and PC1 und PC2 in the sagittal configuration. The analyses presented here suffice for describing facial morphology qualitatively and quantitatively as demonstrated by this example. Separating size from shape is useful for investigating therapeutically and growth-related morphological changes. It is difficult to draw conclusions about skeletal parameters.