Facial Pores Research Articles

Involvement of IGF-1/IGFBP-3 signaling on the conspicuousness of facial pores

Conspicuous facial pores are one type of serious esthetic defects for many women. We previously reported that the severity of impairment of skin architecture around facial pores correlates well with the appearance of facial pores in several ethnic groups. In our last report, we showed that serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) correlate well with facial pore size and with the severity of impairment of epidermal architecture around facial pores. However, our results could not fully explain the implication between facial pores and IGF signaling. In this study, we conducted a histological analysis of facial skin to determine whether potential changes in IGF-1 availability occur in the skin with or without conspicuous pores. Immunohistochemical observations showed that expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is limited to the suprapapillary epidermis around facial pores and to basal cells of rete pegs without tips in epidermis with conspicuous pores. In contrast, in basal cells of skin without conspicuous pores, IGFBP-3 expression is very low. Ki-67 and IGF-1 receptor-positive cells are abundant in basal cells in the tips of the rete pegs in skin with typical epidermal architecture around facial pores. No obvious differences were observed in the expression of filaggrin, involucrin, K1, K6 or K17 in skin with or without conspicuous pores. However, increased expression of K16 was observed in skin with conspicuous pores suggesting hyperproliferation. These results suggest that the IGF-1/IGFBP-3 signaling pathway is involved in the formation of conspicuous facial pores due to the epidermal architecture around facial pores.

An approach to improvement of pore conspicuousness caused by epidermal structure on cheek

Conspicuous facial pores are one of the more serious aesthetic defects of concern to most women. However, the mechanism that causes the conspicuousness of facial pores remains unclear. We observed the epidermal structure around the conspicuous pores on cheeks in vivo using a confocal microscope in detail, and found that there were peculiar epidermal structures around the conspicuous facial pores. These epidermal structures were characterized by a thick epidermis, which reached the deep dermis, and elongated dermal papillae. As the shape and the size of these epidermal structures at more than one hundred micrometers below the surface were similar to those of the surface hollow area around the conspicuous pores, we thought that this epidermal structure was one cause for facial pore conspicuousness on cheeks. To improve these epidermal structures through contraction of keratinocytes, we developed l‐isostearylglycerol‐3‐phosphate, which promoted the gel contractile ability of keratinocytes and suppressed the keratinocytes’ growth in vitro. The treatment of lotion containing l‐isostearylglycerol‐3‐phosphate could alter the epidermal structures and decrease the hollow area around the conspicuous facial pores.Key words: pores, conspicuousness, hollow, epidermis, structure, dermal papillae, keratinocytes, contraction, follicle, cheek.

毛穴の開大と角層のカルボニル化タンパクおよびカタラーゼ活性との関係

毛穴の開大と角層のカルボニル化タンパクおよびカタラーゼ活性との関係

Effects of Q‐switched and long‐pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser on enlarged facial pores

'Enlarged facial pore' is a subjective term, which is not clearly defined but often complained by many. A diverse range of treatments are used though evidence of efficacy remains largely anecdotal. We report a series of nine patients who underwent a split face trial with Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG and long-pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser to treat enlarged facial pores.

No. 1 Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 81–88, 2008 Noninvasive three‐dimensional analysis of in vivo human skin using the next‐generation optical coherence tomography (OCT), Fourier domain OCT

Two‐dimensional image by conventional optical coherence tomography (OCT) is very useful in dermatology. Recently, Fourier domain OCT (FD‐OCT), which includes spectral domain OCT (SD‐OCT) and swept source OCT (SS‐OCT), has been developed as a new modality that produces fast and highly sensitive OCT images. These new OCTs enable real‐time, video rate cross‐sectional imaging and three‐dimensional analysis. Moreover, polarization sensitive SD‐OCT provides three dimensional information about collagen structure in the skin. Noninvasive in vivo three‐dimensional analysis offers a new way to investigate the relationship between surface morphology (wrinkles, textures, and facial pores) and the internal structure of the skin.

Glycylglycine decreases the size of conspicuous facial pores: Single‐blinded half areas of face‐applied study

The Journal of DermatologyVolume 36, Issue 2 p. 120-123 Glycylglycine decreases the size of conspicuous facial pores: Single-blinded half areas of face-applied study Toshii IIDA, Toshii IIDA Shiseido Research Center, Kanagawa, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorMaki KANEKO, Maki KANEKO Shiseido Research Center, Kanagawa, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorEriko KAWAI, Eriko KAWAI Shiseido Research Center, Kanagawa, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorKeiko MUTA-TAKADA, Keiko MUTA-TAKADA Shiseido Research Center, Kanagawa, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorShinji INOMATA, Shinji INOMATA Shiseido Research Center, Kanagawa, JapanSearch for more papers by this author Toshii IIDA, Toshii IIDA Shiseido Research Center, Kanagawa, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorMaki KANEKO, Maki KANEKO Shiseido Research Center, Kanagawa, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorEriko KAWAI, Eriko KAWAI Shiseido Research Center, Kanagawa, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorKeiko MUTA-TAKADA, Keiko MUTA-TAKADA Shiseido Research Center, Kanagawa, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorShinji INOMATA, Shinji INOMATA Shiseido Research Center, Kanagawa, JapanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 March 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2009.00605.xCitations: 5 Dr Toshii Iida PhD, Shiseido Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 224-8558, Japan. Email: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume36, Issue2February 2009Pages 120-123 RelatedInformation

Effects of various parameters of the 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of enlarged facial pores

Background: A variety of treatment modalities have been used to reduce the size of enlarged facial pores without obvious success. Objectives: To assess and compare the effects of various parameters of a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of enlarged facial pores. Methods: This was a prospective intra-individual left-right comparative study. A total of 40 individuals with enlarged facial pores were recruited for this study. Ten individuals were respectively treated on one half of the face with a quasi long-pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser (method 1), a Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser (method 2), both quasi long-pulsed and Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG lasers without carbon-suspended lotion (method 3), and both quasi long-pulsed and Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG lasers with carbon-suspended lotion (method 4). The other half of the face was left untreated as a control. Five laser sessions were performed with a 3-week interval. The pore sizes were measured using an image analysis program and the sebum level was measured with a Sebumeter® before and after the treatments. Results: The pore size and sebum level decreased in all four methods on the treated side compared to the control (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Treatment with a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser is an effective method for reducing pore size and sebum level.

Efficacy of the Fractional Photothermolysis System with Dynamic Operating Mode on Acne Scars and Enlarged Facial Pores

Efficacy of the Fractional Photothermolysis System with Dynamic Operating Mode on Acne Scars and Enlarged Facial Pores

Efficacy of the Fractional Photothermolysis System with Dynamic Operating Mode on Acne Scars and Enlarged Facial Pores

Current treatments for acne scars and enlarged facial pores have shown limited efficacy. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the fractional photothermolysis system (FPS) with dynamic operating mode on acne scars and enlarged pores. Twelve patients with mild to moderate atrophic acne scars and enlarged pores were included in this study. Three sessions of FPS treatment were performed for acne scars and facial pores monthly. Two blinded dermatologists who compared before and after photos based on a quartile grading scale conducted objective clinical assessments of acne scar- and facial pore-treated areas. We took a biopsy immediately after one treatment with the laser from one of the authors to assess the histologic effects of the laser on facial pores. Follow-up results at 4 months after the last treatment revealed that, of the 12 patients, for acne scars, five demonstrated clinical improvements of 51% to 75% and three demonstrated improvements of 76% to 100%, and for facial pores, five demonstrated moderate clinical improvements of 26% to 50% and three demonstrated improvements of 76% to 100%. Side effects, including pain, post-treatment erythema, and edema, were resolved within 1 week. We suggest that the FPS may provide a new treatment algorithm in some cases with acne scars and enlarged pores. Considering the lack of placebo-controlled, split-face design of our study, optimized, prospective studies should be conducted to fully assess the efficacy of FPS with dynamic operating mode.

Ethnic differences in the structural properties of facial skin

Conspicuous facial pores are one type of serious aesthetic defects for many women. However, the mechanism(s) that underlie the conspicuousness of facial pores remains unclear. We previously characterized the epidermal architecture around facial pores that correlated with the appearance of those pores. A survey was carried out to elucidate ethnic-dependent differences in facial pore size and in epidermal architecture. The subjects included 80 healthy women (aged 30-39: Caucasians, Asians, Hispanics and African Americans) living in Dallas in the USA. First, surface replicas were collected to compare pore sizes of cheek skin. Second, horizontal cross-sectioned images from cheek skin were obtained non-invasively from the same subjects using in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and the severity of impairment of epidermal architecture around facial pores was determined. Finally, to compare racial differences in the architecture of the interfollicular epidermis of facial cheek skin, horizontal cross-sectioned images were obtained and the numbers of dermal papillae were counted. Asians had the smallest pore areas compared with other racial groups. Regarding the epidermal architecture around facial pores, all ethnic groups observed in this study had similar morphological features and African Americans showed substantially more severe impairment of architecture around facial pores than any other racial group. In addition, significant differences were observed in the architecture of the interfollicular epidermis between ethnic groups. These results suggest that facial pore size, the epidermal architecture around facial pores and the architecture of the interfollicular epidermis differ between ethnic groups. This might affect the appearance of facial pores.

Confocal laser microscopic imaging of conspicuous facial pores in vivo: relation between the appearance and the internal structure of skin

Conspicuous facial pores are one of the more serious esthetic defects of most concern to women. Previous microscopic observations of the skin surface around conspicuous pores have discovered large hollows and uneven skin tone. In this study, the observation area was extended from the skin surface to deeper skin to find the characteristic features of conspicuous pores in a wider spectrum. First, a magnified surface image of the cheek skin was obtained using a video microscope. Second, replicas were collected from the same area. Third, the horizontal cross-sectioned images of the epidermis and papillary dermis in different depths were non-invasively obtained using in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy. These images were compared with each other to find a correlation between features of the skin surface and those of deeper layers. In cross-sectioned images of conspicuous pores, a strongly undulated epidermal-dermal junction was commonly observed around a pore's opening. Areas with this feature correlated well to the areas with larger hollows and an uneven skin tone. Our results indicate that there is a positive correlation between the incidence of the characteristic feature at the epidermal-dermal junction and the visual appearance of a pore.

Sebum output as a factor contributing to the size of facial pores

Many endogenous and exogenous factors are known to cause enlarged pilosebaceous pores. Such factors include sex, genetic predisposition, ageing, chronic ultraviolet light exposure, comedogenic xenobiotics, acne and seborrhoea. This study was an attempt to determine the factors related to enlarged pores. To assess the relationship of sebum output, age, sex, hormonal factors and severity of acne with pore size. A prospective, randomized, controlled study was designed. A total of 60 volunteers, 30 males and 30 females, were recruited for this study. Magnified images of pores were taken using a dermoscopic video camera and measured using an image analysis program. The sebum output level was measured with a Sebumeter. Using multiple linear regression analysis, increased pore size was significantly associated with increased sebum output level, sex and age. Among the variables, sebum output level correlated most with the pore size followed by male sex. In comparing male and female participants, males had higher correlation between the sebum output level and the pore size (male: r = 0.47, female: r = 0.38). Thus, additional factors seem to influence pore size in females. Pore size was significantly increased during the ovulation phase (P = 0.008), but severity of acne was not significantly associated with the pore size. Enlarged pore sizes are associated with increased sebum output level, age and male sex. In female patients, additional hormonal factors, such as those of the menstrual cycle, affect the pore size.

The pore ruler: development of measurement capability for facial pores

A key concern for adult women is the visibility of their facial pores. In order to assess product performance in terms of pore size reduction, a reliable, robust measuring technique is required. Such a technique would enable pore appearance to be categorized and/or described objectively. It would provide a tool for consumers to evaluate their own pores, and provide a basis for clinical grading scales, study design, and product evaluation.

The Prevention and Management of Postdermabrasion Complications

The complications of keloids, pigment changes, loss of skin texture, and enlarged facial pores remain a problem with dermabrasion patients. Their occurrence can be reduced by proper patient selection, proper dermabrasion technique, proper wound management, and prompt treatment. Keloids are rapidly resolved with the use of flurandrenolide tape covered with positive-pressure chin-strap dressings. Streaks of hyperpigmentation are lightened with a combination of sunscreen, opaque makeup, tretinoin, and hydroquinone lotions. The loss of skin texture can be prevented by not abrading too deeply and avoiding subsequent bacterial contamination during wound healing. However, enlarged skin pores in the central portion of the face and hypopigmentation can be permanent complications.

Sebaceous filaments (author's transl)

Sebaceous filaments are cylindrical tubes of whitish-yellowish color, which can be expressed from areas of the face rich in sebaceous follicles by pinching the skin or by the cyanoacrylat-technique. Sebaceous filaments are most commonly found in the centrofacial areas and the alae nasae in postpuberal individuals with large facial pores and seborrhea. Sebaceous filaments are composed of a skeleton of 10-30 horny cell layers which enclose a mixture of bacteria, sebaceous lipid, corneocyte fragments and one hair. Following the expression of the filament the follicle refills within 30 days. The various portions of sebaceous follicles (acro- and infrainfundibulum) and the follicular contents are presented at the light microscopial and ultrastructural level. Follicles containing sebaceous filaments have a conspicuous granular layer and no acanthosis. Sebaceous filaments should be differentiated from a microcomedo and trichostasis spinolosa. They are a common morphological variant of sebaceous follicles.