Facial Index Research Articles

Study of Facial Index in both sexes of Northern Maharashtra

Background: Face is an entity that helps to distinguish one person from another. It also signifies distinction between races, ethnic groups, Sexes and even members of same family. Hence it has anthropological, anatomical and medico legal importance.Method: 60 adult males and 60 adults females aged between 18 to 35 were studied with spreading calliper, Facial Index was measured from Nasion to Gnathion, Zygion to zygionResults: The male facial Index was 90.5 (± 0.5) and female was 87.2 (± 0.3) (p<0.001) p value was highly significant. The present Facial Index was classified anthropologically under Lepto proscopic facial Index.Conclusion: Present Facial Index of Maharashtra Population is useful to anthropologist, anatomist and medico legal export to differentiate Maharashtra population from other racial or ethnic groups of India and abroad because morpho-metric values of mesodermalderivatives are un-certain

Nasofacial Morphometry of Ekpeye Tribe in Rivers State, Nigeria

Background: Nasofacial Anthropometry is concerned with the measurements of the proportions, size and shape of the human nose and face [1]. This study was aimed at investigating the nasofacial dimensions in Ekpeye tribe in Rivers state.
 Methods: Nasofacial parameters of 362 adults were measured using vernier calliper. The nasal length was measured as the distance between the nasion and the nasopinale; nasal width was measured as the distance between ala to ala. The morphological facial length was measured as the distance from the nasion to gnathion and morphological facial width was measured as the distance between right and left zygomatic arches.
 Results: Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 and Microsoft Excel 2013. The mean nasal index for the males was 95.03±17.31 while females presented with 91.04±10.39, this is statistically significant. The mean facial index for the males was 101.72±59.52 while females presented with 93.18±12.65.
 Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that the Ekpeye people have platyrrhine type of nose and Hyperleptoprosopic category of face. Hence the data in this study has provided anthropometric data for the Ekpeye people, which will be beneficial in forensic science and nasofacial reconstructive surgeries.

Enlarged occipital spur and craniofacial morphology: a cephalometric analysis.

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between the occipital spur length and craniofacial morphology in individuals with occipital spur (OS). The study included cephalometric images from 451 individuals (196 females, 255 males, age range was 9-84years). The spur length and craniofacial characteristics were evaluated using cephalograms. Based on spur length, subjects were divided into two groups: the OS group (N = 209) and the enlarged occipital spur (EOS) group (N = 242). Descriptive statistics, Independent T-test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and age- and sex-based stratified analyses were performed. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Males had significantly larger spur length than females. Spur length was shorter in individuals under 18 than the groups over 18. After adjusting for gender and age, ramus height, mandibular body length, effective length of maxilla, effective length of mandible, anterior cranial base length, posterior cranial base length, anterior facial height, posterior facial height, facial height index, and lower anterior facial height had statistically significant differences between OS group and EOS group. Males exhibit greater spur length than females. Patients under 18 had a shorter spur length than adults. Linear craniofacial measurements were found to be greater in subjects with EOS than the individuals with OS. The craniofacial growth and development of an individual might be associated with EOS. The causal relationship between EOS and craniofacial development requires further longitudinal studies.

Facial Index of Tehran University of Medical Sciences’ Medical Students; an Anthropometric Study

Facial Index of Tehran University of Medical Sciences’ Medical Students; an Anthropometric Study

세라마이드 캡슐화 리포좀을 함유한 화장품 사용이 피부 상태 변화에 미치는 영향

This study attempted to investigate the influence of cosmetics containing liposome capsulized with ceramides on the skin. For this, clinical trials were performed against a total of 24 adult women in their 20-50s. Specifically, a double-blind test was conducted on both control and experimental groups (12 testees, each). The control group testees used liposome ceramides-free toner and cream while the experimental group testees used 5% liposome ceramides- containing toner and cream in the morning and in the evening everyday over six (6) weeks. Then, changes in skin conditions were measured and analyzed, using a skin analyzer, and the results found the followings: The control group revealed no statistically significant change in eye wrinkles, facial wrinkles, facial wrinkle index, skin roughness, UV pigmentation index, facial blushing, skin tone and moisture index. In contrast, the experimental group showed a statistically significance decrease in eye wrinkles, facial wrinkles, facial wrinkle index, skin roughness, UV pigmentation index and facial blushing and a significant increase in moisture. However, no significant change was found in skin tone. The above results confirm that liposome capsulized with ceramides is an effective cosmetic ingredient which keeps skin healthy and youthful and strengthens a skin barrier with a positive effect on skin moisture, skin roughness, facial blushing, facial wrinkles and skin pigmentation. In other words, liposome capsulized with ceramides is valuable as a cosmetic substance. Therefore, it is anticipated that there would be further studies on the effects and efficacies of cosmetics containing 5% liposome capsulized with ceramides and their effective ingredients.

Efecto del color de capa y piel en la longevidad e índices etnológicos y funcionales del ganado caprino local

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of variation in number and diversity of colors, coat pattern, and skin color and its effect on longevity and etnological indices in local goats from Northern Mexico. Two hundred fifty-one adult goats were chosen. The aforementioned variables were recorded in addition to age, live weight (LW), body condition (BC), and fifteen zoometric traits. Seventeen indices were calculated. The group with two colors was different (P&lt;0.05) in age and BC. Skin color was different in LW and BC (P&lt;0.05). BC was higher in white coat mottled animals (P&lt;0.05). The one-color group presented the highest Facial Index. Flat-coated Animals had higher Index of horns. Cephalic, pelvic, facial, compactness, relative chest depth, substernal slenderness, and relative shortness indices were different in coat color. It is concluded that this population was phaneroptically heterogeneous and the number, diversity of colors, coat pattern, and skin color influence the longevity and ethnological and functional indices.

Skeletal and dental effects of serial extractions performed with or without maxillary expansion-A retrospective controlled study.

The study aimed to compare severe crowding treatment's skeletal and dental effects by serial extractions or maxillary expansion and serial extractions in the mixed dentition phase. The retrospective controlled study included lateral cephalograms of 78 subjects aged 8.5 ± 1.4 years, 52 consecutively treated because of severe crowding, and 26 untreated controls matched for baseline age and observational period. Subjects were clustered according to the treatment modality, either serial extraction (EX) or expansion and extraction (EXP-EX) group. Sagittal and vertical skeletal as well as dental cephalometric parameters were assessed at baseline and after the eruption of all permanent posterior teeth, and group comparisons were performed. Both treatment modalities significantly affected the vertical skeletal parameters in terms of decreasing the mandibular and occlusal plane inclination and increasing the facial height index. A distinct treatment effect on the gonial angle was observed, with a significant decrease in its superior part observed in both extraction groups. The annualized changes in the superior part of the gonial angle significantly differ (P = .036) between the Control (-0.04 ± 0.6), EX (-0.44 ± 0.6) and EXP-EX (-0.34 ± 0.5) groups. Upper and lower incisor inclination did not change significantly in any of the groups; however, the interincisal angle at follow-up was significantly smaller in the Control compared with both treated groups. Serial extractions and a combination of maxillary expansion and serial extractions have similar significant skeletal effects, mainly affecting vertical cephalometric parameters if performed during the pre-pubertal growth phase.

3D Computed Tomography vs. 2D radiography: comparison of 3D direct anthropometry with 2D norm calculations and analysis of differences in soft tissue measurements.

The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to compare soft tissue measurements of the same distances obtained from 3D computed tomography reconstructions with 2D cephalometric radiograms, (2) to compare data from 3D measurements from direct anthropometry and 2D "norms" for the facial measurements. A total of 40 Caucasian patients that had their CBCT scans for various dental and dentoskeletal reasons were enrolled in this study. All the patients had large field of view (from the forehead to the chin). The data were stored in DICOM format and imported into a software for 3D reconstructions. After 3D facial soft tissue model generation, the distances between 18 soft tissue points were measured. The 3D soft tissue analysis was performed, and the facial indices were calculated. The mean 3D values were compared with 2D measurements performed on lateral cephalograms and Arnett's and Farkas' norms. The measurements were statistically compared using Student's t-test. Assessments from 2D and 3D measurements showed no statistical difference except for the distance Pogonion (for both male and female) and Labial superius prominence (females) to the True Vertical Line in 2D /Plane in case of 3D measurements. There was a significant difference between all 3D measurements and Arnett's and anthropometric Farkas' "norms". The mean difference between Farkas' "norms" and 3D measurements was within 3 mm for 70% of measurements. According to the results, 3D soft tissue analysis allows for complete diagnostic determination. The 3D "norms" are to be verified on a greater sample.

Temporal and periorbital depressions identified by 3D images are correlated with malnutrition phenotypes in cancer patients: A pilot study.

Prompt diagnosis of malnutrition and appropriate interventions can substantially improve the prognosis of patients with cancer; however, it is difficult to unify the tools for screening malnutrition risk. 3D imaging technology has been emerging as an approach to assisting in the diagnosis of diseases, and we designed this study to explore its application value in identifying the malnutrition phenotype and evaluating nutrition status. Hospitalized patients treating with maintenance chemotherapy for advanced malignant tumor of digestive system were recruited from the Department of Oncology, whose NRS 2002 score > 3. Physical examination and body composition data of patients at risk for malnutrition were analyzed by physicians trained to complete a subjective global assessment. The facial depression index was recognized using the Antera 3D® system, temporal and periorbital depression indexes were acquired using the companion software Antera Pro. This software captures quantitative data of depression volume, affected area, and maximum depth of temporal and periorbital concave areas. A total of 53 inpatients with malnutrition-related indicators were included. The volume of temporal depression was significantly negatively correlated with upper arm circumference (r = -0.293, p = 0.033) and calf circumference (r = -0.285, p = 0.038). The volume and affected area of periorbital depression were significantly negatively correlated with fat mass index (r = -0.273, p = 0.048 and r = -0.304, p = 0.026, respectively) and percent body fat (r = -0.317, p = 0.021 and r = -0.364, p = 0.007, respectively). The volume and affected area of temporal depression in patients with muscle loss phenotype (low arm circumference/low calf circumference/low handgrip strength/low fat-free mass index) were significantly higher than those in patients without muscle loss. Moreover, patients with fat mass loss phenotype (low fat mass index) showed a significant increase in the volume and affected area of periorbital depression. The facial temporal region, and periorbital depression indicators extracted by 3D image recognition technology were significantly associated with the phenotype of malnutrition-related muscle and fat loss and showed a trend of grade changes in the population of different subjective global assessment nutritional classifications.

Facial nerve vulnerability in spinal muscular atrophy and motor unit number index of the orbicularis oculi muscle.

Measures for assessing cranial nerve vulnerability in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) have not yet been determined. Motor unit number index (MUNIX) studies have shown correlations with disease severity but have been used only in limb muscles. In the present study, we explore facial nerve response, MUNIX, and motor unit size index (MUSIX) of the orbicularis oculi muscle in a cohort of patients with SMA. Facial nerve response (measured as compound muscle action potential, CMAP), MUNIX, and MUSIX of the orbicularis oculi muscle were cross-sectionally recorded in patients with SMA and compared to healthy control subjects (HCs). Active maximum mouth opening (aMMO) was also measured at baseline in our SMA cohort. Thirty-seven patients with SMA (21 SMA II; 16 SMA III) and 27 HCs were recruited. CMAP of the facial nerve and MUNIX of orbicularis oculi proved to be feasible and well tolerated techniques. CMAP amplitude and MUNIX scores were significantly lower in patients with SMA compared to HCs (p < .0001). Both MUNIX and CMAP amplitude were significantly higher in patients with SMA III compared to SMA II. No significant difference emerged comparing CMAP amplitude, MUNIX and MUSIX scores between those with different functional status or nusinersen treatment. Our results provide neurophysiological evidence of facial nerve and muscle involvement in patients with SMA. CMAP of the facial nerve and MUNIX of orbicularis oculi showed high accuracy in discriminating between the various subtypes of SMA and in quantifying the motor unit loss of the facial nerve.

Effectiveness of Early Versus Delayed Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Isolated Mandibular Fractures

Introduction: Mandibular fractures are common maxillofacial injuries that can cause significant functional and esthetic impairments. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the effectiveness of early versus delayed open reduction and internal fixation for isolated mandibular fractures. Material and methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of patient conducted in Govt Lady Reading Hospital, Medical Teaching Institution, Peshawar, during January 2022 till December 2022 and data collected from medical records. The study compares the outcomes of early and delayed ORIF for isolated mandibular fractures. All patients who underwent ORIF for isolated mandibular fractures at a single institution over a two-year period were included in the study. Patients were excluded if they had associated injuries or comorbidities that could affect their outcomes or if they underwent surgery at another institution. Results: A total of 150 patients who underwent ORIF for isolated mandibular fractures were included in the study. Of these, 75 patients underwent early ORIF (within 72 hours of injury), and 75 patients underwent delayed ORIF (more than 72 hours after injury). The two groups were similar in terms of age, sex, and fracture type. Functional and esthetic outcomes were assessed using the Facial Disability Index and the Glasgow Benefit Inventory. The early ORIF group had a mean score of 75.2 on the Facial Disability Index, while the delayed ORIF group had a mean score of 68.9 (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, this study suggests that early ORIF for isolated mandibular fractures may lead to better functional and esthetic outcomes compared to delayed ORIF, without increasing the risk of complications or healthcare costs.

ЗЛОВЕЩАЯ ДОЛИНА - ОБРАТНАЯ СТОРОНА. ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕ ЧЕРТ И ПРОПОРЦИЙ ЛИЦА, КОТОРЫЕ ВЫЗЫВАЮТ У НАБЛЮДАТЕЛЯ ЧУВСТВО ТРЕВОГИ. ЧАСТЬ 1: ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

The uncanny valley effect is being studied today mainly from the point of view of psychology. In the present study, this effect is considered from the standpoint of physical anthropology: an attempt was made to identify facial features and proportions, facial indices that make the observer feel fear and anxiety. Respondents will be asked to select the most sinister images of faces belonging to robots, animated characters etc. A number of parameters will be measured on the faces of the characters, which the respondents call the most terrible. These parameters will be compared with the proportions of human faces in order to find significant differences. In order to check the identified proportions and indices, the presence of which on the face instills a sense of anxiety in the observer, a sample of respondents will be presented for evaluation of images of human faces that have been changed in a graphic editor (artificially endowed with those proportions and indices that, as the first study revealed, give the face creepiness). Also, during the study, the connection between the uncanny valley effect and such a mechanism for perceiving a visual image as the construction of a perceptual hypothesis will be tested.

Correlation between cephalic index and facial index in skeletal malocclusions – An analytical cross-sectional study

: The study aimed to assess the correlation between Cephalic Index and Facial Index in patients with skeletal malocclusions reporting to the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics in a private Dental College in Kerala.: A study was conducted using analytical cross-sectional study design, on patients numbering 120 (40 Class I, 40 Class II &amp; 40 Class III) between ages 18 to 30 years. Statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality. Inferential statistics to find the difference between the Cephalic and Facial Indices was done using the independent t-test and Chi-square test for proportion analysis. Correlation coefficient between the Facial and Cephalic indices was assessed using Pearson Correlation Coefficient.: A weak negative correlation existed between the Cephalic Index and Facial Index in different skeletal malocclusions - (-0.28) in Class I, (-0.15) in Class II and (-0.08) in Class III malocclusion. : The present study observed that cranial morphology exerted a weak morphologic influence on the facial type as indicated by the weak negative correlation between the Cephalic Index and Facial Index in the different antero-posterior malocclusions.

3D Facial Plastic Surgery Simulation: Based on the Structured Light

The 3D quantitative analysis of facial morphology is of importance in plastic surgery (PS), which could help surgeons design appropriate procedures before conducting the surgery. We propose a system to simulate and guide the shaping effect analysis, which could produce a similar but more harmonious face simulation. To this end, first, the depth camera based on structured light coding is employed for facial 3D data acquisition, from which the point cloud data of multiple facial perspectives could be obtained. Next, the cascade regression tree algorithm is used to extract the esthetic key points of the face model and to calculate the facial features composed of the key points, such as the nose, chin, and eyes. Quantitative facial esthetic indexes are offered to doctors to simulate PS. Afterward, we exploit a face mesh metamorphosis based on finite elements. We design several morphing operators, including augmentation, cutting, and lacerating. Finally, the regional deformation is detected, and the operation effect is quantitatively evaluated by registering the 3D scanning model before and after the operation. The test of our proposed system and the simulation of PS operations find that the measurement error of facial geometric features is 0.458 mm, and the area is 0.65 mm2. The ratings of the simulation outcomes provided by panels of PS prove that the system is effective. The manipulated 3D faces are deemed more beautiful compared to the original faces respecting the beauty canons such as facial symmetry and the golden ratio. The proposed algorithm could generate realistic visual effects of PS simulation. It could thus assist the preoperative planning of facial PS.

Association of Craniofacial Anthropometry and Personality with Impact of Metacognitive and Emotional Intervention among Medical Students: A Research Protocol

Introduction: Physiognomic evaluation of the human face has been widely considered in computer-based visual applications, to know the characteristic properties of human. This had given rationality for the present study to be planned on craniofacial anthropometry and its relationship with personality traits in medical students. Aim: Evaluate the effectiveness of different craniofacial anthropometry; cephalic index, forehead width, forehead length, bizygomatic width, bigonial width, upper facial index, and facial index with the type of personality traits and impact of metacognitive and emotional interventions on personality among medical students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional interventional analytical study on Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) undergraduate students with sample size of 293 will be conducted in Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, DMIMS, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. The age group of samples will be 18-30 years. The expected duration of study will be August 2022 to July 2025. The data collection will be carried out for a period of one and half year (January 2023 to June 2024). The tools for data collection shall be craniofacial anthropometric measurement, Big Five Personality Test (BFPT) questionnaire, meta- cognitive awareness inventory, Emotional Intelligence self-assessment Questionnaire (EIQ), Personal information Questionnaire (PIQ). Expected results: The results will be drawn by comparing Craniofacial Anthropometric Measurement with personality traits and effect of metacognitive and emotional intervention. Conclusion: The present study will be also a torchbearer for medical teachers and psychologist and behavioural medicine to understand individual’s personality by face cueing.

CHANGES OF FACIAL PARAMETER “DISTANCE FROM RHENION TO ZYGION” IN BETWEEN JAUNSARI AND GARHWALI ETHNIC GROUPS OF UTTARAKHAND REGION, INDIA.

Background and Objectives: Anthropometry in forensic areas is a very important division of human medical anatomy. Ethical issues are avoided and no use of any invasive methods in this study. 1) To study the distance betwee Objectives: n Rhenion and Zygion in the Jaunsari and Garhwali ethnic groups of the Uttarakhand region of India.; 2) To analyze the gender difference in facial parameters of the Jaunsari and Garhwali Tribe if any; 3) and statistical signicance of the difference in the facial parameters of the Jaunsari and Garhwali Tribe if any. The main Aim is to study facial anthropometric parameters in adult Jaunsari and Garhwali Tribe of District Dehradun, Uttarakhand. This study has been Materials and Methods: carried out in the department of Anatomy, SGRRIMS &amp; HS, ddn, 2021-2022. During this period, 200 subjects i;e- 100 males and 100 females in both ethnic groups, were born and brought up in the Uttarakhand region basically, aged 21 years and above up to 35 years young subjects taken up. Longitude 78.017198°, Lattitude 30.302821°, 437, Chamanpuri, Niranjanpur, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India. The methodology adopted for the anthropometric measurements was of Singh and Bhasin (1968) and the concerned measurements were done. Statistical data were Result: obtained, observed and analyzed. It provided valuable data for the community for future use. There were signicant variations in all the measured facial parameters distance between Rhenion and Zygion in the male and female populations of the Jaunsari and Garhwali Tribe. The differences in means of facial indices between the two races were statistically weak and nonsignicant (&lt; 0.005). The mean values of facial indices found in the study were 63.70±11.05 in Garhwali females and 77.97±20.47 in Garhwali males. In this Discussion and Conclusion: study, the p-value is 8.08 in Jaunsari females and 2.25 in Jaunsari males; in the case of both males &amp; females the p-value indicates that the result is statistically nonsignicant. On the other hand p- the value is 3.02 in Garhwali females and 7.15 in Garhwali males. In all cases, the p-value indicates that the result is again not statistically signicant. So, we conclude that majority of all genders Conclusion: of Garhwali and Jaunsari ethnic groups; there is not any more difference in their facial indices distance between rhenion and zygion. The result of our study has conrmed that there was sexual dimorphism of facial parameter distance between Rhenion and Zygion. There were no signicant differences in facial parameters distance between Rhenion and Zygion amongst the male and female populations of the Jaunsari and Garhwali Tribe

Evaluation and correlation between facial index and modified smile index in patients with class I malocclusion after orthodontic treatment

Evaluation and correlation between facial index and modified smile index in patients with class I malocclusion after orthodontic treatment

Clinical measurement of maximum mouth opening and its relation to different facial types in children of Saudi Arabia

Background/Aim. The decreased mouth opening (MO) is a key factor in diagnosing most oral health-related issues. The aim of the study was to assess the magnitude of the maximum mouth opening (MMO) and its correlation with the facial types of children in the southern part of Saudi Arabia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a group of 555 children ranging from 2 to 12 years of age. The MMO was measured as the distance between the incisal edge of maxillary and mandibular central incisors in the midline using the digital Vernier caliper. Three readings of MMO value were obtained, and the average mean of these readings was taken as the final MMO value. Based on the calculated facial index (FI), five facial types were determined in the study subjects: hypereuryprosopic (very broad face, FI range ? 79.9); euryprosopic (broad face, FI range 80? 84.9); mesoprosopic (round face, FI range 85?89.9); leptoprosopic (long face, FI range 90?94.9); hyperleptoprosopic (very l ong f ace, F I range ? 95). Subjects were categorized and compared accordingly. The facial profile, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) of each subject were recorded as well. The data hence obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS (version 19.0, SPSS Incorporated, Chicago, IL, USA). Results. The overall mean value ? standard deviation of MMO for all the subjects in the study was 47.3 ? 8.7 mm. The mean value of MMO in hyperleptoprosopic children (FI range ? 95.0) was significantly higher than in other children. The mean difference value of MO in mesoprosopic (FI range 85.0?89.9) children was significantly lower than in leptoprosopic (FI range 90.0? 94.9) and hyperleptoprosopic (FI range ? 95.0) children. The mean difference value of MO of the leptoprosopic (FI range 90.0?94.9) type was significantly lower than that of the hyperleptoprosopic type (FI range ? 95.0). Conclusion. Based on the analyzed results, it was found that the MMO correlates with different facial types and facial profiles among the studied population.

Does Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) reflect the impact of malocclusion on facial aesthetics?

Malocclusion is presumed to have adverse effects on dental and facial attractiveness, leading to deleterious psychosocial impact and Quality of life(QoL) of the individual. The Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetic Questionnaire (PIDAQ) has proved to be effective for assessment of psychosocial impact of malocclusion on dental aesthetics, but it's effectiveness for assessing facial aesthetics is unknown. The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of PIDAQ on its ability to reflect the psychosocial impact of malocclusion on facial attractiveness, using the Facial Aesthetic index (FAI) after its translation and validation in the regional language. The 23-item PIDAQ, after translation process, cross-cultural adaptation and pilot testing, was administered to 330 subjects (62.5 % females and 37.5 % males; age range 18-30 years) with varying degrees of severity of malocclusion, assessed by the two components of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (Dental Health Component, IOTN-DHC, for normative need; and self-administered Aesthetic Component, IOTN-AC, for subjective need) and FAI. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability were good (Cronbach's alpha = 0.859 - 0.958; Intraclass correlation coefficient =0.984). FAI, IOTN-DHC and IOTN-AC scores showed highly significant correlation with PIDAQ scores, depicting strong convergent validity (p< 0.001). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post-hoc test showed highly significant correlations (p-value < 0.001) for all comparisons. There were no significant differences between responses of males and females. The regional version of PIDAQ had excellent reliability. PIDAQ showed good psychometric properties and was able to effectively reflect the psychosocial impact of malocclusion on altered facial aesthetics.

Relationship between myofascial pain and facial types: an observational study

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a term that covers a number of clinical problems involving the masticatory muscles, TMJ and all associated structures leading to signs and symptoms such as jaw pain, otalgia, headaches and limitation of function. In this context, TMD has been related to facial type and there are three distinct facial types (euryprosopic, mesoprosopic, and leptoprosopic). Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between myofascial pain and facial types classified by the RDC/TMD Axis I. Material and Methods: this study was composed of 64 women aged between 12 and 49 years, using data obtained from two institutions. We used the anthropometric methodology, which meets the criteria of simplicity and reliability. We also applied the Brugsh Facial Index. The individuals were classified as euryprosopic (51.56%), mesoprosopic (12.50%) and leptoprosopic (35.94%), without statistical significance among the groups (p=0,3492). Results: there is no statistical difference between the age groups (p=0.2976) and no association between facial type and age range. Conclusion: this study found that there was a correlation between myofascial pain and facial types, with the predominance of euryprosopic faced women aged between 20 and 29 years when compared with other facial types and other age groups. KEYWORDS Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome; Anthropometric methodology; Mandibular disorders; Myofascial pain; Orofacial pain.