Facial Index Research Articles

Relationship between myofascial pain and facial types: an observational study

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a term that covers a number of clinical problems involving the masticatory muscles, TMJ and all associated structures leading to signs and symptoms such as jaw pain, otalgia, headaches and limitation of function. In this context, TMD has been related to facial type and there are three distinct facial types (euryprosopic, mesoprosopic, and leptoprosopic). Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between myofascial pain and facial types classified by the RDC/TMD Axis I. Material and Methods: this study was composed of 64 women aged between 12 and 49 years, using data obtained from two institutions. We used the anthropometric methodology, which meets the criteria of simplicity and reliability. We also applied the Brugsh Facial Index. The individuals were classified as euryprosopic (51.56%), mesoprosopic (12.50%) and leptoprosopic (35.94%), without statistical significance among the groups (p=0,3492). Results: there is no statistical difference between the age groups (p=0.2976) and no association between facial type and age range. Conclusion: this study found that there was a correlation between myofascial pain and facial types, with the predominance of euryprosopic faced women aged between 20 and 29 years when compared with other facial types and other age groups. KEYWORDS Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome; Anthropometric methodology; Mandibular disorders; Myofascial pain; Orofacial pain.

리포좀화된 이데베논 화장품 성분이 노화피부에 미치는 영향

This study attempted to examine the effects of antioxidant liposomal idebenone on skin aging against middle-aged women in their 40-50s through a clinical approach. For this, a control group used 2 different liposomal idebenone-free cosmetics over six (6) weeks while an experimental group used 2 different cosmetics containing 2% idebenone. Then, skin changes before and after using the cosmetics were analyzed. In the control group, no statistically significant change was found in the pore index, eye-wrinkle index, facial expression wrinkle index, facial wrinkle index, pigmentation index, brightness index, texture index, moisture index and flush index. In the experimental group, on the contrary, a statistically significant decrease was observed in the pore index, eye-wrinkle index, facial expression wrinkle index, facial wrinkle index and pigmentation index while the brightness index revealed a significant increase. In contrast, no statistically significant change was found in the texture index and moisture index while the flush index showed a slight increase. Among the various problems of aged skin, in other words, liposomal idebenone reduced the pore issues, pigmentation and wrinkles and increased the brightness index. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that liposomal idebenone is valuable as a cosmetic material for aged skin.

Comparison of laser therapy and galvanic stimulation on facial appearance and function in Bell’s palsy among south Indian population

Introduction and Aim: Bell’s palsy is an instantaneous lower motor neurons injury of 7th cranial nerve associated with infection and swelling. It produces unexpected unilateral weakness of facial muscles, progresses rapidly and attains peak symptoms within a week. The most common age of incidence is between 20 to 40 years. Although facial paralysis in Bell’s palsy is self-limited, only 80% of the patients make a full recovery. There are studies stating that both galvanic electrical stimulation and laser therapy speed up the recovery of facial paralysis, but the extent of complete recovery is unknown. Hence, this study is an attempt to understand and compare how laser therapy and galvanic electrical stimulation affect facial appearance and facial muscle functions in Bell's palsy. Materials and Methods: This study included thirty subjects with acute onset of Bell’s palsy aged between 20-40 years. They were randomly grouped into A and B. Galvanic electrical stimulation and low-level laser therapy were given to group A and group B respectively for 6 weeks (3 sessions/week) along with facial exercises. Facial disability index scale was used to measure facial muscle function and Sunny brook scale was used to measure facial symmetry in pre- and post-treatment periods. Results: When comparing the pre- and post-mean values of groups A and B on the Sunny Brook facial grading and the facial disability index (physical, social), group B (with low level laser therapy) showed a highly significant difference in mean values at p 0.001. Conclusion: Low-level laser therapy can be used as an adjective in treating the patients with Bell’s palsy.

Craniometric parameters of the spatial position of the supraorbital, infraorbital and mental foramens depending on the facial index of the skull of a mature person

Due to increase of various operative interventions in the facial region of a mature person, it is expedient to study in detail the spatial position of the foramens of the facial part of the skull. Knowing the exact position of the foramens will help doctors during operations and minimally invasive interventions to prevent damage to the vascular and nerve bundles that pass through these foramens. The purpose of our work is to determine the craniometric characteristics and spatial position of the supraorbital (SF), infraorbital (IF) and mental (MF) foramen, depending on the type of structure of the facial part of the skull. The study was performed on 52 bone specimens of skulls and 60 CT images of adults without damage to the bone structures of the front part of the skull. Statistical methods were used to analyze the obtained measurement results in our research, which was carried out with the help of the Microsoft Excel 2010© licensed program package and with the help of the "STATISTYCA" program. When determining the position of the foramens of the facial part of the skull, first of all, we determined the individual anatomical variability of the facial part of the skull, which has the following extreme types: europrosopics (broad-faced), mesoprosopics (medium-faced), leptoprosopics (long-faced). By dividing the skulls according to the facial index, we determined the width and height of SF, IF and MF, and it was found that their diameter does not depend on the extreme types of the facial part of the skull. With the help of corresponding program, the average, lateral and line between the zy-zy points were constructed on the CT images of the 3-D models of the skulls to determine the position of SF, IF, MF relative to these lines depending on the facial index. The average values obtained were analyzed and it was established that the distance from SF, IF and MF to the median and lateral lines has larger values in europrosopics, intermediate values have mesoprosopics, the smallest results were determined in leptoprosopics. The results of the study of the distances from the above-mentioned foramens to the zy-zy line indicate an increase in their values in leptoprosopics, as opposed to europrosopics. The data we obtained confirm the dependence of the spatial position of the foramens on the type of structure of the facial part of the skull. The obtained data will supplement the craniotopographical characteristics of SF, IF and MF, and also provide a basis for further research of their position depending on the facial index.

Determination of the position of the openings of the facial part of the skull in relation to craniological points and bony landmarks depending on the facial index of a person of mature age

Annotation. Knowing the exact position of the openings in the facial part of the skull, through which vessels and nerves pass, is extremely important for performing operative, reconstructive and other interventions in this area. Since there is considerable variability in the position of the supraorbital (SOH), infraorbital (IOH) and submental (SMOH) holes, the purpose of our work is to determine the exact spatial position of the above-mentioned holes relative to cranial points and bony landmarks depending on the facial index of a mature person. Studies were conducted on 52 bone preparations of skulls using commonly accepted instruments and 60 CT images of mature Caucasians without pathology of the bones of the facial part of the skull. Studies on CT images were carried out using a virtual Anatomage table using the Launching Table 6.0 Application program. Statistical methods were used to analyze the obtained measurement results in our research, which was carried out with the help of the Microsoft Excel 2010 © licensed program package and with the help of the “STATISTYCA” program. To determine the interdependence of features in the general population, a correlation analysis was performed. In the course of the study, we determined the average values of the distances from the SOH, IOH and SMOH to the following craniological points: nasion (n.), nasospinale (ns) and frontomalare orbitale (fmo) depending on the facial index. Analyzing the obtained data, significant differences in the position of the above-mentioned openings to the corresponding craniological points were clearly observed depending on the type of structure of the facial part of the skull. There was an increase in the distances from the SOH and IOH to the nasion point and the frontmolar orbital point in euryprosopics, and smaller results were obtained in leptoprosopics. The average values of the distance indicators from the SOH, IOH and SMOH to the nasolabial point were significantly larger in leptoprosopics, in contrast to euryprosopics. When determining the size of the supraorbital margin and the distance from the SOH to the supraorbital margin, euryprosopics prevailed. The obtained results of measuring the distance from the IOH to the edge of the upper jaw and from the SMOH to the upper and lower edges of the lower jaw indicate an increase in these distances in long-faced (leptoprosopic) in contrast to wide-faced (euryprosopic). The results of the study indicate the dependence of the position of the openings of the facial part of the skull on the facial index, which will make it easier in clinical practice to determine the position of the nerves and vessels coming out of these openings.

Multimodal mitigation: how facial and body cues index politeness in Catalan requests

Abstract Recent cross-linguistic research has demonstrated that speakers use a prosodic mitigation strategy when addressing higher status interlocutors by talking more slowly, reducing the intensity and lowering the overall fundamental frequency (F0). Much less is known, however, about how politeness-related meaning is expressed multimodally (i.e., combining verbal and multimodal channels). The present study investigates how Catalan native speakers encode politeness-related meanings through facial and body cues. We test whether speakers apply a gestural mitigation strategy and use specific hedging devices in socially distant situations (e.g., when asking an older person of higher status for a favor). Twenty Catalan speakers were video-recorded while participating in a discourse elicitation task where they were required to produce requests in polite and non-polite contexts. In the resulting recordings, a set of 21 facial and body cues associated with speech were coded and analyzed. The results show that politeness-related meanings are expressed through gestural mitigation strategies that go hand-in-hand with previously reported prosodic mitigation strategies.

Evaluation of the correlation between facial index and the cortical bone thickness of the maxilla and mandible—A computer tomography based study

Objectivescortical bone thickness confines the position of teeth and thus can be a limiting factor for orthodontic tooth movement. The study is aimed to correlate the cortical bone thickness of the maxilla and mandible with that of different face types, viz; dolichofacial, brachyfacial, and mesofacial. MethodsForty CT scans were analysed for the face types and were grouped into dolichofacial (13), brachyfacial (13) and mesofacial (14) face types. The scans were measured for the right and left side buccal and lingual cortical bone thickness at the central incisor, first and second molar regions on both the maxilla and mandible. Other parameters like basal cortical bone thickness, height, and width of cortical bone were also measured. To determine the correlation and difference between the different parameters, the obtained data was subjected to the correlation coefficient, t test, and ANOVA statistical analysis. ResultsMaxillary buccal cortical bone thickness of central incisors was found to be highly correlated to facial index with a correlation coefficient of − 0.833 * *. Mandibular buccal bone thickness correlated with face type and cortical bone thickness at the central incisor, first, and second molars by-0.531 * *, − 0.474 * *, and − 0.589 * *, respectively. There was a significant difference between the right and left side cortical bone thickness (p < 0.05) and also for all the parameters amongst the different face types (p < 0.05). ConclusionThere exists a definite correlation between the face type and the certain anatomical measurements of cortical bone morphology. Dolichofacial face types show thin buccal cortical bone, which implies the limitation of orthodontic tooth movement in these types of individuals.

The management of a Bell's Palsy Diagnosis in a Geriatric Patient Following COVID-19 Vaccination

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To educate health care professionals about and document the potential unique incidence of Bell's Palsy diagnosis following COVID-19 vaccination during the pandemic while documenting significance of high-volt pulsed electrical stimulation intervention strategies by a physical therapist. <h3>Design</h3> Single subject retrospective case study. <h3>Setting</h3> Private practice physical therapy out patient clinic. <h3>Participants</h3> Retrospective single subject case study, based on diagnosis. <h3>Interventions</h3> A 72-year-old female, independent in all activities of daily living, experienced significant symptoms of Bell's Palsy following a COVID-19 vaccine. Past medical history included idiopathic Bell's Palsy on the contralateral side. Functional difficulties were documented and Facial Disability Index scores obtained. Physical therapy was initiated and utilized electrical stimulation protocol, active and active assistive exercise, and patient education/support. Focus for electrical stimulation included Frontalis, Orbicularis Oculi, Zygomaticus Major and Orbicularis Oris. Significant improvement and a full return to function was documented in 7 weeks. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Functional tolerances (patient reported), visual/strength improvements, and Facial Disability Index scores. <h3>Results</h3> Patient participation in physical therapy for the treatment of Bell's Palsy following a first dose vaccine for COVIID-19 is documented, with the outcome being full return to function and all social activities. FDI scores improved significantly as well as patient satisfaction scales, and the patient reported full credit to the physical therapy for the recovery, while refusing other interventions that were offered. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This case study presents a unique onset and etiology for a Bell's Palsy in a geriatric patient and contributes to the literature by offering physical therapy interventions with outcome findings. Patient advocacy for obtaining physical therapy was critical and significantly meaningful. Given the unique case of a single subject control, this case may be valuable for clinicians who may be presented with cases in the clinic, or for educational purposes in the classroom. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> None.

Effect of orthodontic treatment with premolar extractions on occlusal planes: A retrospective study.

To figure out whether premolar extractions treatment would influence the cant of the occlusal planes and thus affect dentoskeletal patterns in patients with different types of malocclusions. A total of 140 post-orthodontic treatment subjects (96 females, 44 males) were included in this study, and their lateral cephalograms and demographic information were collected and analysed. The patients were divided into extraction and non-extraction groups. The ANB, SNA, SNB, Wits, Facial Height Index (FHI), SN-MP, SN-AOP, SN-POP and AOP-POP angle were measured on the cephalograms. Other possible confounding factors were recorded. Data were analysed by univariate analysis, stratified analysis, multivariate analysis, and coefficient analysis. After treatment, the changes in the AOP-SN, POP-SN and AOP-POP angle were statistically different between the extraction and non-extraction groups. The results were consistent in different skeletal malocclusions and extent of crowding according to stratified analysis. After adjusting all confounding factors, the cant of the posterior occlusal plane was flattened further by 2.14 degrees in the extraction group than the non-extraction group after orthodontic treatment, and the AOP-SN and AOP-POP angle would further increase by 1.72 and 3.81 degrees, respectively. Although no significant differences were found between the two groups, the SNA, ANB, and Wits in the extraction group decreased more with increased counterclockwise rotation of the mandible. Compared to the non-extraction group, there were more increases in the AOP-SN and AOP-POP angle and more posterior flattening in patients with four premolar extractions despite different types of dentoskeletal malocclusion, which were correlated to the change of variables in sagittal and vertical dimensions such as Wits and FHI.

Morphometric study of facial index in north indian population

The present study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, NIIMS and SMSR, Greater Noida out of which 200 subjects (100 males and 100 females) between age group of 18-35 years. Two measurements, the facial length, Facial breadth were taken by using Digital Vernier caliper. To calculate the facial Index in Males and Females &amp; measure the facial length and facial breadth of the subject. It was concluded that the Percentage of Very long face Shape (43%) is larger than long face shape (24%), Round face shape (23%), Broad face shape (10%) &amp; Very broad face shape (2%) in females. In males the Percentage of Very long face Shape (41%) is also larger than long face shape (36%), Round face shape (16%), Broad face shape (9%) and Very broad shape (2%).

Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography.

The objective of this retrospective descriptive study was to describe variations in the anatomic position of the infraorbital canal relative to the mesial and distal roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth for the three canine skull types (mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic) using cone beam computed tomography. The study evaluated the position of the infraorbital canal in 120 canine patients (240 teeth) that presented to a private dentistry referral practice for reasons unrelated to the study. There were 40 patients for each skull type, determined by breed and facial index calculation. A grid system was used to determine the anatomic positions of the infraorbital canal relative to the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth. The infraorbital canal's most frequent position at the mesial roots level for the total population (38.8%) and the mesocephalic skull type (53.8%) was apical to the furcation. For the brachycephalic (40.0%) and the dolichocephalic skull types (40.0%), the most frequent position was partially in the furcation and partially apical to the furcation. The most frequent position of the infraorbital canal at the level of the distal root was apical and palatal to the distal root for the total population (36.7%), the mesocephalic skull type (42.5%), and the brachycephalic skull type (35.0%). For the dolichocephalic skull type, the most frequent location of the infraorbital canal was both directly palatal and partially apical and palatal to the distal root (42.5%). For the brachycephalic skull type, the distal root was most frequently positioned caudal to the maxillary foramen/floor of the orbit (62.5%). Based on these findings, extra care must be taken with the dolichocephalic and the brachycephalic skull types to avoid iatrogenic trauma to the infraorbital canal and the orbit during surgical procedures on the maxillary fourth premolar tooth.

Comparison Between Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Neuromuscular Re-Education in Patients with Bell’S Palsy

The condition known as Bell's palsy results in the weakness of fascial muscles causing it to sag and stiffen on that side. It results from damage to the 7 cranial nerve. objective: To identify the comparative effects between the PNF and neuromuscular re-education. Methods: It was randomized clinical trial with non-probability purposive sampling. Data were collected from Aziz Fatima, DHQ, Allied and MTH hospital of Faisalabad. The study consisted of 30 patients (males and females), 15 participants were randomly divided in each group by lottery method. Group A treated by proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation with conventional physical therapy that include EMS and home plan exercises. Group B treated by neuromuscular re-education facilitation techniques with conventional physical therapy treatment. Total treatment was of 4 days per week for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21.0. Results: The findings indicated that Group A had a considerably greater value on the Facial Disability Index (FDI). Group A differed significantly from Group B in each single element (physical and social functioning), while Group B showed very moderate recovery on FDI. Conclusions: After completing four weeks of treatment, PNF demonstrated considerable reduction in facial dysfunction in conjunction with conventional PT treatment. In the case of facial paralysis, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation combined with conventional treatment is more efficient than neuromuscular re-education combined with conventional PT.

Anthropometric study of facial indices among Bangladeshi women

Background: Craniofacial anthropometric values and indices are vital for experts from different walks of science. Variations in such values are evident in racial and geographical attribute. Furthermore, anthropological classification would assist clinicians in planning regional surgeries, forensic identification and many more. Objective: In this study we aimed to measure the head-face landmarks in a particular population and to correlate their association. Methodology: To assess intra population variation, the fronto-occipital circumference, facial height, bizygomatic breadth, bitragion breadth, bigonial breadth, width of mouth, intercanthal width, biocular breadth and body height of 100 Bangladeshi women (age 25-45 years) were measured and craniofacial indices were calculated. Frequencies were observed while comparing the variables by ANOVA using SPSS version 17. Result: The mean values of facial indices revealed as prosopic index 103.8 ± 12cm, zygomandibular index 81.1 ± 7.44cm, canthal index 36.93 ± 2.3cm and circumference-interorbital index 2.26 ± 0.4cm. 86% of subjects were clustered to hyperleptoprosope group (very narrow face) and 69% had wide jaw with closely placed eyes. No significant (p&gt;0.05) correlation was denoted between variables and facial indices. Conclusion: The result of this study would provide an access to baseline data of local standards for anthropometric evaluation which might help the clinicians in planning regional surgeries and forensic experts in identification. Northern International Medical College Journal Vol. 12 No.1 July 2020, Page 503-506

Comparative Study of Multimodal Therapy in Facial Palsy Patients.

Introduction In chronic facial palsy, synkinetic muscle overactivity and shortening causes muscle stiffness resulting in reduced movement and functional activity. This article studies the role of multimodal therapy in improving outcomes. Methods Seventy-five facial palsy patients completed facial rehabilitation before being successfully discharged by the facial therapy team. The cohort was divided into four subgroups depending on the time of initial attendance post-onset. The requirement for facial therapy, chemodenervation, or surgery was assessed with East Grinstead Grade of Stiffness (EGGS). Outcomes were measured using the Facial Grading Scale (FGS), Facial Disability Index, House-Brackmann scores, and the Facial Clinimetric Evaluation scale. Results FGS composite scores significantly improved posttherapy (mean-standard deviation, 60.13 ± 23.24 vs. 79.9 ± 13.01; confidence interval, –24.51 to –14.66, p < 0.0001). Analysis of FGS subsets showed that synkinesis also reduced significantly ( p < 0.0001). Increasingly, late clinical presentations were associated with patients requiring longer durations of chemodenervation treatment ( p < 0.01), more chemodenervation episodes ( p < 0.01), increased doses of botulinum toxin ( p < 0.001), and having higher EGGS score ( p < 0.001). Conclusions This study shows that multimodal facial rehabilitation in the management of facial palsy is effective, even in patients with chronically neglected synkinesis. In terms of the latency periods between facial palsy onset and treatment initiation, patients presenting later than 2 years were still responsive to multimodal treatment albeit to a lesser extent, which we postulate is due to increasing muscle contracture within their facial muscles.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Italian version of the Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire in individuals with peripheral facial palsy.

After peripheral facial palsy, the onset of facial synkinesis results in aesthetic disfigurement and local muscle tension or pain, with possible deterioration of patient's well-being and social participation. The availability of valid instruments to evaluate patient-reported severity of facial synkinesis is important to capture the subjective perception of facial impairment. To generate and validate an Italian version of the Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire, a patient-reported outcome measure to assess patient-perceived severity of facial synkinesis after peripheral facial palsy. Observational study. Outpatient clinic of a Rehabilitation Unit. Seventy-five patients with peripheral facial palsy. Through a process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation, we generated the Italian version of the questionnaire (SAQ-IT) and administered it twice to patients with peripheral facial palsy. We evaluated the clinical severity with the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (SFGS) and the physical and social/well-being function with the two subscales of the Facial Disability Index (FDI-PHY and FDI-SWB, respectively). Cronbach's alpha was 0.87. Item-total correlations ranged from 0.30 to 0.70, while inter-item correlations ranged from 0.15 to 0.82, with an average value of 0.48. Test-retest reliability showed an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of 0.946 (95% confidence interval: 0.916-0.966). The minimum detectable change (with a 95% confidence level, MDC<inf>95</inf>) was 13.14 points. The correlation between SAQ-IT and the SFGS synkinesis subscore was rho=0.74, while that with the SFGS composite score was rho=0.25, with the FDI-PHY rho=-0.11 and with the FDI-SWB rho=-0.13. Our study validates the SAQ-IT in Italian-speaking individuals with peripheral facial palsy, confirming its acceptable psychometric properties, and providing the MDC<inf>95</inf>. The availability of a valid instrument for the evaluation of patient-perceived severity of facial synkinesis plays an important role in the definition of tailored rehabilitative interventions after peripheral facial palsy.

A Study of Facial Index among Patients Visiting Orthodontics Department at Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan

Objective: To determine mutifarious facial types of the patients and also determine gender dimorphism. Study Design: Case-control study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthodontics, Nishtar Institute of Dentistry Multan from 1st December 2020 to 30th June 2021. Methodology: One hundred patients were included in the study having 50 females and 50 males. The patients were asked to sit up straight with eyes focused on a distant point at eye level. The Bertillon caliper was utilized to measure the morphological face height as a vertical distance from nasion (n) to gnathion (gn). The facial width was estimated transversely as a distance between the right and left zygion (zy) points employing the same caliper. Results: According to the Banister classification the most common facial type was found to be hypereuriprosopic (52%) which symbolizes very short and broad faces. Euriprosopics were 28% and mesoprosopics were 15%.Pertaining to gender dimorphism both males and females were predominantly hypereuriprosopic (31% in females and 21% in males). The second common face type reported was euriprosopicin males (20%) and for females it was mesoprosopic (10%). Conclusion: Facial phenotype is strongly influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The most common facial type was hypereuriprosopic followed by euriprosopic. Keywords: Facial index, Facial type, Gender dimorphism

Association between Facial Types and Handedness among Students of Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Bayero University, Kano.

Abstract Background: Generally, a person's dominant hand is a simple and precise determinant of his preference for hand use in fine manual tasks. The main tools used in forensics are derived from the relationships between anthropometric features with important physical and /or biological traits. Objective: This study was to determine the association between facial types and handedness among students of the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences of Bayero University, Kano. Methodology: Cross-sectional study design with a consecutive sampling of 400 (180 males and 220 females) students (aged 18 and above) of the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Bayero University, Kano was carried out. Facial height (FH) and facial width (FW) were measured using established landmarks and the facial index (FI) was calculated from them. The dominant handedness of each participant was determined using the writing component of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. This procedure involved asking the participants to mention which of their hands was dominant. The participant was then asked to write a sentence regarding the activities he/she was carrying out at the point of recruitment to ascertain the claim made by the participants. The sentence was written separately using each hand. All the data obtained were analyzed using statistical software (SPSS version 20.0). Results: The study population was relatively young (21.76 ± 2.77 years). Right-handedness was the commonest hand dominance observed in both males (90.7%) and females (91.7%). The commonest types of face were the hypereuriproscopic 2 (0.5%), Euriproscopic 41 (10.3%), Mesoproscopic 78 (19.5%), Leptoproscopic 127 (31.8%) and Hyperleptoproscopic 152 (37%) facial types. The majority of the participants were right-handed and this was regardless of gender. The prediction of handedness based on facial types (ꭕ2 = 1.39, Df =3, P = 0.85) or facial index (P = 0.92, OR=0.99, CI = 0.82 – 1.19) was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The facial types identified among the study population were not associated with their handedness and thus it was not a good predictor of handedness.

Soft tissue parameters variability in patients with normal dental occlusion

Facial aesthetics can be characterized by both subjective and objective data. The subjective view depends on many factors: gender, age, education level, population, race, ethnic group, fashion.Aim. Determine of soft tissue variability parameters in individuals with physiological occlusion.Materials and methods: a photometric examination of 20 persons with normal occlusion aged 20-24 years was carried out. There were used 12 soft tissue points on face profile and 6 front points for the photometric study. We researched soft tissue’s transversal parameters in full face structures and the angular parameters. Also we researched soft tissue profile’s ratio of points and planes to the true vertical and horizontal, and the face parts ratio reflecting indices.Results. It was determined that papameters have the maximum variability: under/beard line rotation, cervical-chin angle, cervical angle, cervical index, nose, middle and lower heights face ratio rotation angle. Facial Changes index shows that 35% of the studied subjects were classified as mild, 45% as moderate, and 20% as severe.Conclusions. The of the standards narrow framework does not allow taking into account the individual, ethnic, gender and age components of the face aesthetic perception. There is needed norms Greater individualization, an index evaluation increase role and face parts ratio analysis.

Антропологические исследования в Северо-Восточной Индии в 2019 г. (предварительные результаты)

Introduction. Russian-Indian Anthropological expedition was organized in 2019 by Paleoethnology Research Center (Russia), Timiryazev State Museum of Biology (Russia) and Department of Anthropology University of Calcutta (India). The goal was to examine the peoples of Tripura state, North-East India. Data and methods. About 350 individuals from eight different locations next to Agartala were examined. Currently there are 19 tribes in Tripura, Tripuri being one of them. The most common Tripuri’s surname is Debbarma. During the research 254 Debbarmas were examined, among them 106 individuals were children and teenagers (58 male and 48 female), and 148 individuals were older than 17 years (76 male and 72 female). The Russian-Indian Anthropological expedition research consisted of a complex study of Tripuri including morphology of body, head and face, dermatoglyphics, and dental anthropology. Social questionnaire and anthropological photo were also obligatory. All data was hold according to bioethics and the Privacy law. For further examination the data was depersonificated. Results. During the survey, basic information about the individual, including tribal affiliation, was clarified. An extended questionnaire made it possible to study many aspects of social relationships and build a population-genetic network. According to somatometric characteristics, tripuri males from the Debbarma family have an average body length (162.1 cm), relatively broad shoulders and an average pelvic width. A cephalometric study of 19 features was carried out. The studied group can be characterized as brachycephalic, leptoprosopic according to the morphological facial index and mesorrhine according to the nasal index. The zygomatic diameter is large, and the mandibular diameter is above average (on the Indian scale of variability). A detailed fixation of cephaloscopic features in children and adults was carried out, which made it possible to describe tripuri as representatives of a large Asian-American branch (race) of humanity. According to the odontological program, 293 people were examined, 221 of which were tripuri. Anthropological photo-fixation was carried out, and based on these materials the first composite tripuri portraits were compiled, published in this article. Conclusion. In the second season of the Russian-Indian anthropological expedition, data were collected on one of the insufficiently studied peoples of Northeast India – the Tripuri tribe. The group was investigated according to the maximum number of anthropological methods available in the field. For the first time, somatometric, cephalometric and cephaloscopic materials have been obtained and preliminary presented.

Effectiveness and safety of Korean medicine treatment based on the clinical practice guidelines in patients with acute peripheral facial palsy: A protocol for a multicenter, prospective, observational study.

Introduction:Peripheral facial palsy (PFP) results in weakness or paralysis of the affected side of the face. In Korea, there is a high demand for Korean medicine treatment for PFP. The clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) of Korean medicine for facial palsy were developed; however, there remains insufficient evidence to support the effectiveness and safety of Korean medicine treatment. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Korean medicine treatment based on the CPGs in patients with acute PFP.Methods:This is a multicenter, prospective, observational study. The participants will be recruited from one Korean medicine hospital and eight Korean medicine clinics. The participants will receive Korean medicine treatments based on the CPGs, fill in survey questionnaires, and undergo electrophysiologic testing. The changes in House-Brackmann (H-B) grade, movement of the lip and eye, symptoms related to or accompanied by facial palsy, Facial Disability Index, EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level (EQ-5D-5L), and EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS), and the results of electromyography (EMG), electroneurography (ENoG), and Blink Reflex test will be analyzed. For the safety analysis, adverse events will be recorded, and for the feasibility analysis, the results of the Was It Worth It questionnaire will be assessed.Conclusion:We expect to draw real-world clinical data on the effectiveness and safety of Korean medicine treatment based on the CPGs in patients with acute PFP from this study. It would be the basis for complementing and improving the CPGs and provide the basis of clinical and policy decision-making.Trial registration:This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital (2021-06-005-001), and registered with the Korean Clinical Trial Registry (CRIS), Republic of Korea (KCT0006562).