Facial Dimorphism Research Articles

MULTIFOCAL ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA AND HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY IN THREE PATIENTS WITH COSTELLO SYNDROME

Abstract Introduction Costello syndrome is a rare disease, caused by mutation of the HRAS gene, associated with intellectual disability, growth retardation, facial dimorphisms. Cardiac abnormalities, mainly cardiac hypertrophy and multifocal atrial tachycardia, are present in 1/3 of patients. Clinical Cases From 2019 to 2023, 3 newborns with Costello syndrome came under our observation. M.M. showed respiratory distress, hypotonia and dysmorphic notes; genetic analysis highlighted the pathogenic variant c.64C>A (p.Gln22Lys). On the echocardiogram, septal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was found with left outflow obstruction and mitral insufficiency. Therapy with propranolol was undertaken. Holter ECG never revealed arrhythmias. At the last check–up, SIV hypertrophy, continent mitral valve, free left ventricular outflow. The second patient, O.L., arrived at 10 days of age following a run of supraventricular tachycardia. He had bilateral clubfoot and facial dimorphisms. The echocardiogram was normal. On Holter ECG atrial tachycardia interrupted by rare sinus beats. Therapy with flecainide was undertaken, without benefit. Subsequently, was undertaken amiodarone, then associated with digitalis. She was discharged with satisfactory control of the average ventricular rate, but later due to the appearance of chaotic atrial arrhythmia, propranolol was added; on the Holter ECG in triple therapy, periods of sinus rhythm alternating with short episodes of atrial tachycardia were observed. Genetic analysis revealed the pathogenic variant c.34G>A, p.(Gly12Ser) of the HRAS gene. The third patient, F.A., presented atrial tachycardia. Flecainide therapy had transient benefit. Subsequently propranolol was added, without benefit. Therapy with amiodarone was initiated. Transesophageal electrophysiological study demonstrated multifocal atrial tachycardia, unresponsive to overdrive pacing. Partial control of the average ventricular rate was achieved in triple therapy. On the echocardiogram, mild concentric hypertrophy and dysplastic pulmonary valve. Genetic testing detected the c.35G>C, p(Gly12Ala) variant of the HRAS gene. Conclusions Costello syndrome requires cardiac monitoring for the possible presence of multifocal atrial tachycardia and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Arrhythmia, which can also occur independently of hypertrophy, can be self–limited in the first months of life with aggressive pharmacological treatment but can persist or worsen in ¼ of patients.

Analysis of Sexual Dimorphic Features of the Jawline and Chin in White Celebrity Faces.

The jawline greatly influences facial shape and contributes to facial dimorphism. Analysis of lower facial shape and sexual dimorphic differences in contemporary attractive white faces can advance the goals of lower facial aesthetics and facial gender-affirming surgery (FGAS). Full-face, front-view photos of 47 white female and 21 white male celebrities were included from a list generated using GQ magazine's Highest Paid Models issue, People Magazine's Beautiful issue (1991-2022), and celebrities featured on lifestyle websites. Facial landmarks were detected through a facial analysis program using Vision framework and MATLAB. After converting pixel distances to absolute distances, lower face measurements were compared between males and females. The mean lower facial height was 6.08cm in females and 7.00cm in males (P value<0.001). The mean bigonial width was 11.21cm in females and 12.30cm in males (P value<0.001). The ratio of facial height to lower facial height was 2.98 in females and 2.76 in males (P value<0.001), signifying that symmetry in facial thirds is more prevalent in attractive female faces, while a longer lower face is more common in attractive male faces. The greatest differences in female and male facial contours were at gonial angles and chin. Analysis of contemporary white celebrity faces demonstrated significantly wider and longer lower facial measurements in males. The overall contour of the female lower face was more tapered at the gonial angles and chin compared to males. These results are important when planning lower facial rejuvenation or FGAS, as lower face size and proportions influence perceived gender and attractiveness.

Sexually dimorphic traits are associated with subsistence strategy in African faces from the Sahel/Savannah belt.

Previous research revealed that in some African populations, food-production strategies are associated with facial shape. Nomadic pastoralists living in the African Sahel/Savannah belt have a different facial morphology than their sedentary neighbors. We investigated whether the lifestyle associated with a subsistence pattern has an impact on sexual dimorphism in the facial structure. We employed several methods from geometric morphometrics and demonstrated such effect in four ethnically distinct populations that share the same geographic space. We show that the facial traits which correlate with a subsistence strategy are systematically associated with levels of facial sex-typicality. In particular, we found that faces with more pronounced pastoralist features have on average more masculine facial traits and that this effect is more pronounced in men than in women. In general, though, the magnitude of overall facial dimorphism does not differ between pastoralists and farmers. Pastoralists (in contrast to farmers) tend to have a more masculine facial morphology but facial differences between the sexes are in both groups the same.

Lamb-Shaffer syndrome: 20 Spanish patients and literature review expands the view of neurodevelopmental disorders caused by SOX5 haploinsufficiency.

Lamb-Shaffer Syndrome (LSS; OMIM #616803; ORPHA #313892; ORPHA #313884) is an infrequent genetic disorder that affects multiple aspects of human development especially those related to the development of the nervous system. LSS is caused by variants in the SOX5 gene. At the molecular level, SOX5 gene encodes for a transcription factor containing a High Mobility Group (HMG) DNA-Binding domain with relevant functions in brain development in different vertebrate species. Clinical features of Lamb-Shaffer syndrome may include intellectual disability, delayed speech and language development, attention deficits, hyperactivity, autism spectrum disorder, visual problems and seizures. Additionally, patients with the syndrome may present distinct facial dimorphism such as a wide mouth with full lips, small chin, broad nasal bridge, and deep-set eyes. Other physical features that have been reported in some patients include short stature, scoliosis, and joint hypermobility. Here, we report the clinical and molecular characterization of a Spanish LSS cohort of new 20 patients and review all the patients published so far which amount for 111 patients. The most frequent features included developmental delay, intellectual disability, visual problems, poor speech development and facial dysmorphic features. Strikingly, pain insensitivity and hypermetropia seems to be more frequent than previously reported, based on the frequency seen in the Spanish cohort. Eighty-three variants have been reported so far, single nucleotide variants (SNV) and copy number variants represent 47% and 53%, respectively, from the total of variants reported. Similarly to previous reports, the majority of the SNVs variants of the novel patients reported herein fall in the HMG domain of the protein. However, new variants, affecting other functional domains, were also detected. In conclusion, LLS is a rare genetic disorder mostly characterized by a wide range of developmental and neurological symptoms. Early diagnosis would allow to start of care programs, clinical follow up, prospective studies and appropriate genetic counseling, to promote clinical and social improvement to have profound lifelong benefits for patients and their families. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the syndrome related to SOX5 haploinsufficiency.

The Ca2+ Sensor STIM in Human Diseases.

The STIM family of proteins plays a crucial role in a plethora of cellular functions through the regulation of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and, thus, intracellular calcium homeostasis. The two members of the mammalian STIM family, STIM1 and STIM2, are transmembrane proteins that act as Ca2+ sensors in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and, upon Ca2+ store discharge, interact with and activate the Orai/CRACs in the plasma membrane. Dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling leads to the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and immune disorders. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying Ca2+ signaling pathways is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies targeting these diseases. This review focuses on several rare conditions associated with STIM1 mutations that lead to either gain- or loss-of-function, characterized by myopathy, hematological and immunological disorders, among others, and due to abnormal activation of CRACs. In addition, we summarize the current evidence concerning STIM2 allele duplication and deletion associated with language, intellectual, and developmental delay, recurrent pulmonary infections, microcephaly, facial dimorphism, limb anomalies, hypogonadism, and congenital heart defects.

Preferences for facial sexual dimorphism is related to frequency of pornography consumption among heterosexual‐identifying men and homosexual‐identifying men: A mediating role of sociosexuality

AbstractFrequent consumption of sexually explicit material (SEM) on the internet may influence attitudes toward sex (e.g., sociosexuality), and sociosexuality may influence people's preferences for potential partners' facial dimorphism. However, few studies have focused on the association between dimorphism preference and pornography consumption, and fewer have examined it in heterosexual‐identifying and homosexual‐identifying men. A total of 234 heterosexual‐identifying and 133 homosexual‐identifying men were asked to respond to questions regarding their preferences toward facial dimorphism, sociosexual orientation, and frequency of viewing SEM. Frequency of SEM consumption was related to sociosexuality and preference for potential partners' sex‐typical facial features, sociosexuality worked as a full mediator in this relationship, and similar mediating associations were found among heterosexual‐identifying and homosexual‐identifying men. The results identified associations between consumption of pornographic material and sexual dimorphic preference for the first time. Findings suggest not only that homosexual‐identifying men prefer masculinity in same‐sex partners but also that the sexual script theory that pornographic material consumption may influence men's short‐term relationship orientation among sexual minorities and under a conservative sexual culture. This study contributes to the understanding of the preference for facial dimorphism from a perspective on social learning and mate choice.

Influence of facial dimorphism on interpersonal trust: weighing warmth and competence traits in different trust situations

Influence of facial dimorphism on interpersonal trust: weighing warmth and competence traits in different trust situations

Apert Syndrome: A Case Report

Background : Apert syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by craniosynostosis, facial dysmorphism and syndactyly of hands and feet. Eugene Apert in 1906 describe the syndrome acrocephalosyndactyly.&#x0D; Case Presentation : The reporting case was a 3 months old female baby presented with early fusion of all cranial bone, facial dimorphism like hypertelorism, cleft palate and syndactyly of both hands and feet. There was some bony defect also found in radioligy.&#x0D; Conclusion : It is a noncurable disease but treat with multidisciplinary approach can reduce the complication and prevention can be done by genetic counselling and antenatal ultrasonography.&#x0D; Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.21 (2); July 2022; Page 60-63

Oral Manifestations and Maxillo-Facial Features in the Acromegalic Patient: A Literature Review.

Background: Acromegaly is a chronic disease caused by an abnormal secretion of growth hormone (GH) by a pituitary adenoma, resulting in an increased circulating concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). The main characteristics are a slow progression of signs and symptoms, with multisystemic involvement, leading to acral overgrowth, progressive somatic changes, and a complex range of comorbidities. Most of these comorbidities can be controlled with treatment. The literature reveals that the most evident and early signs are those related to soft tissue thickening and skeletal growth, especially in the head and neck region. Methods: The authors reviewed the available literature on the clinical oro-dental features of acromegaly, selecting articles from PubMed and Google Scholar. The aim of this review was to summarize all the reported clinical oro-dental features of acromegalic patients. Results: The most common facial dimorphisms involved the maxillo-facial district, with hypertrophy of the paranasal sinuses, thickening of the frontal bones, and protruding glabella, which may be associated with joint pain and clicks. Regarding the oro-dental signs, the most frequent are dental diastema (40–43%), mandibular overgrowth (22–24%), mandibular prognathism (20–22%), and macroglossia (54–58%). These signs of acromegaly can be significantly reduced with adequate treatment, which is more effective when initiated early. Conclusions: Increased awareness of acromegaly among dentists and maxillo-facial surgeons, along with the early identification of oro-facial changes, could lead to an earlier diagnosis and treatment, thereby improving patients’ quality of life and prognosis.

Facial and body sexual dimorphism are not interconnected in the Maasai

BackgroundIn this paper, we investigate facial sexual dimorphism and its’ association with body dimorphism in Maasai, the traditional seminomadic population of Tanzania. We discuss findings on other human populations and possible factors affecting the developmental processes in Maasai.MethodsFull-face anthropological photographs were obtained from 305 Maasai (185 men, 120 women) aged 17–90 years. Facial shape was assessed combining geometric morphometrics and classical facial indices. Body parameters were measured directly using precise anthropological instruments.ResultsSexual dimorphism in Maasai faces was low, sex explained 1.8% of the total shape variance. However, male faces were relatively narrower and vertically prolonged, with slightly wider noses, narrower-set and lower eyebrows, wider mouths, and higher forehead hairline. The most sexually dimorphic regions of the face were the lower jaw and the nose. Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR), measured in six known variants, revealed no significant sexual dimorphism. The allometric effects on facial traits were mostly related to the face growth, rather than the growth of the whole body (body height). Significant body dimorphism was demonstrated, men being significantly higher, with larger wrist diameter and hand grip strength, and women having higher BMI, hips circumferences, upper arm circumferences, triceps skinfolds. Facial and body sexual dimorphisms were not associated.ConclusionsFacial sex differences in Maasai are very low, while on the contrary, the body sexual dimorphism is high. There were practically no associations between facial and body measures. These findings are interpreted in the light of trade-offs between environmental, cultural, and sexual selection pressures.

Testing Mate Choice Hypotheses in a Transitional Small Scale Population

ObjectiveTests of theories of mate choice often rely on data gathered in White, industrialised samples and this is especially the case for studies of facial attraction. Our understanding of preferences for sexual dimorphism is currently in flux and a number of hypotheses require testing in more diverse participant samples. The current study uses opportunistically gathered facial dimorphism preference data from 271 participants in rural Nicaragua, and 40 from the national capital Managua. We assess pre-registered hypotheses drawn from sexual selection theory, and from more recent approaches which consider the impacts of economic development and cultural ‘modernisation’ on mate preferences.MethodsParticipants verbally reported demographic data, and indicated preferences for five male and five female pairs of faces manipulated to differ in sexually dimorphic facial structure based on a sample of Salvadoran individuals.ResultsWhile urban participants showed a preference for more feminine female faces, this preference was not evident in the rural participants. Neither urban nor rural participants showed any directional preference for masculinised/feminised male faces. Furthermore, there was no support for any other pre-registered hypothesis.ConclusionsOur results are consistent with previous studies showing no interest in facial dimorphism in less globally-acculturated, or market integrated, populations. Together, this suggests that while facial dimorphism may be subject to systematically varying preferences amongst some low-fertility, industrialised populations, it is not a feature which is likely to have been important in ancestral populations. We call for further work attempting to replicate well known mate choice phenomena in more diverse samples.

Diagnosis of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome in a Child With Congenital Heart Disease and Facial Dimorphism: A Case Report

22q11.2 deletion syndrome is caused by a deletion in chromosome 22q11.2 and has more than 180 distinct phenotypes; however, no finding is pathognomonic or even mandatory. This syndrome can be diagnosed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Thus, we report herein a patient from Manaus, Brazil, who has congenital heart disease and facial dimorphism with the presence of 22q11.2 deletion in the N25 region. Male patient, a 1-year-old son of non-consanguineous parents and without a family history of genetic disease. The patient was hospitalized in the cardiac intensive care unit of the Francisca Mendes University Hospital for surgery. The patient was diagnosed with interventricular communication, low atrial implantation, hypertelorism, and macroglossia. The FISH result revealed the presence of a proximal deletion in the N25 region (22q11.2) in only one of the pairs in chromosome 22. This finding revealed a diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, in other words, a hemizygotes deletion with haploinsufficiency of the CLTCL1 gene in this region. However, it is valid to say that the CLTCL1 gene is related to the clinical picture of the patient reported in this study. Cytogenetic analysis was essential for the etiological diagnosis and revealed 22q11.2 deletion in the N25 region, which resulted in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. The importance of diagnosing this syndrome lies in the best therapeutic conduct, thus allowing a better quality of life for the patient and adequate genetic counseling. Other cytogenetic studies are essential in order to elucidate the size of the deletion and low copy repeats involved in this deletion.

Oral processing, sexual selection, and size variation in the circumorbital region of Colobus and Piliocolobus.

The function of the browridge in primates is a subject of enduring debate. Early studies argued for a role in resisting masticatory stresses, but recent studies have suggested sexual signaling as a biological role. We tested associations between circumorbital form, diet, oral processing, and social behavior in two species of colobus monkey-the king colobus (Colobus polykomos) and western red or bay colobus (Piliocolobus badius). We quantified circumorbital size and dimorphism in a sample of 98 crania. Controlling for age and facial size, we tested whether variation in circumorbital morphology can be explained by variation in diet, oral processing behavior, masticatory muscle size, and mating system. To contextualize our results, we included a broader sample of facial dimorphism for 67 anthropoid species. Greater circumorbital thickness is unrelated to the stresses of food processing. King colobus engages in longer bouts of anterior tooth use, chews more per ingestive event, and processes a tougher diet, yet circumorbital thickness of C. polykomos is reduced compared to P. badius. Differences in circumorbital development do not vary with wear or facial size. Greater sexual dimorphism is present in P. badius; comparisons across anthropoids indicated patterns of circumorbital dimorphism were decoupled from overall size dimorphism. The expanded circumorbits of male red colobus monkeys evolved in response to intense male-male competition. This hypothesis is consistent with the pattern across anthropoid primates and highlights the underappreciated role of sexual selection in shaping the primate face.

How and why patterns of sexual dimorphism in human faces vary across the world

Sexual selection, including mate choice and intrasexual competition, is responsible for the evolution of some of the most elaborated and sexually dimorphic traits in animals. Although there is sexual dimorphism in the shape of human faces, it is not clear whether this is similarly due to mate choice, or whether mate choice affects only part of the facial shape difference between men and women. Here we explore these questions by investigating patterns of both facial shape and facial preference across a diverse set of human populations. We find evidence that human populations vary substantially and unexpectedly in both the magnitude and direction of facial sexually dimorphic traits. In particular, European and South American populations display larger levels of facial sexual dimorphism than African populations. Neither cross-cultural differences in facial shape variation, sex differences in body height, nor differing preferences for facial femininity and masculinity across countries, explain the observed patterns of facial dimorphism. Altogether, the association between sexual shape dimorphism and attractiveness is moderate for women and weak (or absent) for men. Analysis that distinguishes between allometric and non-allometric components reveals that non-allometric facial dimorphism is preferred in women’s faces but not in faces of men. This might be due to different regimes of ongoing sexual selection acting on men, such as stronger intersexual selection for body height and more intense intrasexual physical competition, compared with women.

Pentasomy X Syndrome in Neonate: A Rare Disorder

Pentasomy X is a rare syndrome with variable phenotype, that affects females with characteristic clinical features such as severe mental retardation with delayed speech, short stature, facial dimorphism’s, osseous, articular/skeletal/limb abnormalities, and congenital heart defects. Clinical course of the disease seems to be adverse as there has been no evidence of life till adulthood. This case study was of one-month-old girl referred for cytogenetic evaluation that revealed 49,XXXXX karyotype, indicating Pentasomy X syndrome. Studies have mentioned meiotic successive nondisjunction errors in maternal meiosis or combined maternal and paternal origin as a mechanism for Pentasomy X formation which has been supported by genotyping studies using Short Tandem Repeats (STR) X-linked polymorphic markers. An early restricted fetal growth and movements along with increased nuchal fold in pregnancy could suggest referral to prenatal karyotyping studies. Prenatal diagnosis of Pentasomy X syndrome is a challenge due to absence of advanced maternal age and maternal screening markers along with subtle nonspecific Ultrasonography (USG) abnormalities that are detected late in the pregnancy. Hence, there is a strong need of Non Invasive Prenatal Screening (NIPS) with clinical coverage of sex chromosomes in routine pregnancy management along with 3D high resolution USG evaluation as a mandatory workup to rule out Pentasomy X irrespective of advanced maternal age. Management frame work through genetic counseling help patients to adapt to the challenging diagnosis and early interventions for patient management.

Do We See Masculine Faces as Competent and Feminine Faces as Warm? Effects of Sexual Dimorphism on Facial Perception.

Previous research on non-facial features demonstrated that masculinity and femininity correlated highly with perceived competence and warmth, respectively. Several studies focused on dimorphic facial cues and found an association between masculine faces and competence. However, there's no study exploring the association between facial dimorphism and social judgment both using explicit and implicit experimental paradigms, i.e. Triad Classification Task, Implicit Associate Task. This study examined the association of masculinity/femininity and competence/warmth via explicit and implicit measures in three experiments. The results showed that participants saw feminine/masculine faces as more consistent with warmth/competence for both male and female faces. Besides, it was found that the above associations were more obvious in female participants. The current studies extended research of effects of dimorphic facial cue in social judgment and provided direct evidence linking facial masculinity with perceived competence, and facial femininity with perceived warmth.

Can Physical and/or Sexual Abuse Play a Role in the Female Choice of a Partner? A Cross-Sectional, Correlational Pilot Study.

The present study aims to evaluate the relationship in women between a history of physical/sexual abuse and the preferences regarding the choice of a partner for a short/long-term relationship in terms of male facial dimorphism, and to assess their sexual functioning. We enrolled 48 abused women and 60 non-abused women. Facial preferences were evaluated with the Morphing test. Sexual functioning was measured with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Regarding the choice for a short-term partner, abused and non-abused women did not show any differences, and both groups chose a less masculine male face. On the other hand, regarding the choice for a long-term partner, abused women showed a preference for an average male face, whilst non-abused women preferred a less masculine face. The sexual functioning of abused women was found significantly dysfunctional in all domains of the FSFI. These data, generated from a small but highly selected cohort, demonstrated that physical/sexual abuse may be associated with a more rational and conscious choice of a male partner for a long-term relationship, but not with an instinctive one, as the choice of an occasional partner. In addition, the sexual functioning of abused women appears to be compromised by the traumatic experience.

THE CLINICAL CASE REPORT OF DI GIORGI SYNDROME IN TWINS

The article presents a clinical case of two girls from twins with Di George syndrome. Di George syndrome is clinically associated as a primary immunodeficiency with a defect in the T-cell immunity and is manifested by a combination of congenital heart defects, thymus and parathyroid glands hypo- or aplasia, malformations of the facial part of the skull, physical development retardation, cognitive and mental disorders. The causative factor of Di George syndrome is a deletion of the central portion of the long arm of 22 chromosome. Using the molecular genetic method (FISH method) of the study, it is possible to verify a submicroscopic deletion of 22q11.2. Di George syndrome is characterized by the polymorphism of clinical signs and the degree of their manifestation.The described clinical case demonstrates the establishment of a preliminary diagnosis of Di George syndrome as a diagnostic intraoperation finding (thymus aplasia) at the time of correction of congenital heart defect (transposition of great arteries with ventricular septum defect; additional muscle defect in the ventricular septum; open oval window; open arterial duct) in the second girl which was provided in the State Institution «Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery», Kiev. Because of established aplasia of the thymus in the second girl, the first twin child was sent for additional examination, since her condition after birth was satisfactory and she did not need medical supervision before. Both children were examined at the medical and genetic center of the National Children's Specialized Hospital «OKHMATDET» in Kiev. Using the FISH-method, the diagnosis of Di Georgi syndrome was confirmed by detecting microdeletion of the critical locus (22q11.2) of the 22 chromosome in both twins. The final diagnosis of Di George syndrome was made by geneticist due to presence in children of typical clinical signs (congenital heart defect, thymus aplasia, facial dimorphism) and the results of laboratory and instrumental examination (immunogram, echocardiography, karyotyping, FISH-method).Conclusions. Because of polymorphism of clinical signs of Di George syndrome, it is necessary to describe cases of it as often as possible in the literature with the aim of disseminating information and increasing the alertness of doctors of various specialties regarding the probable diagnosis. Early diagnosis of Di George syndrome provides an opportunity for timely treatment. The prognosis of life for both children depends on the possible support of the normal immune response of the body, in addition, for such children, it is necessary to develop personalized vaccination, diagnostic and treatment regimens. In the future, it is necessary to create favorable conditions for the psycho-social adaptation of this children.

Sex Affects the Relationship Between Third Party Punishment and Cooperation

Prosocial third-party punishment (3PP) is a punitive behavior against antisocial individuals, which might explain extended cooperativeness in humans. 3PP shows sexual dimorphism, being more frequent in men than in women. We studied whether sexually dimorphic features related to sexual hormones during development (facial dimorphism and 2D:4D) influence the tendency to engage in 3PP in a sample of 511 women and 328 men. After playing a Prisoner’s Dilemma, participants had to decide whether to penalize the defection of a third player who had exploited his/her counterpart’s cooperation. In line with previous studies, we observe that men are more prone to engage in 3PP than women. We find that this sex difference is due to cooperative men being more likely to punish than cooperative women. In addition, men with higher facial masculinity are less likely to engage in 3PP, whereas no features influence 3PP in women. We discuss the possibility that sex differences in the motivations and fitness implications underlying 3PP might be driving the observed results.

Orofacial findings and dental care management in a patient with Robinow Syndrome

Introduction: Robinow syndrome is a rare genetic disorder of skeletal development. It is characterized by short stature, facial dysmorphisms and orodental anomalies, underdeveloped genitalia, mesomelic brachymelia. Case Report: A 6 year old girl with Robinow Syndrome was referred in the Center for Formation of Human Resources Specialized in Dental Care to Special Needs Patients (Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil) for evaluation. Medical history investigation and clinical examination were observed in short stature, facial dimorphism and hypoplastic genitalia. Orofacial findings showed retrognathism, a mid-line hemangiomaapproximately 1 cm wide with upturned borders, bifid tongue, ankyloglossia, general gingival hypertrophy, deep bite and mild tooth crowding. Cardiac abnormality and neuromotor developmental delay consisted of systemic manifestations present which demanded individualized dental care. The dental treatment consisted of preventive and restoratives procedures to adequate the oral health condition of the patient and orthodontic treatmentwas planned. The patient has been in follow-up for six years. Conclusion: Orofacial anomalies and other alterations found in the present case contributed to complement the orofacialfindings described in the literature and to assist in diagnosis of the syndrome. In this case, amultiprofessional team and integral treatment were essential to rescue oral health and improvelife quality of the patient.