Facet Model Research Articles

Polarization characteristics of scattered light from macroscopically rough surfaces

The polarization status of in- and out-of-plane scattered light from macroscopically rough surfaces was measured and expressed in a scattering coordinate system. In this coordinate system, the direction of the scattered light was decided by the transverse and longitudinal scattering angles, both of which are defined by using the incident ray and its section plane as the fundamental axis and plane. The polarization characteristics of scattering, which consist of patterns of polarization degrees and the Stokes of the scattered light in terms of transverse and longitudinal scattering angles, was presented and investigated. The Stokes patterns of scattered light exhibited independence from the transverse scattering angle. Furthermore, the ellipsometric parameters of samples, which were deduced from the polarization status of full scattering, showed the validity as well as limitations of the facet model for macroscopically rough surface.

The effects of constraints and mastery on mental and physical health: Conceptual and methodological considerations.

Perceived control and health are closely interrelated in adulthood and old age. However, less is known regarding the differential implications of 2 facets of perceived control, constraints and mastery, for mental and physical health. Furthermore, a limitation of previous research testing the pathways linking perceived control to mental and physical health is that mediation was tested with cross-sectional designs and not in a longitudinal mediation design that accounts for temporal ordering and prior confounds. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; n = 7,612, M age = 68, SD = 10.66; 59% women) we examined the effect of constraints and mastery on 4-year changes in mental and physical health and whether physical activity mediated such effects in a longitudinal mediation design. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we modeled the 2-factor structure of perceived control that consisted of constraints and mastery. In our longitudinal mediation model, where we accounted for possible confounders (e.g., age, gender, education, neuroticism, conscientiousness, memory, and health conditions), constraints showed a stronger total effect on mental and physical health, than mastery, such that more constraints were associated with 4-year declines in mental and physical health. Physical activity did not mediate the effect of constraints and mastery on mental and physical health (indirect effect). To demonstrate the importance of a longitudinal mediation model that accounts for confounders, we also estimated the mediated effect using 2 models commonly used in the literature: cross-sectional mediation model and longitudinal mediation model without accounting for confounders. These mediation models indicated a spurious indirect effect that cannot be causally interpreted. Our results showcase that constraints and mastery have differential implications for mental and physical health, as well as how a longitudinal mediation design can illustrate (or not) pathways in developmental processes. Our discussion focuses on the conceptual and methodological implications of a 2 facet model of perceived control and the strengths of longitudinal mediation designs for testing conceptual models of human development.

Exploring consumer perceived risk and trust for online payments: An empirical study in China’s younger generation

The uncertainties of transaction handling and consumer perception toward risk have been identified as some of the major problems causing consumers’ hesitance toward taking advantage of online payments. With the ever-growing implementation of trusting mechanisms for online payments, consumer confidence has greatly increased. This research explores the elements of perceived risk and trust – the two most vital factors influencing consumer behavior of online payment – in the relatively mature stage of China’s online payment environment. It also analyzes and classifies perceived risks of different nature into two categories: systematic perceived risk and transactional perceived risk according to their different roles in affecting consumer trust. Specifically, we propose a conceptual model of trust and specific risk facets as well as two new constructs of comparison and evaluation, based on the framework of TRA, TPB, TAM and DTPB. The proposed model was empirically tested using data gathered from 870 respondents in Shanghai and Macao, China, most of whom belong to the younger generation. The results show that in the current stage of China’s online payment, consumers have built up trust first as an antecedent of their perceived risks. Moreover, perceived total risk is negatively related to trust while perceived risks can be classified into two types: system dependent risk which is positively related to trust and transactional risk which is negatively related to trust. This article concludes with implications for academia and practitioners.

Auditory intelligence: Theoretical considerations and empirical findings

In the last few years, auditory intellectual abilities have received increased attention in different fields of research. However, most intelligence models have yet to include an auditory factor. This paper aimed to replicate the general auditory factor and examined whether and how the hierarchical and faceted Berlin Intelligence Structure model (BIS; Jäger, 1982) should be extended by adding an auditory dimension. Two studies included 126 students (Study 1) and a heterogeneous group of 175 adults (Study 2). Participants took a broad auditory intelligence test and the BIS test and provided a self-report of musical training. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed two separate auditory content factors: nonverbal and speech. Auditory nonverbal ability was clearly distinct from academic intelligence, whereas auditory speech ability could be completely subsumed under verbal reasoning. We suggest that auditory ability – as represented by auditory nonverbal tests – needs to be added to the BIS as an additional content dimension.

Modeling the construct validity of the Berlin Intelligence Structure Model

The Berlin Intelligence Structure Model is a hierarchical and faceted model which is originally based on an almost representative sample of tasks found in the literature. Therefore, the Berlin Intelligence Structure Model is an integrative model with a high degree of generality. The present paper investigates the construct validity of this model by using different confirmatory factor analysis models. The results show that the model assumptions are supported only in part by the data. Moreover, it is demonstrated that there are different possibilities to incorporate the Berlin Intelligence Structure Model assumptions into confirmatory factor analysis models. The results are discussed with regard to the validity of the Berlin Intelligence Structure Model test, and the validity of the model.

Effective and robust infrared small target detection with the fusion of polydirectional first order derivative images under facet model

The robust detection of IR small target acts as one of the key techniques in the infrared search and tracking system (IRSTS). This paper presents a new method of small-target detection which formulates the problem as the detection of Gaussian-like spot. Initially, the amendatory first-order directional derivative (AFODD) based on facet model is applied to get the polydirectional derivative IR images, and the direction information of targets is reserved in these images. Then, the AFODD images are fused together to ensure the robustness and effectiveness of target detection. At last, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method is carried out to make targets in the fusion image more prominent, so that they can be extracted out by a simple threshold segmentation. Experiment results show that the presented method performs well even in the IR images with complex backgrounds.

Optical properties of a conjugated-polymer-sensitised solar cell: the effect of interfacial structure.

Dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) have sparked considerable interest over two decades. Recently, a method of polymer-wire sensitisation was demonstrated; the polymer is suggested to form a hole transport pathway (wire) following initial charge separation. We predict the optical properties of this polymer in various interfacial configurations, including the effects of chain length and attachment to {100} or {101} TiO2 facets. Contrary to most DSSCs, the {100} facet model best describes the experimental spectrum, predicting a relative thickness of 5.7 ± 0.2 μm, although {101} attachment, if implemented, may improve collection efficiency. Long chains are optimal, and stable attachment sites show minimal differences to absorbance in the major solar emission (visible) band. Combinations of {100}, {101}, and pseudo-bulk TiO2 models in three-parameter fits to experiment confirm the relative importance of the {100} facet.

Processes Underlying Links to Subjective Well-being: Material Concerns, Autonomy, and Personality

This study explored the mediating processes underlying the associations between autonomy and subjective well-being (SWB), and those between personality and affective well-being. Using the World Values Survey dataset from Singapore, the results showed that autonomy and financial satisfaction were the strongest predictors of life satisfaction and happiness, whereas personality traits were the strongest predictors of positive feelings. Both personality and material concerns predicted negative feelings to some extent. Mediation analyses showed that the associations between autonomy and SWB, and those between personality and positive and negative emotions were mediated by material concerns. Thus, this study illustrates the process models of different SWB facets (life satisfaction, happiness, positive and negative emotions) and highlights that dispositional factors (extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, and autonomy) can exert both direct and indirect effects (via material factors) on SWB.

Item Response Models for Local Dependence Among Multiple Ratings

Ratings given to the same item response may have a stronger correlation than those given to different item responses, especially when raters interact with one another before giving ratings. The rater bundle model was developed to account for such local dependence by forming multiple ratings given to an item response as a bundle and assigning fixed‐effect parameters to describe response patterns in the bundle. Unfortunately, this model becomes difficult to manage when a polytomous item is graded by more than two raters. In this study, by adding random‐effect parameters to the facets model, we propose a class of generalized rater models to account for the local dependence among multiple ratings and intrarater variation in severity. A series of simulations was conducted with the freeware WinBUGS to evaluate parameter recovery of the new models and consequences of ignoring the local dependence or intrarater variation in severity. The results revealed a good parameter recovery when the data‐generating models were fit, and a poor estimation of parameters and test reliability when the local dependence or intrarater variation in severity was ignored. An empirical example is provided.

Multiscale facet model for infrared small target detection

In this paper, we proposed a new robust infrared small target detector that is more suitable for complex background with low signal-to-clutter ratio. The original image is decomposed into sub-bands in different orientations by using the directional second-order directional derivative (DSODD) filters deduced from the facet model. The multiscale facet model (MFM) analysis is developed by using a series of multiscale DSODD filters, which are obtained by filling zeros in the basic DSODD filter. Based on MFM, an MFM matrix is constructed, and the normalized determinant of this matrix is then defined as the target measure. The corresponding multiscale correlations of the target measures are computed to enhance the target signal and suppressing the background clutter. The experimental results on a set of real infrared images demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective and is superior to the traditional small target detection methods in terms of the pertained quantitative detection evaluation indexes, such as the signal-to-clutter ratio gain and the background suppression factor.

Development of Serious Game to Improve Computer Assembly Skills

In this work-in-progress, we used the formal six facets model to design the game. These facets synthesize knowledge doing to guide the implementation of serious games. The game aims to help learners to improve skills to achieve the assembly of computer in a virtual laboratory. Well, they handled various components of computer, including: motherboards, processors, memories, buses, etc. The game is played in practicals work session and it is expected to include more levels, more challenges that the student should gradually resolve. This paper presents the steps followed for the implementation of this framework. Preliminary results of user experiences are reported, and an outlook on further steps is given.

Combining user interaction, speculative query execution and sampling in the DICE system

The interactive exploration of data cubes has become a popular application, especially over large datasets. In this paper, we present DICE , a combination of a novel frontend query interface and distributed aggregation backend that enables interactive cube exploration. DICE provides a convenient, practical alternative to the typical offline cube materialization strategy by allowing the user to explore facets of the data cube, trading off accuracy for interactive response-times, by sampling the data. We consider the time spent by the user perusing the results of their current query as an opportunity to execute and cache the most likely followup queries. The frontend presents a novel intuitive interface that allows for sampling-aware aggregations, and encourages interaction via our proposed faceted model. The design of our backend is tailored towards the low-latency user interaction at the frontend, and vice-versa. We discuss the synergistic design behind both the frontend user experience and the backend architecture of DICE ; and, present a demonstration that allows the user to fluidly interact with billion-tuple datasets within sub-second interactive response times.

Multiplicative Noise Removal Using TVL1 Norm and Adaptive Penalty Parameter

Multiplicative noise removal technology is very useful in many applications. In this paper, we propose a new multiplicative noise removal algorithm using TVL1 norm and adaptive penalty parameter. We use TVL1 norm as the data term and we incorporate the modified total variation regularization term in the objective function to deal with multiplicative noise. The balance of fidelity term and regularization term can be changed in different areas with different gray value. We modify the penalty parameter using facet model and we call it as adaptive penalty parameter. Thus in iterating procedure, our method can change the degree of noise removal in different areas with different noise level adaptively. The results show the outperforming effect of our method.

Fault identification using dip-guided facet model edge detector

To characterize reservoirs with complex fault blocks or lithology, geophysicists often need to depict the edge of geologic bodies such as small faults. Edge detection is a powerful tool for structural feature identification; however, conventional edge-detection operators that are widely used in image edge detection are not always adequate for seismic data. In fact, most conventional edge-detection methods are effective along a plane. For seismic data, it is more appropriate to detect edge information along the slope of an event. We evaluated a new method for fault detection based on a surface-fitting algorithm. The surface-fitting algorithm was used to find the local slope of a seismic event, and then edge detection is performed along this local fitted plane. For each point in a seismic volume, we defined a small neighborhood in a plane parallel to the local reflector with the help of dip estimation. The data in the neighborhood were then approximated by a bivariate cubic function, called the facet model. Then, the local gradient of the function is calculated and referred to as the facet model attribute. To enhance the robustness of the output attribute and suppress noise, the gradient values were summed over a vertical window and normalized by the energy. To evaluate the performance of our method, we also calculated the dip-guided Sobel attribute and variance attribute. Compared with these three attributes, the result of our method suggested more accurate edge detection, and it showed more detail in fault detection.

The biomechanics of concussion in unhelmeted football players in Australia: a case–control study

ObjectiveConcussion is a prevalent brain injury in sport and the wider community. Despite this, little research has been conducted investigating the dynamics of impacts to the unprotected human head and...

Five Facets Model of Creative Process

Abstract Josiah Hincks is a Focusing Trainer, now based in Italy, who has worked for many years with artists and performers helping them develop their creative processes. He wrote the ‘Five Facets Model of Creative Process’ originally in 2000 and then offered it to a group of artists and makers in a series of workshops called ‘Lark Rise to Beacon’ (Bath, UK) in 2003. The model intends to support individuals stuck in their creative process who found that this model enabled a significant shift in their working practice and outcomes. It is offered for publication in its original (draft) format with the understanding that, although the model has never been published or developed, Hincks work with artists has developed. Hincks writes that if he were to work on it again today (ten years after originally writing it) he would most probably develop and alter Outwarding. However, it is offered here as a tool for makers and as a stimulus for others wondering about the value of models for the articulation of creative process.

Correlation of foodstuffs with ethanol–water mixtures with regard to the solubility of migrants from food contact materials

Today most foods are available in a packed form. During storage, the migration of chemical substances from food packaging materials into food may occur and may therefore be a potential source of consumer exposure. To protect the consumer, standard migration tests are laid down in Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011. When using those migration tests and applying additional conservative conventions, estimated exposure is linked with large uncertainties including a certain margin of safety. Thus the research project FACET was initiated within the 7th Framework Programme of the European Commission with the aim of developing a probabilistic migration modelling framework which allows one (1) to calculate migration into foods under real conditions of use; and (2) to deliver realistic concentration estimates for consumer exposure modelling for complex packaging materials (including multi-material multilayer structures). The aim was to carry out within the framework of the FACET project a comprehensive systematic study on the solubility behaviour of foodstuffs for potentially migrating organic chemicals. Therefore a rapid and convenient method was established to obtain partition coefficients between polymer and food, KP/F. With this method approximately 700 time-dependent kinetic experiments from spiked polyethylene films were performed using model migrants, foods and ethanol–water mixtures. The partition coefficients of migrants between polymer and food (KP/F) were compared with those obtained using ethanol–water mixtures (KP/F’s) to investigate whether an allocation of food groups with common migration behaviour to certain ethanol–water mixtures could be made. These studies have confirmed that the solubility of a migrant is mainly dependent on the fat content in the food and on the ethanol concentration of ethanol–water mixtures. Therefore dissolution properties of generic food groups for migrants can be assigned to those of ethanol–water mixtures. All foodstuffs (including dry foods) when allocated to FACET model food group codes can be classified into a reduced number of food categories each represented by a corresponding ethanol–water equivalency.

Evolving base for the fuel consumption optimization in Indian air transport: application of structural equation modeling

The article aims to evolve the base for fuel consumption optimization (FCO) in Indian air transport industry. The objective of this paper is to design the methodology and to develop five facet model of fuel consumption optimization (FCO). Limited researches have been conducted to explore influencing factors for FCO in air transport industry. To fill this gap, this study proposes the model of FCO, and investigates key factors affecting FCO. The research steps included exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and testing of structural model. In the first stage exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to provide the grouping of variables underline the complete set of item based upon the strong correlation. In the second stage, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to specify and estimate of one or more hypothetical models of factor structure, each of which propose a set of latent variables to account for covariance within a set of observed variables. In the third stage, we used the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique and empirically tested the relationships between fuel consumption optimization and aircraft operations (AO), aircraft technology & design (ATD), social-economic & political (SEP), aviation infrastructural (AI), and alternate fuels & fuel properties (AFP). The results and applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) evolve variety of findings. (1) Aircraft operations (AO), aircraft technology & design (ATD), socio-economic & political issues (SEP), aviation infrastructure (AI), and alternative fuels & fuel properties (AFP) are proved to be the five key influence factors with respect to the Indian context and have positive effect on FCO. (2) Among the five influence factors for FCO, aircraft technology & design exhibits the strongest effect on FCO, followed by aircraft operation, alternative fuels & fuel properties, socio-economic & political, and aviation infrastructure. (3) The highest squared correlation was observed between aircraft technology & design and aircraft operations. This study has provided empirical justification for the proposed research framework which describes the relationships between FCO and its dimensions. This has developed an integrated model of FCO, with the purposes of identifying the key factors affecting the FCO. The knowledge of relationship among variables can lead to frame objective function, constraints, and set of equations pertaining situations with regard to Indian scenario. To constitute the equations the data of identified critical factors with regard to Indian scenario can be utilized which will lead to develop optimization based model for fuel consumption that leaves the scope for further study. This study produces the results which represent the base for optimum solution of fuel consumption on which future researchers can target.

Fasety na nowo odkryte. Integrowanie systemów nawigacji i organizacji informacji

Cel/teza: Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie koncepcji i zasad działania nawigacji fasetowej (kiero­wanej) i wyszukiwania fasetowego oraz ich zastosowania w katalogach bibliotecznych. Koncepcja/metody badań: Scharakteryzowano metodę organizowania dostępu do zasobów informacji za pomocą faset odpowiadających kryteriom wyszukiwania. Omówiono podstawowe cechy architektury informacji systemów wyszukiwania fasetowego oraz modele zachowań informacyjnych użytkowników, na podstawie których takie systemy są budowane. Analizie porównawczej poddano zastosowanie wyszukiwania fasetowego w katalogach komputerowych na przykładzie katalogów elektronicznych (OPAC) pięciu bibliotek narodowych: Biblioteki Brytyjskiej (British Library), Biblioteki Kongresu (Li­brary of Congress), Biblioteki Narodowej Walii (Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru – National Library of Wales), Biblioteki Narodowej Australii (National Library of Australia) i Rosyjskiej Biblioteki Narodowej (Rossijskoj Nacionalnoj Biblioteki). Dane do analizy zbierane były od czerwca do września 2014 r. Wyniki i wnioski: Rozwój technologii informacyjnej doprowadził do odrodzenia koncepcji S. R. Ran­ganathana wieloaspektowego systemu klasyfikacji treści, ułatwiającego odszukanie informacji wieloma drogami. Klasyfikacja fasetowa jest dziś jedną z najczęściej stosowanych metod organizowania treści w serwisach internetowych o charakterze komercyjnym, choć większość autorów systemów katego­ryzacji treści, które oparte są na tej klasyfikacji nie zdaje sobie z tego sprawy. Zastosowanie faset do zawężania rezultatów wyszukiwania jest już standardem w komercyjnych serwisach internetowych, w systemach bibliotecznych zaś innowacja ta nie jest jeszcze powszechna. Nie ma przyjętych czy zalecanych wzorców. W badanych katalogach zauważono różnice w liczbie kategorii oferowanych użytkownikom w interfejsach wyszukiwania fasetowego oraz ich nazewnictwie. Oryginalność/wartość poznawcza: Tematyka wykorzystania faset i klasyfikacji fasetowej w mechani­zmach wyszukiwania jest w Polsce rzadko poruszana. Autorowi nie są znane badania nad wykorzystaniem tego typu mechanizmu w serwisach internetowych związanych z działalnością informacyjno-biblioteczną.

Space-time Facet Model for Human Activity Classification

This paper presents a novel space-time feature-based human activity analysis system. We detect Space Time Interest Points (STIP) and generate their description based on the facet model. The proposed approach detects interest points in video data using the three-dimensional facet model efficiently. Then we describe each interest point by three-dimensional Haar wavelet transform and time derivatives of different order obtained from said facet model. Here we represent each video clip following the bag-of-words approach by learning feature specific dictionary. Finally, classification is done using non-linear SVM with χ 2 -kernel. We evaluate the performance of our system on standard datasets like Weizmann, KTH, UCF sports, ICD, UCF YouTube, and UCF50 and get better, or at least comparable results compared to other state-of-the-art systems.