Faceted Search Research Articles

A RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM FOR E-COMMERCE PRODUCTS BASED ON PRIORITY ENRICHED MULTIVENDOR FACETED SEARCH

Ponte Academic JournalMay 2017, Volume 73, Issue 5 A RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM FOR E-COMMERCE PRODUCTS BASED ON PRIORITY ENRICHED MULTIVENDOR FACETED SEARCHAuthor(s): T. Subha Mastan Rao ,G. Rama Krishna, A. Satya KalyanJ. Ponte - May 2017 - Volume 73 - Issue 5 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2017.5.11 Abstract:: Nowadays E-commerce is very popular for customers to buy products online. In order to attract customers' owners of E-commerce are employing several techniques to suggest products with varying degree of matching. These techniques are creating information overhead and increasing cognitive overload on the customer, which may create a negative impact on customer's purchase decision. Therefore, it is perhaps necessary to find out a better way of recommendation to meet customer requirements very closely in a single interface. In this paper, we propose a new model which allows customer to search product based on his/her priorities of different features of a product. This model inherently builds an ontology structure, and present a priority enriched faceted search result to the customer to get his intended product, by visiting multiple internet vendor's sites in a single interface. Taking input features and priority, the model generates a set of feature set combinations from which it extracts needful combinations that are available with different vendor sites. To present these combinations to the customer in the order of his intent, we introduce a weight association mechanism which calculates similarity weights among the combinations. The system then attempt The ordered feature set products are available in different brands sold by different vendors. Further the system attempt to assign unbiased rank to recommend a product to the user in these combinations with a best brand and vendor. For this purpose we have introduced a 40:60 approach which uses other customer rating and the number of customers participated in ranking on these combinations. Key words�E-commerce, Information Overhead, Faceted search, similarity weight Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password

Depression and Individuals with Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Hearing loss is a silent disability that reduces the hearing acuity of an individual and makes it difficult to perceive or interpret auditory signals. Persons with hearing loss are a heterogeneous group comprising of diverse and complex psychosocial characteristics of individuals who does not readily enjoy the empathy/sympathy received by other forms of disabilities that is readily visible. Hearing loss usually predisposes sufferers to resentment, hostility, rejection and subtle denial resulting to a cascading effect on socio-emotional development and could ultimately lead to depression. Objective: This study assessed the extent and trend of studies on depression among individuals with hearing loss which are domiciled online data bases and to establish the strengths and limitation of such studies in Nigeria. Methods: To conduct this systematic review, a thorough search across multiple databases was undertaken, based upon five search facets (“depression”, “depressive symptoms”, “hearing loss”, “deaf” and “hard of hearing”). Five electronic databases, key texts and references in the articles identified were scrutinized for article that have in their title “depression” and “hearing loss”. Results: Data gathered revealed that hearing loss is significantly associated with depression while the onset and degrees of hearing loss poses to be a major correlate of depressive symptoms among the elderly. The study revealed that there is a dearth of studies which distinguished between communication options, parental involvement, socioeconomic status or birth order of the Deaf respondents/participants in relation to depression in their studies. Conclusion: There is a great tendency for depression among the Deaf and/or hard of hearing which may as well instigate suicidal thoughts. This study observed a dearth of studies on depression and its associated symptoms among the Deaf and/or hard of hearing in Nigeria and the Sub-Sahara Africa. Therefore, psychologist and other mental health workers should not take for granted any depressive symptoms among persons with hearing loss.

A systematic review of patient safety in mental health: a protocol based on the inpatient setting.

BackgroundDespite the growing international interest in patient safety as a discipline, there has been a lack of exploration of its application to mental health. It cannot be assumed that findings based upon physical health in acute care hospitals can be applied to mental health patients, disorders and settings. To the authors’ knowledge, there has only been one review of the literature that focuses on patient safety research in mental health settings, conducted in Canada in 2008. We have identified a need to update this review and develop the methodology in order to strengthen the findings and disseminate internationally for advancement in the field. This systematic review will explore the existing research base on patient safety in mental health within the inpatient setting.MethodsTo conduct this systematic review, a thorough search across multiple databases will be undertaken, based upon four search facets (“mental health”, “patient safety”, “research” and “inpatient setting”). The search strategy has been developed based upon the Canadian review accompanied with input from the National Reporting and Learning System (NRLS) taxonomy of patient safety incidents and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition). The screening process will involve perspectives from at least two researchers at all stages with a third researcher invited to review when discrepancies require resolution. Initial inclusion and exclusion criteria have been developed and will be refined iteratively throughout the process. Quality assessment and data extraction of included articles will be conducted by at least two researchers. A data extraction form will be developed, piloted and iterated as necessary in accordance with the research question. Extracted information will be analysed thematically.DiscussionWe believe that this systematic review will make a significant contribution to the advancement of patient safety in mental health inpatient settings. The findings will enable the development and implementation of interventions to improve the quality of care experienced by patients and support the identification of future research priorities.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42016034057 Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0365-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

GEOCAB Portal: A gateway for discovering and accessing capacity building resources in Earth Observation

The discovery of and access to capacity building resources are often essential to conduct environmental projects based on Earth Observation (EO) resources, whether they are Earth Observation products, methodological tools, techniques, organizations that impart training in these techniques or even projects that have shown practical achievements. Recognizing this opportunity and need, the European Commission through two FP7 projects jointly with the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) teamed up with the Committee on Earth observation Satellites (CEOS). The Global Earth Observation CApacity Building (GEOCAB) portal aims at compiling all current capacity building efforts on the use of EO data for societal benefits into an easily updateable and user-friendly portal. GEOCAB offers a faceted search to improve user discovery experience with a fully interactive world map with all inventoried projects and activities. This paper focuses on the conceptual framework used to implement the underlying platform. An ISO19115 metadata model associated with a terminological repository are the core elements that provide a semantic search application and an interoperable discovery service. The organization and the contribution of different user communities to ensure the management and the update of the content of GEOCAB are addressed.

Extending Faceted Search to the Open-Domain Web

Faceted search enables users to navigate a multi-dimensional information space by combining keyword search with drill-down options in each facets. For example, when searching "computer monitor" in an e-commerce site, users can select brands and monitor types from the the provided facets {"Samsung", "Dell", "Acer", ...} and {"LET-Lit", "LCD", "OLED",...}. It has been used successfully for many vertical applications, including e-commerce and digital libraries. However, this idea is not well explored for general web search in an opendomain setting, even though it holds great potential for assisting multi-faceted queries and exploratory search. The goal of this work is to explore this potential by extending faceted search into the opendomain web setting, which we call Faceted Web Search. We address three fundamental issues in Faceted Web Search, namely: how to automatically generate facets (facet generation); how to re-organize search results with users' selections on facets (facet feedback); and how to evaluate generated facets and entire Faceted Web Search systems. In conventional faceted search, facets are generated in advance for an entire corpus either manually or semi-automatically, and then recommended for particular queries in most of the previous work. However, this approach is difficult to extend to the entire web due to the web's large and heterogeneous nature. We instead propose a query-dependent approach, which extracts facets for queries from their web search results. We further improve our facet generation model under a more practical scenario, where users care more about precision of presented facets than recall. The dominant facet feedback method in conventional faceted search is Boolean filtering, which filters search results by users' selections on facets. However, our investigation shows Boolean filtering is too strict when extended to the open-domain setting. Thus, we propose soft ranking models for Faceted Web Search, which expand original queries with users' selections on facets to re-rank search results. Our experiments show that the soft ranking models are more effective than Boolean filtering models for Faceted Web Search. To evaluate Faceted Web Search, we propose both intrinsic evaluation, which evaluates facet generation on its own, and extrinsic evaluation, which evaluates an entire Faceted Web Search system by its utility in assisting search clarification. We also design a method for building reusable test collections for such evaluations. Our experiments show that using the Faceted Web Search interface can significantly improve the original ranking if allowed sufficient time for user feedback on facets.

Extending gene ontology in the context of extracellular RNA and vesicle communication.

BackgroundTo address the lack of standard terminology to describe extracellular RNA (exRNA) data/metadata, we have launched an inter-community effort to extend the Gene Ontology (GO) with subcellular structure concepts relevant to the exRNA domain. By extending GO in this manner, the exRNA data/metadata will be more easily annotated and queried because it will be based on a shared set of terms and relationships relevant to extracellular research.MethodsBy following a consensus-building process, we have worked with several academic societies/consortia, including ERCC, ISEV, and ASEMV, to identify and approve a set of exRNA and extracellular vesicle-related terms and relationships that have been incorporated into GO. In addition, we have initiated an ongoing process of extractions of gene product annotations associated with these terms from Vesiclepedia and ExoCarta, conversion of the extracted annotations to Gene Association File (GAF) format for batch submission to GO, and curation of the submitted annotations by the GO Consortium. As a use case, we have incorporated some of the GO terms into annotations of samples from the exRNA Atlas and implemented a faceted search interface based on such annotations.ResultsWe have added 7 new terms and modified 9 existing terms (along with their synonyms and relationships) to GO. Additionally, 18,695 unique coding gene products (mRNAs and proteins) and 963 unique non-coding gene products (ncRNAs) which are associated with the terms: “extracellular vesicle”, “extracellular exosome”, “apoptotic body”, and “microvesicle” were extracted from ExoCarta and Vesiclepedia. These annotations are currently being processed for submission to GO.ConclusionsAs an inter-community effort, we have made a substantial update to GO in the exRNA context. We have also demonstrated the utility of some of the new GO terms for sample annotation and metadata search.

Visual query interfaces for semantic datasets: An evaluation study

The rapid growth of the Linked Open Data cloud, as well as the increasing ability to lift relational enterprise datasets to a semantic, ontology-based level means that vast amounts of information are now available in a representation that closely matches the conceptualizations of the potential users of this information. This makes it interesting to create ontology based, user-oriented tools for searching and exploring this data. Although initial efforts were intended for tech users with knowledge of SPARQL/RDF, there are ongoing proposals designed for lay users. One of the most promising approaches is to use visual query interfaces, but more user studies are needed to assess their effectiveness. In this paper, we compare the effect on usability of two important paradigms for ontology-based query interfaces: form-based and graph-based interfaces. In order to reduce the number of variables affecting the comparison, we performed a user study with two state-of-the-art query tools developed by ourselves, sharing a large part of the code base: the graph-based tool OptiqueVQS*, and the form-based tool PepeSearch. We evaluated these tools in a formal comparison study with 15 participants searching a Linked Open Data version of the Norwegian Company Registry. Participants had to respond to 6 non-trivial search tasks using alternately OptiqueVQS* and PepeSearch. Even without previous training, retrieval performance and user confidence were very high, thus suggesting that both interface designs are effective for searching RDF datasets. Expert searchers had a clear preference for the graph-based interface, and mainstream searchers obtained better performance and confidence with the form-based interface. While a number of participants spontaneously praised the capability of the graph interface for composing complex queries, our results evidence that graph interfaces are difficult to grasp. In contrast, form interfaces are more learnable and relieve problems with disorientation for mainstream users. We have also observed positive results introducing faceted search and dynamic term suggestion in semantic search interfaces.

Analysing Creative Image Search Information Needs

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Faceted Search Over RDF-Based Knowledge Graphs

Knowledge graphs such as Yago and Freebase have become a powerful asset for enhancing search, and are being intensively used in both academia and industry. Many existing knowledge graphs are either available as Linked Open Data, or they can be exported as RDF datasets enhanced with background knowledge in the form of an OWL 2 ontology. Faceted search is the de facto approach for exploratory search in many online applications, and has been recently proposed as a suitable paradigm for querying RDF repositories. In this paper, we provide rigorous theoretical underpinnings for faceted search in the context of RDFbased knowledge graphs enhanced with OWL 2 ontologies. We identify well-defined fragments of SPARQL that can be naturally captured using faceted search as a query paradigm, and establish the computational complexity of answering such queries. We also study the problem of updating faceted interfaces, which is critical for guiding users in the formulation of meaningful queries during exploratory search. We have implemented our approach in a fully-fledged faceted search system, SemFacet, which we have evaluated over the Yago knowledge graph.

Using preference-enriched faceted search for species identification

Species identification is essentially a decision-making process comprising steps in which the user makes a selection of characters, figures or photographs, or provides an input, that restricts other choices, until reaching one species. In some identification methods such decisions should have a specific order. Consequently, a wrong decision at the beginning of the process, could exclude a big set of options. To make this process more flexible and less vulnerable to wrong decisions, in this paper we investigate how a Preference-enriched Faceted Search PFS process can be used to aid the identification of species. We show how the proposed process covers and advances the existing methods and we report our experience from applying this process over data taken from FishBase. In the sequent, we elaborate on evaluation and we report the results of a task-based evaluation that shows that the PFS-based method can be used effectively by casual users.

Visual Query Interfaces for Semantic Datasets: An Evaluation Study

The rapid growth of the Linked Open Data cloud, as well as the increasing ability to lift relational enterprise datasets to a semantic, ontology-based level means that vast amounts of information are now available in a representation that closely matches the conceptualizations of the potential users of this information. This makes it interesting to create ontology based, user-oriented tools for searching and exploring this data. Although initial efforts were intended for tech users with knowledge of SPARQL/RDF, there are ongoing proposals designed for lay users. One of the most promising approaches is to use visual query interfaces, but more user studies are needed to assess their effectiveness. In this paper, we compare the effect on usability of two important paradigms for ontology-based query interfaces: form-based and graph-based interfaces. In order to reduce the number of variables affecting the comparison, we performed a user study with two state-of-the-art query tools developed by ourselves, sharing a large part of the code base: the graph-based tool OptiqueVQS*, and the form-based tool PepeSearch. We evaluated these tools in a formal comparison study with 15 participants searching a Linked Open Data version of the Norwegian Company Registry. Participants had to respond to 6 non-trivial search tasks using alternately OptiqueVQS* and PepeSearch. Even without previous training, retrieval performance and user confidence were very high, thus suggesting that both interface designs are effective for searching RDF datasets. Expert searchers had a clear preference for the graph-based interface, and mainstream searchers obtained better performance and confidence with the form-based interface. While a number of participants spontaneously praised the capability of the graph interface for composing complex queries, our results evidence that graph interfaces are difficult to grasp. In contrast, form interfaces are more learnable and relieve problems with disorientation for mainstream users. We have also observed positive results introducing faceted search and dynamic term suggestion in semantic search interfaces.

Faceted search over RDF-based knowledge graphs

Knowledge graphs such as Yago and Freebase have become a powerful asset for enhancing search, and are being intensively used in both academia and industry. Many existing knowledge graphs are either available as Linked Open Data, or they can be exported as RDF datasets enhanced with background knowledge in the form of an OWL 2 ontology. Faceted search is the de facto approach for exploratory search in many online applications, and has been recently proposed as a suitable paradigm for querying RDF repositories. In this paper, we provide rigorous theoretical underpinnings for faceted search in the context of RDF-based knowledge graphs enhanced with OWL 2 ontologies. We identify well-defined fragments of SPARQL that can be naturally captured using faceted search as a query paradigm, and establish the computational complexity of answering such queries. We also study the problem of updating faceted interfaces, which is critical for guiding users in the formulation of meaningful queries during exploratory search. We have implemented our approach in a fully-fledged faceted search system, SemFacet, which we have evaluated over the Yago knowledge graph.

Creating Sparks: Comparing Search Results Using Discriminatory Search Term Word Co-Occurrence to Facilitate Serendipity in the Enterprise

Categories or tags that appear in faceted search interfaces which are representative of an information item, rarely convey unexpected or non-obvious associated concepts buried within search results. No prior research has been identified which assesses the usefulness of discriminative search term word co-occurrence to generate facets to act as catalysts to facilitate insightful and serendipitous encounters during exploratory search. In this study, 53 scientists from two organisations interacted with semi-interactive stimuli, 74% expressing a large/moderate desire to use such techniques within their workplace. Preferences were shown for certain algorithms and colour coding. Insightful and serendipitous encounters were identified. These techniques appear to offer a significant improvement over existing approaches used within the study organisations, providing further evidence that insightful and serendipitous encounters can be facilitated in the search user interface. This research has implications for organisational learning, knowledge discovery and exploratory search interface design.

DF-Miner: Domain-specific facet mining by leveraging the hyperlink structure of Wikipedia

Organizing a set of domain-specific terms into a meaningful hierarchical structure is an essential task for faceted search and knowledge organization. In this paper, we present an automatic approach, called domain-specific facet (DF)-Miner, to discover DFs based on the hyperlink structure within the Wikipedia article pages. Each article page corresponds to a domain-specific term. The hyperlink structures among article pages represent the connections among these terms. The community structure of the connections among a domain-specific term set reveals the facets of the domain. The terms with more connections provide important clues for facet labeling. Accordingly, DF-Miner first constructs a domain-specific hyperlink graph from the Wikipedia article pages. Then it extracts a tree structure from the Wikipedia category pages. DF-Miner groups the terms of a domain into multiple facets based on the result of community detection. Finally, DF-Miner selects a meaningful label for each facet based on the connection number of terms and the extracted tree structure from the category pages. Two experiments were conducted with six real-world datasets to evaluate DF-Miner. The experimental results show that DF-Miner performs better than the textual content-based approaches.

An Ontology-Based Semantic Question Complexity Model and Its Applications in Neuroinformatics

An Ontology-Based Semantic Question Complexity Model and Its Applications in Neuroinformatics

Towards Cloud-Based Knowledge Capturing Based on Natural Language Processing

Abstract The organized capturing and sharing of knowledge is very important, and a lot of tools, such as wikis, social communities and knowledge-management or e-learning portals, exist for supporting this purpose. The community content- and knowledge-capturing, management and sharing portal of the European project “Realising an Applied Gaming Eco-system” (RAGE) † combines such tools. The goal of the RAGE project is to boost the collaborative knowledge asset management for software development in European applied gaming (AG) research and development (R&D). To support this process, the so-called RAGE ecosystem implements a portal to support the related asset, content and knowledge exchange between diverse actors in AG communities. Therefore, the community portal in RAGE is designed as a so-called ecosystem and is intended to provide its users different tools for the capturing, management, and sharing of knowledge. In this study, we rely on the term and model definition of spiraling knowledge exchange between explicit and tacit knowledge given by Nonaka and Takeuchi. 1 To achieve the goal of extracting, i.e., externalizing and explicitly representing and sharing this knowledge to its users, we propose to generate a taxonomy for faceted search automatically by extracting named entities form the knowledge sources and to classify documents using Support Vector Machines (SVM). In this paper we present our architectural approach for the NLP-based IR concepts and discuss how cloud services based on data distribution and cloud computing can improve the outcome of our system.

Combining Faceted Classification and Concept Search: A Pilot Study

This study reports the first step in the Classification-based Search and Knowledge Discovery (CSKD) project, which aims to combine information organization and retrieval approaches for building digital library applications. In this study, we explored the generation and application of a faceted vocabulary as a potential mechanism to enhance knowledge discovery. The faceted vocabulary construction process revealed some heuristics that can be refined in follow-up studies to further automate the creation of faceted classification structure, while our concept search application demonstrated the utility and potential of integrating classification-based approach with retrieval-based approach. Integration of text-and classification-based methods as outlined in this paper combines the strengths of two vastly different approaches to information discovery by constructing and utilizing a flexible information organization scheme from an existing classification structure.

Retrieving haystacks: a data driven information needs model for faceted search

The research aim was to develop an understanding of information need characteristics for word co-occurrence-based search result filters (facets). No prior research has been identified into what enterprise searchers may find useful for exploratory search and why. Various word co-occurrence techniques were applied to results from sample queries performed on industry membership content. The results were used in an international survey of 54 practising petroleum engineers from 32 organizations. Subject familiarity, job role, personality and query specificity are possible causes for survey response variation. An information needs model is presented: Broad, Rich, Intriguing, Descriptive, General, Expert and Situational (BRIDGES). This may help professionals to more effectively meet their information needs and stimulate new needs, improving a system’s ability to facilitate serendipity. This research has implications for faceted search in enterprise search and digital library deployments.

The usability issues of faceted navigation in digital libraries

The last decade transformed faceted navigation from a “nice-to-have” into a “must-have functionality” for all online web services that contain a search function. The movement has been started by commercial websites, such as online clothing stores, with the purpose of facilitating access to the products. Now, faceted search seems to be more and more well-known within the community of information institutions and their digital services, too, as for example the online catalogue of the Library of Congress or Europeana show. In this context, as well, the feature is often sold as an added value to access the content of their sites in a more effective way. Still, experience shows that the use of faceted navigation in a digital library context is more complex than for online clothing stores. For this reason, it is important to focus on the usability of such functionalities and to test it as often as possible during implementation and regular use, as well. Site providers have to be aware of one important fact: a faceted search that has not been implemented correctly or does not work in the way the user expects it, will create frustration and/or not be used at all. This implies in a worst case scenario that users don’t come back to the site anymore, and may even spread their negative experience among the community. To prevent this, usability tests, either with experts or real users, should be conducted regularly. This can be done with common usability tests, using direct human interaction with a system, or with online tests, where test user are free to fill in the test whenever they want. In both cases, test results illuminate a system’s weaknesses and expose dysfunctional issues, which should be improved in order to offer a positive experience to its users. For more than five years, the project ACCEPT, a subproject of a Swiss national project called e-lib.ch, analyzes the usability and usefulness of digital libraries, by using user oriented methods. Experience has shown that filters provided through faceted navigation are considered as positive and very useful by end users. Nevertheless, based on different test results, several returning mistakes have been detected and it turns out that there are some ‘unwritten standards’ concerning e.g. position, labelling or ranking which should be respected to fulfil the aim of a good usability which users do expect of such web services. In this poster we will first give an introduction to faceted navigation, actual design issues and their use in digital libraries and then present testing methods, which can be easily applied in a digital library context. Together with a list of best practices concerning faceted navigation drawn out of different test experiences, the paper should give the reader all important information to evaluate its current faceted navigation and see where improvements could be made.

Using Document Indexers for Faceted Search in Dataspaces

INTRODUCTION Two main ways of information retrieval are browsing and searching. Browsing demands information seekers' attention and time, and when the tasks are repetitive, fatigue sets in quickly (Yeh & Liu, 2011). Browsing, especially through page after page of alphabetical listings with a browser, could be frustrating to users. Research has been done to study the approaches to make the browsing experience more efficient and effective. Grouping information as categories during browsing, also called faceted browsing or faceted navigation, is one of the approaches proposed for enhancing the users' browsing experience. Faceted browsing offers the users an overview of results, and narrows their list (Yeh & Liu, 2011). Since browsing naturally involves gathering data with conceptual grouping, faceted browsing has been demonstrated in facilitating more effective browsing and information retrieval, and in speeding up the users' decision making process (Kim et al., 2014). Faceted search is a natural extension to faceted browsing. Searching is only effective if the query is formulated a priori (Kim et al., 2014). When the queries are difficult to define a priori, the search results may be irrelevant and the users may experience undesirable outcomes from their direct search alone. To make direct search more efficient, faceted search has been proposed. The faceted search approach integrates faceted browsing with direct search methods (Yeh & Liu, 2011), thus assisting users determine which portions of the facet contain more relevant and desired information (Perugini & Ramakrishnan, 2003). FLexible information Access using MEtadata in Novel COmbinations (FLAMENCO) was developed as an open source search interface framework (Yee et al., 2003). It utilizes faceted navigation for both browsing and searching. Since then, faceted searching has been used in various fields and has been proven to generate better search results than direct search (Hearst, 2006). Faceted search solicits and captures search keywords, then prunes out branches of the hierarchy irrelevant to the user's information need (Perugini, 2010). A major limitation of using faceted search is that categories are predefined and fixed regardless of the difference in search results. Recently, Kim et al. (2014) used semantic web to design a dynamic faceted search system. Their results showed that using it can save considerable time for users and improve the efficiency of search. Another key problem of a faceted search system is its limitation in searching within a very large and complex document domain that typically exists in big organizations and government agencies. These organizations usually create dataspaces to integrate and manage data and documents from many loosely connected heterogeneous data repositories. Some faceted-search systems show users all available facets and facet-values. This approach can quickly overwhelm the users and lead to diminished user experience and search performance (Sinha & Karger, 2005; Koren et al., 2008). Based on the extant designs on faceted browsing, faceted search, and dynamic faceted search, our research considers the use of a complex ontology defined to support the dynamic category selection. In particular, the categories are generated for the navigation of a document with relations to subdocuments. The sample ontology (Figure 1) shows that a conference proceeding has relations to two groups of subdocuments: editors and articles. In addition, an article has relations to a group of authors. Eventually, all categories in faceted navigation may include all the properties of a proceeding and its subdocuments (such as title, year, publisher, article title, and article author's last name). A user enters keywords to form a query based on the ontology and receives a result including proceedings categorized and arranged by a faceted search system (Figure 2). The result may still include a large collection of proceedings. …