Facial Trauma Research Articles

Long-term socio-psychological disaster impact after 8 years: Relationships between the persistent impact of the Fukushima disaster and individuals’ media and community connectedness

Residents of Fukushima Prefecture continue to face trauma after Japan's 2011 nuclear disaster. While there remains a substantial presence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the prefecture, and the majority of literature tends to view PTSD as an individual psychological disease that can be ameliorated; there is little understanding about how individuals experiencing PTSD influence their communities over time. The present research employs Barton's collective stress theory and Ball-Rokeach et al.'s communication infrastructure theory to examine multilevel effects of individual-level trauma and offers a new term, long-term socio-psychological disaster impact (LTSDI). LTSDI modifies pre-existing notions of persistent PTSD to a neutral understanding of experiences of symptomology and various levels of individuals’ impacts on their communities. Survey research conducted in Fukushima eight years after the disaster and analyses employing structural equation modeling found individuals experiencing LTSDI can positively contribute to their communities through community connectedness, a measure of interpersonal storytelling, collective efficacy, and civic participation. Implications of the study are discussed.

Application possibilities of artificial intelligence in facial vascularized composite allotransplantation-a narrative review.

Facial vascularized composite allotransplantation (FVCA) is an emerging field of reconstructive surgery that represents a dogmatic shift in the surgical treatment of patients with severe facial disfigurements. While conventional reconstructive strategies were previously considered the goldstandard for patients with devastating facial trauma, FVCA has demonstrated promising short- and long-term outcomes. Yet, there remain several obstacles that complicate the integration of FVCA procedures into the standard workflow for facial trauma patients. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been shown to provide targeted and resource-effective solutions for persisting clinical challenges in various specialties. However, there is a paucity of studies elucidating the combination of FVCA and AI to overcome such hurdles. Here, we delineate the application possibilities of AI in the field of FVCA and discuss the use of AI technology for FVCA outcome simulation, diagnosis and prediction of rejection episodes, and malignancy screening. This line of research may serve as a fundament for future studies linking these two revolutionary biotechnologies.

Clinical manifestations of nasoethmoid-central midface and lateral mid midface trauma: an analytical study

Background: Patients with facial trauma were analyzed to determine the clinical presentation of fractures of the naso-ethmoid, mid and lateral face. Methods: 61 patients in the trauma unit of Dayanand Medical College were prospectively analyzed during a period of two years (August 2013 to August 2015). Results: Road traffic accidents were the major cause of fractures (72.13%) followed by assaults (14.75%) and falls (8.19%). The age group commonly affected was 21-30 years (54.09%) followed by 31-40 years (13.11%). Facial fractures were more in males, the females being 5 times less at risk. Epistaxis, swelling, tenderness, nasal obstruction, external nasal deformity and crepitus were noted in almost all patients. Ecchymosis, telecanthus and CSF rhinorrhea were noted in 90.9%, 72.7%, and 18.18% respectively. 90% presented with circumorbital ecchymosis, facial edema and anterior open bite. Other symptoms were epistaxis (81%), infraorbital nerve anesthesia and surgical emphysema (47.6%) and lengthening of face (42.8%). The commonest presentation was circumorbital ecchymosis (95.5%), subconjuctival hemorrhage (85.7%), flattening of cheek and step deformity at the infraorbital margin (81%). Facial edema was seen in 76% and trismus in 42.9%. Conclusions: Common symptoms and signs of nasoethmoid fractures included epistaxis, swelling and tenderness, nasal obstruction, external nasal deformity and crepitus in all patients, circumorbital ecchymosis in 90% and telecanthus in 73%.

Epidemiological profile of maxillofacial traumas served by the residency program of the hospital of the sugarcane suppliers of Piracicaba and hospital Santa Barbara - retrospective study

The aim of this study was to assess the epidemiological characteristics of maxillofacial trauma in the Piracicaba and Santa Barbara region - Sao Paulo, in a 4-year period. A descriptive and retrospective study was developed to analyze the epidemiological profile of facial trauma cases treated by the Residency Program of the Hospital of Sugarcane Suppliers of Piracicaba e Santa Barbara Hospital, through the evaluation of 625 medical records between March 2017 and December 2020, over a period of 04 years. Variables such as age, gender, etiology, type of trauma, type of treatment and presence or absence of postoperative complications were analyzed. The predominant age group was that of adults (20-59 years), the male gender was more affected with 76.74% of the sample. The most frequent etiology was a fall from a height (22.58%), followed by physical aggression (19.84%). Jaw fractures (17.07%) were more prevalent, followed by fractures of the nasal bone (16.26%). Conservative treatment of fractures was predominant (54.09%). The sample had a low complication rate (2.56%) and infections were the most observed complications (48.39%). The epidemiological characteristics of the population studied through data collection allowed the presentation of a profile of individuals affected by oral and maxillofacial trauma. The evaluation of the types of treatments performed and the complications allows a better perception of the particularity of the management of patients with facial trauma.

Management of Maxillofacial Soft Tissue Trauma with Parotid Gland Exposure: Case Report

Introduction: Soft tissue trauma in Oral and Maxillofacial cases occurs quite often in the Emergency Room at Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung. Trauma that occurs to the facial area is very susceptible to causing problems, both aesthetic sensory and motor function problems in that area. The existence of important structures in the facial area, such as the parotid gland and the location of the Facial Nerve (N.VII) in the facial area, requires special attention in treating soft tissue trauma to the face. Emergency management aims to ensure appropriate action in treating wounds, preventing infection, and ensuring the presence or absence of gland damage, as well as involvement of N.VII damage. Management of soft tissue wounds in the facial area is carried out by suturing, pain management and administering antibiotics. Emergency management of soft tissue trauma must be carried out quickly and precisely to obtain maximum results and consider function and aesthetics. Case report: A 16 year old female came with complaints of bleeding from the face and ears due to a motorbike accident approximately 2 hours before entering the hospital. Physical examination revealed an asymmetrical face, a torn wound on the left cheek with the parotid gland exposed and otorrhea. The patient's intraoral examination was normal. Conclusion: In this paper we will report a case of trauma to the maxillofacial soft tissue with exposure of the parotid gland. It is hoped that this article will expand insight into how to examine damage to the parotid gland and examine the function of N.VII in soft tissue trauma to the facial area. Keywords: Facial Soft Tissue Trauma; Parotid Gland; Management, N.VII

Vascularized Composite Allograft Versus Prosthetic for Reconstruction After Facial and Hand Trauma: Comparing Cost, Complications, and Long-term Outcome.

In the past decade, vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) has become clinical reality for reconstruction after face and hand trauma. It offers patients the unique opportunity to regain form and function in a way that had only been achieved with traditional reconstruction or with the use of prostheses. On the other hand, prostheses for facial and hand reconstruction have continued to evolve over the years and, in many cases, represent the primary option for patients after hand and face trauma. We compared the cost, associated complications, and long-term outcomes of VCA with prostheses for reconstruction of the face and hand/upper extremity. Ultimately, VCA and prostheses represent 2 different reconstructive options with distinct benefit profiles and associated limitations and should ideally not be perceived as competing choices. Our work adds a valuable component to the general framework guiding the decision to offer VCA or prostheses for reconstruction after face and upper extremity trauma.

Shared Decision-Making in Patients Seeking Surgery for Facial Trauma: The Role of Decisional Conflict and Perceived Discrimination.

Background: Shared decision-making (SDM) may facilitate challenging discussions between patients with facial trauma and reconstructive surgeons. Objective: To determine among patients seeking surgical evaluation for facial trauma, whether patient demographics, decisional conflict (DC), or experiences of discrimination in health care are associated with patient perceptions of SDM, as measured by scored responses on the CollaboRATE-10 questionnaire. Methods: English-speaking adults who presented to the offices of five facial trauma surgeons were contacted by telephone after their visit to complete a cross-sectional survey. Results: After screening 247 patients, 131 patients were recruited (53.0%). DC and history of discrimination were associated with lower perceived SDM (p < 0.001 and p = 0.048, respectively). After adjusting for age, sex, race, education, initial emergency department presentation, DC, and past discrimination, patients of older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.09) and non-White race (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.1-11.4) had higher perceptions of SDM; patients with DC (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.01-0.20) reported less SDM. Conclusions: Patients who present to clinic for surgical evaluation after facial trauma feel that their physicians involve them less when deciding on a treatment plan if they have experienced discrimination in health care settings in the past, or if they have significant difficulty deciding between treatment options.

Using social media-based telemedicine counselling to promote adherence to treatment plans after oral and maxillofacial surgeries in Nigeria

PurposeThis study aimed to determine the impact of telemedicine with WhatsApp on adherence to treatment plans amongst patients who have experienced oral and maxillofacial surgeries like implants, wisdom tooth removal, facial trauma and facial reconstruction.Design/methodology/approachThe researchers used a descriptive survey research design and sampled a total of 294 patients in Nigeria who experienced oral and maxillofacial surgeries 6 months before the study and provided responses that were used for analysis. The questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection.FindingsThe researchers found that telemedicine for counselling after oral and maxillofacial surgeries have a significant relationship with adherence to the treatment plan. The analysis revealed a significant interactive effect of telemedicine competence F(3,290) 11.423, p = 001 ? p2 = 0.038. The more skilful patients are at telemedicine, the more likely they are to engage in it and vice versa. The participants also preferred a combination of live and recorded interaction forms. It was also found that a combination of different message forms, like audio, text and video, predicts satisfaction with telemedicine.Originality/valueThis study has shown that social media are now playing important roles in health care delivery to patients, and this may continue to expand as societies evolve.

Decreasing Lens Irradiation on Brain Imaging: A Multi-CT Scanner Quality Improvement Project.

Cataracts, a leading global cause of blindness, are associated with ionising radiation exposure. This audit aimed to enhance lens exclusion during non-contrast head computed tomography (CT) scans at Newham University Hospital (NUH) using two CT scanners. A retrospective audit of non-contrast head CT scans at NUH excluded scans for trauma and imaging of orbital structures. A one-week audit in April 2023 assessed lens exclusion, compared to the Royal College of Radiologists (RCR) standards. A total of 101 consecutive scans were analysed and 63 (62%) scans were included in the final study. Thirty-eight percent of the scans were excluded according to the exclusion criteria of head, neckand facial traumas, orbital infectionsand papilledema. Results were presented, followed by a three-month radiographer re-education period, emphasizing gantry tilt and patient positioning. A reaudit in August 2023 evaluated outcomes. For the reaudit, 183 consecutive scans were analysed, with 131 (72%) scans included in the final studyand 52 (28%) scans excluded according to the same exclusion criteria as the first audit. Lens exclusion in non-contrast head CT scans improved significantly from 0/63 (0%) compliance to 19/131 (14.50%) (p=0005) compliance with the standards. Variability in radiographer practices, 'near misses' and time constraints were identified as challenges. Staff turnover impacted compliance. This audit has shed light on a critical aspect of patient care in the field of radiology. This research underscores the importance of rigorous and standardised protocols in radiological procedures, particularly when it comes to protecting the lens of the eye. By enhancing lens exclusion during non-contrast head CT scans, we have taken a significant step in mitigating the risk associated with ionising radiation exposure. Although substantial improvements were made, achieving the RCR audit standard remained elusive. Ongoing re-education, reauditsand a multidisciplinary approach are necessary to optimise radiographer adherence and reduce ionising radiation exposure to the lens during head CT scans.This quality improvement project proves thatcontinued emphasis on gantry tilt and patient positioning in radiographer education and training can make a significant difference in patient safety.As we move forward, let us remember that even small improvements can make a big difference in safeguarding the health and well-being of patients.

Making clear and effective communication SOuND BETTeR for patients with communication barriers.

The consequences of ineffective communication between patients and clinicians in the ED range from frustration to significant adverse events. Unfortunately, scenarios where we are unable to understand what our patient is saying to us are common, due to a multitude of factors including acute illness, disability and patient diversity. Current communication aids can be difficult to access and use in the Emergency setting due to lack of physical resources, specific training and time. Our aim was to develop a communication tool which allowed for the rapid identification of urgent patient needs. In order to overcome current challenges, the tool had to be resource-light, quick to use and not reliant on additional staff training or patient education for its effective use. The SOuND BETTeR communication tool is a list of yes/no questions, formatted as a mnemonic, which aims to identify the most common and urgent needs of patients in the ED. As the list of potential needs is not exhaustive, the tool does not purport to replace formal communication aids in the medium and long term, but to bridge the gap often left in the ED where urgent needs must be met and more formal communication aids are not yet available. The tool can effectively and quickly identify important needs in patients with expressive communication barriers such as those with aphasia, facial trauma and on non-invasive ventilation. In addition, the tool can be modified for use in patients with non-English speaking backgrounds. At this stage the tool has not yet been prospectively validated.

Morpho-Volumetric Changes of the Pharyngeal Airway With Traumatic Maxillofacial Injuries: A Retrospective Radiographic Study.

When dealing with traumatized patients, it is crucial to prioritize securing their airway. However, intubating someone who has sustained significant facial injuries can pose difficulties, as the narrow and altered shape of their upper airway may impede their ability to open their mouth. In light of this, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the volumetric and morphological alterations to the upper airway resulting from facial trauma by utilizing computed tomography (CT) scans. This is a single-centered retrospective analytical study. This study included CT scans of patients with traumatic facial injuries admitted to King Fahad Hospital in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Study variables included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), fractured bones, airway symmetry, and airway volume. Using the 3D Slicer software (Slicer Community, USA), a three-dimensional model of the pharyngeal airway was constructed from the CT scan to evaluate symmetry and volume. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 23 (released 2013; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States) was used to analyze data. Among the screened scans, 136 cases with traumatic facial injuries were included in the study. Age ranged from four to 91 years, with a mean of 28.26 (±14.9). Mandibular and zygomatic fractures were the most common, with 71 (52.2%) and 69 (50.7%) cases, respectively. The pharyngeal airway was symmetric in 111 (81.6%) cases and not symmetric in the other 25 (18.4%) cases. A significant association was found between the side of the fracture and airway asymmetry in mandibular fractures (p-value = 0.03). The total airway volume in the displaced mandibular fractures showed a statistically significant decrease (p-value = 0.019). The fracture sites were not statistically linked to airway asymmetry except for parasymphyseal and symphyseal fractures, with a p-value of 0.038 and 0.041, respectively. The study findings suggest that the pharyngeal airway is not usually compromised in most facial bone fractures; however, bilateral displaced mandibular fractures have the potential to diminish the pharyngeal airway volume, especially in fractures involving the symphysis and parasymphysis area.

Accessory mental foramen: A peerless anatomical entity

The accessory mental foramen is an uncommon phenomenon with anatomical significance. Additional foramina pattern is a rare occurrence in which only one of the foramen is regarded as the mental foramen and the others as accessory mental foramen (AMF). The emerging patterns of the mental nerve have previously been observed. This case report describes an auxiliary mental foramen that was discovered in a face trauma patient with a mandibular right parasymphysis fracture.

Computed Tomographic Study of Variants of Deviated Nasal Septum in Adult Population: A Descriptive, Cross-sectional, Hospital-based Study

Background: Deviated nasal septum (DNS) is an influential variant of the sinonasal region due to its possible association with varied sinonasal pathologies, mid-facial (skeletal or occlusal) disharmonies and orofacial pain disorders. The aim of the study is to document the prevalence of DNS and to observe and assess the radiographic attributes of its types in adults. Materials and Methods: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study in which, after getting ethical approval, computed tomography paranasal sinus volumes of 100 adult subjects are collected from the medical college on the basis of convenience sampling. Paediatric subjects and patients with a previous history of mid-facial trauma, malignancy or surgery are excluded from the study. DICOM data thus collected are retrospectively analysed by RadiAnt DICOM viewer to determine the prevalence of DNS to study its association across gender and with increased (&gt;1 mm) mucosal thickening of the maxillary sinus. DNS is recorded by Mladina’s classification and by septal deviation angle, and association is studied by the Chi-square test and Mann–Whitney U test. Results: The overall prevalence of DNS is 82%. Association of deviated septum with gender and mucosal thickening of the sinus lining is not statistically significant. Overall type V (spur) deviation is most common; however, in subjects with thickened mucosal lining type III (“C” or reverse “C”), deviation is found to be most prevalent. All the cases of type VI deviation have a tilted nasal floor, a finding of dental surgeon’s interest. “Bridging Spur,” an uncommon form of spur deformity, is also recorded in one case. Conclusions: Deviated septum is far more common than straight septum in the adult population. Types III, II and IV are more frequent in subjects with increased mucosal thickening. Association of type VI with tilted floor and rare variants like “Bridging spur” is also reported.

COVID-19 impact on facial trauma: Insights from Mississippi's only level 1 trauma center

PurposeOur primary aim was to understand and describe the impact of COVID-19 on the incidence and etiology of facial trauma in the state of Mississippi. MethodsRetrospective review of facial trauma-related Emergency Department encounters in Mississippi from March 11, 2019 to March 10, 2021, divided into three time periods using the state of Mississippi's Governor's Office Executive Orders. Chi-square tests and segmented linear regressions were used for analysis. ResultsPatients presenting with facial trauma were typically male, 18–44 years old, and lived in urban zip codes. Insurance payors significantly differed across time periods. There were no significant differences in self-inflicted assault or accidental injury between the 3 time periods, with pre- and pandemic patients more likely to be self-pay while patients during recovery being more likely to have private insurance. During the pandemic, facial trauma from a family member, partner or spouse, or other person in the household significantly increased. ConclusionSimilar accidental facial trauma trends may reflect lower adherence to social distancing guidelines. The increase in facial trauma perpetrated by family members is consistent with reported increases in domestic violence during the pandemic. While overall facial trauma demographic patterns did not change significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, there were notable changes in the etiology and insurance payor of facial trauma cases. Lay summaryThe COVID-19 pandemic impacted healthcare systems worldwide, and our study seeks to understand how the pandemic affected incidence of facial trauma.Level of evidence: 2.

Demographic and socioeconomic disparities in receipt of ophthalmology consultation for facial trauma

ObjectiveFunctional outcomes following facial and ocular trauma are time-sensitive and require prompt evaluation to minimise long-term vision loss, yet few studies have systematically evaluated disparities in the management of these...

A Changing Trend in Pattern of Maxillofacial Trauma in Mumbai: A Prospective Study.

Maxillofacial skeleton is the most vulnerable site for trauma due to its prominence. The aim of our study was to analyse the cause and pattern of maxillofacial injuries & to correlate the aetiology and pattern of facial injury. This prospective study includes 304 patients with facial trauma, who reported to our institute within a time span of 2 years. Data were collected on basis of sociodemographic status plus additional data obtained on type of injury, aetiology, location and status of the victim. The most frequent cause of maxillofacial trauma (MFT) was fall (43.3%) followed by RTA (34.2%) and assault (15.1%). In upper 3rd face region frontal bone fracture was prevalent with 1.3%, while in the midface, zygomatic complex (ZMC) fracture (3.9%) and in lower 3rd part of face, mandible fracture (42.8%) and dentoalveolar fracture (30.2%). Mandible was the most prevalent site for trauma. Although fall was the main aetiological factor in our study, midfacial injuries were mainly due to assault and RTA. Combination of mandibular fracture and soft tissue injury were mainly seen in RTA and injury due to fall. Conservative management was mainly employed for treatment with 46.1% followed by ORIF with 36.2%. Changing trend in aetiology of MFT was noted. Furthermore, study should be conducted for better understanding, and to carry out preventive measure for the same.

Eclipsed sunray in the tonsil: mystery unfolded

Actinomyces are saprophytic, filamentous branched bacteria, living as commensal organisms in the oral cavity. They become invasive when they gain access to the subcutaneous tissue, through a mucosal lesion. The common predisposing conditions are having dental caries, dental manipulations and maxillo facial trauma. Actinomycosis of the tonsil is usually related to obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy rather than recurrent tonsillitis. Since actinomyces is a normal inhabitant of the human body, it will be found in every anatomical site of the body. But tonsillar actinomycosis results from reduction of oxidation- reduction potential caused by pyogenic and anaerobic infections. Mucosal trauma plays a major role in the entry of the organisms. These organisms produce toxins and proteolytic enzymes to cause pathology within the tonsil. Dilated cystic spaces and neutrophilic infiltration are the unusual features highlighted in this report. Antibiotic therapy along with tonsillectomy is suggested as the preventive and curative treatment for tonsillar actinomycosis.

Nasal columella reconstruction using philtrum advancement flap: a case report of treatment of nasal stenosis

BackgroundNasal columella reconstruction is a challenging procedure, and the main goal is to maintain function as well as a satisfactory aesthetic outcome. Several surgical techniques have been described for the reconstruction of nasal columella. However, there is a paucity of literature on these techniques in our environment, and the use of superiorly based philtrum advancement flaps is extremely rare in African literature.Case presentationA 60-year-old man presented with nasal obstruction and nasal deformity following facial trauma 6 months prior to presentation. Examination revealed bilateral stenosed nasal cavities and a very short columella with a healed nasal scar. The diagnosis of nasal stenosis was made. Intra-operatively, a superiorly based philtrum advancement flap was designed and elevated, granulation tissues in the nasal cavities were excised, the septum was repositioned, the base of the flap was sutured at the midline of the floor of the nose, and the donor site was approximated. A bilateral nasal stent was applied for 4 weeks. Postoperatively, the recipient and donor sites healed completely with an aesthetically acceptable appearance, and the patient was satisfied with the outcome.ConclusionNasal columellar reconstruction is a complex procedure. The superiorly based philtrum advancement flap is a simple and aesthetically acceptable method of treating nasal stenosis. This method demonstrated an adequate nasal airway and a good cosmetic appearance.

Pre-Operative Factors May Predict Outcome in Selective Neurectomy for Synkinesis.

Background: While there has been great interest in offering selective neurectomy (SN) to patients with nonflaccid facial palsy (NFFP), postoperative outcomes are inconsistent. Objective: To assess overall SN outcome in NFFP patients and to examine correlation between preoperative factors and SN outcome. Methods: SN cases were retrospectively identified between 2019 and 2021. Patient factors and facial function were assessed using chart review, the Facial Clinimetric Evaluation (FaCE), the electronic clinician-graded facial function tool (eFACE), and an automated computer-aided facial assessment tool (Emotrics). Correlations between preoperative factors and patients outcome were established. Results: Fifty-eight SN cases were performed; 88% were females, and median age was 53 years (range 11-81). Outcome assessment was 8 months on average (1-24 months). Postoperatively, multiple eFACE and Emotrics parameters improved significantly, including ocular, perioral, and synkinesis metrics. In preoperative factors assessment, age >50, facial palsy (FP) duration >2 years, poor preoperative facial function, and nontrauma etiology all correlated with greater improvements compared with younger patients, those with shorter duration facial palsy, trauma etiology, and better preoperative facial function. Conclusions: SN can significantly improve facial function; we have identified several preoperative factors that correlated to outcome.

Facial Injuries in the National Basketball Association

Sport injuries can negatively impact physical and psychological aspects of athletes. There is a gap in the literature regarding facial trauma present in basketball. The purpose of this study is to identify and describe facial trauma present in the National Basketball Association (NBA). This is a retrospective cohort study in which the sample (n=206) consists of players that missed games due to facial injuries in the NBA, the data were collected from a public access online resource. The predictor variables were player position (center, point guard, shooting guard, small forward, and power forward), team conference (Eastern/Western), and if played games occurred in playoff season. The primary outcome variable was the injury location (upper, middle, and lower facial third), and the secondary outcome was type of injury (soft tissue/bone fracture). Player's age, height, weight, and body mass index were collected. χ2 and logistic regression were calculated to determine associations between predictor and outcome variables. Logistic regression was used to determine if variables were predictive for injury. Odds ratio was also computed for significant results. P value less than .05 (95% confidence interval) was considered statistically significant. A total of 206 players missed games due to facial injuries, and a total of 212 injuries were quantified. The mean age of the injured players was 27.24±4.06years, mean height (centimeters) was 201±59.31cm, mean weight (kilograms) was 99.48±12.41kg, and body mass index was 24.52±1.75kg/m2. Of the 212 injuries, none of them occurred in the upper facial third, 158 (75%) were in the middle third, and 54 (25%) were in the lower third; 151 of them were fractures (61%) and 61 were soft tissue injuries (29%). Most injuries were concentrated in centers (23%) and power forwards (23%). The most common fracture occurred in the nasal bones (39.2%), and most soft tissue injuries occurred in the eye globes (25%). Almost all injuries occurred during regular season games (97%), and the Eastern conference was slightly predominant (52%). Significant facial trauma in the NBA has risen in recent years. The player's position, height, and weight were the primary factors associated with facial trauma in the NBA.