Face Of Threats Research Articles

Russia's war on everybody and what it means for you; The Russia conundrum: how the West fell for Putin's power gambit—and how to fix it

The two books under review were published at a time when all eyes were on Russia's war in Ukraine. Yet the authors wrote most of the chapters before the war began in February 2022. The ongoing invasion of Ukraine further confirms some of the key assessments and conclusions that can be found in Russia's war on everybody and The Russia conundrum. Western countries have only recently been forced to start rethinking their policies towards Moscow. Yet both authors provide a longer-term nuanced and complex overview of how Russia has been waging war against the West for decades—albeit without rolling tanks on western soil—and the extent to which the West has greatly underestimated the threat. The war in Ukraine is the most brutal and direct manifestation of Vladimir Putin's intentions. Yet, Keir Giles clearly demonstrates that Russia has been waging a war against everybody, defining ‘its own security through being able to do damage to other countries’ (p. xvi). For decades, the West has found it incredibly difficult to respond to undeclared attacks from Moscow. Hence, operating below the threshold, Russia has quietly become everyone's problem. Giles convincingly argues that every segment of a society can fall within Moscow's interest. With a wealth of examples, the author unpacks the Russian strategy to divide and rule: Moscow exploits vulnerable and sensitive issues to inflame hatred and deepen societal divisions in the West, and ultimately to shake the bloc's unity and resilience in the face of a common threat. According to Giles, closing off such vulnerabilities may limit Russia's manoeuvring and ability both to confuse western policy-makers and to take advantage of their confusion to inflict harm.

Us and Them: The Role of Identity in the International Arena

Us and Them:The Role of Identity in the International Arena Kathrin Bachleitner (bio) In today's world, "us" and "them" is circumvented by identity. "Identity" is an interdisciplinary concept that describes the "self," or more precisely, the "self" as it is interpreted in the present. In international relations (IR), the "self" can be understood in individual and collective terms, yet it usually means the "state" or a specific community of states. Notably, any such selfhood necessarily requires an "other." Identity always means a specific self, an in-group, and as such, draws boundaries demarcating an out-group. Whether personal or collective, national or transnational, ethnic, race, class, age, gender, or sexuality-based, identities dictate who belongs and who does not belong to a specific group. In other words, there cannot be an "us" without a "them." In IR, the "us" usually refers to a state or group of states, often a regional rather than an international community. The "other" may be defined by geography or territorial boundaries but also by a diverse value system, mindset, or culture. Take the example of Europe—Europe is geographically defined by "others" that exist outside of its territorial boundaries: America, Russia, the Middle East, or Asia. Europe, however, is not a mere geographical entity. It is also a normative community. When it comes to its normative "self," the EU locates itself against "illiberal, authoritarian regimes" or, in some interpretations, against "Islam." "Others" can even stem from "the self" in another historical time. Europe's "temporal other" is its own war-torn past: its periods of totalitarianism, the Holocaust and the Stalinist gulags, and its colonial Empire. These "historical others" are essential in situating the current European "self" and, as such, defining, developing, and shaping Europe's "identity" in the present. "Identity," defined as "the current interpretation of the collective 'self' vis-à-vis 'others,'" therefore offers IR scholars a dynamic concept for their analyses. It helps to describe national interests, state behavior, and the formation of international norms and communities, and it can also explain episodes of conflict and reconciliation or war and peace between states. While identity is situated at the core of IR's constructivist scholarship, realists and liberals cannot afford to overlook it. In fact, a burgeoning body of IR works relies on identity as a concept to show how it shapes interests and state behavior in global politics. The nexus between state identity and state behavior is explored specifically by ontological security scholars. In their view, states strive not only for the physical security of their "body" but also for the "ontological" security of their "mind." In other words, they act in accordance with their established and perceived identities. When explaining the behavior between states and their interrelationships today, IR scholars thus cannot do so without recourse to identity. Yet, while the nexus between identity and state behavior has an intuitive logic to it, its influence is all the harder to prove. Ever since the concept of identity has reached the attention of scholars, attempts have proliferated—albeit often to no avail—to establish causality between this vague and intangible thing that is "state identity" and a specific outcome or state behavior in IR. Moreover, identities and their role in global politics consist of both an active and a passive [End Page 2] component; on the one hand, identities can be actively shaped and manipulated by politicians, but on the other hand, identities passively, often subconsciously, dictate what politicians think, believe, and do in IR. This level of versatility shapes "identity" into the useful, dynamic, and socially constructed concept that it is while also complicating IR scholars' attempts to employ it as a variable in their social scientific research designs (be it when using quantitative or qualitative methods). In IR, "identity" is not singular but plural. Identities are multiple, overlapping, and permanently changing. It follows that they are not static entities with which to explain international relations, but rather they are constitutive to international relations themselves. Take the current example of Germany and its deliberations with its historical identity in the face of the new threats posed to European security by the Ukraine war. IR scholars traditionally used the German...

New challenges and threats in the digital space: security as a criterion for the development of information technologies

The object of this study is public relations related to information security in The Russian Federation in the face of new challenges and threats, as well as digital transformation and geopolitical changes. The subject of the study forms a set of legal norms of normative legal acts of the Russian Federation regulating public relations in the field of information security, as well as the provisions of theoretical interdisciplinary research in this area. Special attention is paid to security issues, which occupy one of the key values in the domestic and foreign policy of the state, determining further national interests and strategic national priorities, goals and objectives of state policy and sustainable development of the state for the long term. The issues of ensuring information security are becoming more and more urgent in view of the global digital transformation of all spheres of life, as well as the aggravation of geopolitical contradictions and the strengthening of interstate information warfare. The author concludes that it is obvious that it is expedient to legislate at the federal level the legal foundations of the national information security system in the Russian Federation in order to use information and legal means in the conditions of digitalization, the growth of geopolitical challenges and risks, the global socio-economic crisis, the formation of a multipolarity of the world, aimed at increasing the security of Russian information resources, information systems and objects of information infrastructure. The author raises the question of the possibility of including certain legal norms in the domestic information legislation in the part in which such norms regulate relations in the field of performance by public administration bodies of functions ensuring security in the information sphere.

Experiences and understanding of apathy in people with neurocognitive disorders and their carers: a qualitative interview study

apathy, defined as reduced goal-directed activity, interests and emotion, is highly prevalent in neurocognitive disorders (NCDs). Apathy has important consequences for the individuals who experience it and their carers, yet the lived experiences of apathy in this population are not well understood. to explore how people with NCDs and their carers understand and experience apathy. in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted in participants' homes. Sixteen people with NCDs (dementia or mild cognitive impairment) and 14 carers, living in four geographical areas of England, took part. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. four themes were generated: 'Apathy is Poorly Understood'; 'Too much trouble: Mediating Effort and Outcome'; 'Preserving Identity in the Face of Loss of Capability and Autonomy' and 'Opportunity and Exclusion'. apathy is experienced as an understandable response to the everyday struggle people with NCDs face to preserve identity in the face of threats to capability and autonomy and is exacerbated by the lack of support and opportunities. Social and environmental modifications may help reduce apathy. In line with previous qualitative research, this challenges the dominant view of apathy as a neuropsychiatric symptom that excludes the social-environmental context.

An Analysis of Oral Academic Discourse in Classroom Discussions

This discourse analysis is aimed to investigate the what sorts of speech acts have illocutionary power in constructing academic discussions and the ways speech acts such as disagreements framed and organized such as in turn-taking in oral academic discussions and how face threatening and maintaining self- mage are conceptualized. This includes thirty minutes conversation between the instructor and her students in a classroom setting. The nature of interaction from the verbal exchanges in academic discussions were examined, analyzed and clarified based on the Speech Act Theory of Austin and Searle, Frame Theory of Goffman and Tannen and lastly, Politeness Theory of Brown and Levinson. The results showed that the sorts of speech acts have illocutionary power in constructing academic discussions and there are ways that speech acts such as disagreements are framed and organized such as in turn-taking in oral academic discussions in order to maintain the social image of the participants of conversation. Verbal interaction at discussions has its way in maintaining the face-work like threatening and displaying positive image. The aspects of face as basic wants are composed of negative and positive faces are applied to acts threatening positive or negative face, and the three variables are - power, social distance and imposition can be applied in just a small segment of conversation. It was revealed that keying’ which consists of an “openly admitted” transformation of untransformed activity and concerns a systematic reworking of

Impaired Cognition – A Menace to Aging

Cognition is defined as mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and senses. It is an age-related degenerative condition, as the age advances, individuals experience deteriorative changes in their cognitive abilities. It is estimated that nearly four fifth of the elderly above 60 years of age will be living in developing countries like Africa, Asia by 2050, thereby placing the developing countries to face threat of cognitive impairment among elderly when compared to developed countries. The result of striking increase in ag-ing population of India, it is expected to have a substantial increase in elderly suffering from cognitive impair-ment. This review involves discussing the various causes, pathophysiology, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with this increasing cognitive deterioration in elderly people, diagnostic criteria, and preven-tive methods. This review will help in better understanding of the cognitive impairment in elderly people. Better understanding of the disease helps in better treatment modalities.

Politeness in the EFL Classroom Interaction: Strategies in Avoiding Face Threatening Act (FTA)

The purpose of this study is to look into how lecturers from Methodist University's Letters Faculty express politeness in their words and actions during the learning process in classroom interaction. Observing lecturers and students of various ethnicities, religions, and cultures, one must be understanding and well-managed in order to avoid the face threatening act and retain the diversity among them. The study was conducted at the Letters Faculty's classes at The Methodist University of Indonesia. The researchers took a qualitative approach to the study, monitoring lecturers’ activities with students in classroom interaction and recording their communication during the process of learning. The lecturers used the three types of politeness strategies to respond to the context of avoiding conflict and maintaining harmony, as evidenced by the results. Bald On-record politeness strategy, positive politeness strategy, and negative politeness strategy are the three types of the strategies. The bald on record strategy is the most commonly employed of the three types of politeness strategies used by the lecturers. It's because the lecturers are having more power in the class. Lecturers have right to ask students without asking the students first. Surprisingly, lecturers are not shy to say sorry and thank you even they have more power in the class. In short, lecturers try to avoid the face threatening acts by this way of communication. Unluckly, the result of the study also presents the act of some lecturers who were sitting in student’s table during the learning process. Thus, it creates discomfort for students.

Climate change and mental health. Position paper of atask force of the DGPPN

Climate change and the resulting higher frequency of extreme weather events have a direct negative impact on mental health. Natural disasters are particularly associated with an increase in the prevalence of depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder. Indirect consequences of climate change, such as food shortages, economic crises, violent conflicts and forced migration, additionally represent severe psychological risk and stress factors. Climate anxiety and solastalgia, the distress induced by environmental change, are new psychological syndromes in the face of the existential threat posed by the climate crisis. Accordingly, asustainable psychiatry must prepare for increasing and changing demands. The principles of psychiatric treatment need to focus more on prevention to reduce the overall burden on the healthcare system. Waste of resources and CO2 emissions in psychiatric treatment processes as well as infrastructure must be perceived and prevented. Psychiatric education, training and continuing education concepts should be expanded to include the topic of climate change in order to comprehensively inform and sensitize professionals, those affected and the public and to encourage climate-friendly and health-promoting behavior. More in-depth research is needed on the impact of climate change on mental health. The DGPPN becomes asponsor and aims for climate neutrality by 2030 by committing to climate-friendly and energy-saving measures in the area of finance, in relation to the DGPPN congress as well as the DGPPN office.

Urban informal economy and vulnerabilities of domestic waste-pickers: A case of Chandigarh, India

In urban informal economies, waste-pickers increasingly face threat to their livelihoods due to the rapid emergence of formal systems of waste collection and lack of adequate public policies for their welfare. In this context, the study explores livelihood conditions of domestic waste-pickers and their occupational and educational mobility in Chandigarh, which is often referred as one of most well-planned cities of India. Using a semi-structured schedule, a field-based survey of the waste-pickers brings out that waste-pickers are the migrant workers from adjoining states and work as waste-pickers mainly due to non-availability of alternative employment opportunities. Employment in waste-picking is characterized by informal service charge fixation purely through interaction between house-owners and waste-pickers, where their low bargaining power leads to a surprisingly low level of income with significant variations due to gender. Child labour, even though disguised, also tends to exist. The study reveals unsafe working conditions, awful health conditions and unpleasant living conditions of the waste-pickers along with trivial upward educational mobility and no upward occupational mobility. The analysis presents a classic case of failure of both market and state in delivering optimum economic welfare to waste-pickers even in case of well-planned and highly urbanized city such as Chandigarh of India and demands immediate public policy intervention.

Javanese Maxims as Politeness Guidance in Social Media Phatic Communication: A Cyberpragmatics Perspective

Communication on social media raises at a significant rate during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Social media communication (SMC) in specific culture requires particular strategies related to cultural norms. Due to the limitation of cyber communication compares to direct communication, users of social media utilize available features in social media platforms to perform politeness. The strategies of Javanese netizens to perform Javanese politeness maxims in SMC are the main discussion in this study. The data were collected from five WhatsApp Groups (WAG) of Javanese adults of 20s-40s of age comprising 246 respondents. The conversation texts containing phatic talks in WAG were selected by observation method. Then, the conversational texts and communication icons were transcribed for contextual analysis. The result shows that the Javanese maxims of Kurmat (Respect), Tepa Selira (Tolerance), Andhap Asor (Humility), and Empan Papan (Self-Awareness) were utilized by Javanese netizens in performing politeness in virtual phatic communication. During the pandemic, tolerance maxim is the most frequently used to support each other. The maxim of humility is not obvious in virtual phatic communication. To this extent, Javanese politeness maxims are mitigating devices to establish social rapport in phatic communication. The Javanese ability in performing Javanese maxims as politeness devices is essential to avoid conflict and mitigate Face Threatening Act (FTA) since the Javanese community tends to create harmony in life known as Guyub Rukun.

Antifascist Narrative and the Politics of Optimism

AbstractThis essay identifies the structure of US antifascist literary narrative, and in so doing, outlines its history and theorizes its democratic intervention. It argues that since the 1930s, antifascist narratives have been fueled by an optimism they maintain in the face of an existential threat to democracy. Spawned at moments of danger, antifascist narratives do not fight fascism simply to restore the status quo of liberalism, but strive to expand democracy through the defeat of fascism, forging a new reality in the fight against monsters. The essay focuses on two largely forgotten works published in the late 1930s, perhaps the darkest era for antifascists: James T. Farrell’s novella, Tommy Gallagher’s Crusade (1939), and William Thomas Smith’s serial novel, The Black Stockings (1937), which appeared in the Baltimore Afro-American. These two works are part of a subgenre of antifascist literature that I call “the blackshirt narrative,” a subgenre particularly worth revisiting for those interested in preserving and expanding democracy in the twenty-first century.Spawned at a moment of danger, [antifascist] optimism does not just fight fascism in order to restore the status quo of liberalism, but . . . strives to expand democracy through the defeat of fascism, forging a new reality in the fight against monsters.

Social anxiety and accumulation of status loss events: The role of adulthood experiences.

The association between social anxiety (SA) and early-life status loss events (SLEs) is well documented. However, such an association in adulthood is yet to be examined. Two studies (N=166 and N=431) were conducted to address this question. Adult participants filled out questionnaires regarding SLEs accumulation during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, along with depression and SA severity measures. SA was associated with SLEs in adulthood over and above SLEs in childhood and adolescence, and depression. The adaptive role of SA in adulthood in the face of concrete and relevant status threats is discussed.

Prioritizing India’s landscapes for biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being

Biodiversity conservation and human well-being are tightly interlinked. Yet, mismatches in the scale at which these two priority issues are planned and implemented have exacerbated biodiversity loss, erosion of ecosystem services and declining human quality of life. India houses the second largest human population on the planet, while < 5% of the country’s land area is effectively protected for conservation. This warrants landscape-level conservation planning through a judicious mix of land-sharing and land-sparing approaches combined with the co-production of ecosystem services. Through a multifaceted assessment, we prioritize spatial extents of land parcels that, in the face of anthropogenic threats, can safeguard conservation landscapes across India’s biogeographic zones. We found that only a fraction (~15%) of the priority areas identified here are encompassed under India’s extant Protected Area network, and furthermore, that several landscapes of high importance were omitted from all previous global-scale assessments. We then examined the spatial congruence of priority areas with administrative units earmarked for economic development by the Indian government and propose management zoning through state-driven and participatory approaches. Our spatially explicit insights can help meet the twin goals of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in India and other countries across the Global South. Biodiversity conservation is critical for promoting ecosystem services and human well-being, but current conservation efforts fail to protect most high priority zones. A mix of land-sparing and land-sharing is needed to safeguard critical ecosystems in India and across the Global South.

An Algorithm for Network Security Situation Assessment Based on Deep Learning

Aiming at the problems that the existing assessment methods are difficult to solve, such as the low efficiency and uncertainty of network security situation assessment in complex network environment, by constructing the characteristic elements of network security big data, a typical model based on deep learning, long short-term memory (LSTM), is established to assess the network security situation in time series. The hidden relationship and change trend of network security situation are automatically mined and analyzed through the deep learning algorithm of big data, which greatly improves the prediction accuracy of security situation. Experimental analysis shows that this method has a better assessment effect on network threats, has higher learning efficiency than the traditional network situation assessment methods, and has strong representation ability in the face of network threats. It can more accurately and effectively assess the changing trend of big data security situation in the future.

Impacts of climate change on water footprint components of rainfed and irrigated wheat in a semi-arid environment.

Climate change is one of the biggest environmental challenges that significantly impact water resources and the quantity and quality of agricultural products. Assessment of these impacts during the historical period and under future climate is essential for achieving a sustainable agricultural system in the face of climate change threats and water scarcity. In this research, we evaluated the yield and water footprint of rainfed and irrigated wheat during the historical period (1986-2015) and two future periods (2016 to 2055) in a semi-arid environment in Fars province, Iran. The future climate data was selected from the CanESM2 model outputs (bias-corrected and downscaled using the SDSM model) under the RCP4.5 scenario, and the yield projection was made using the AquaCrop model. Our result showed that for both irrigated and rainfed wheat, the yield significantly increases in southern parts of the study area in future climates, primarily because of an increase in effective precipitation. Other regions will experience a marginal yield decrease or no yield changes (in the case of irrigated wheat). Our assessments of the water footprint of wheat production showed a significant reduction in green and blue water footprints in the southern regions. In other regions, various patterns emerged for irrigated and rainfed wheat, but an overall increase was observed. The southern regions of the study area will be more suitable for wheat production owing to the higher yield and lower water footprint.

Implementasi Penyaluran Dana Bantuan Langsung Tunai bagi UMKM pada Masa Pandemi di Kota Tangerang Selatan

Direct Cash Assistance (BLT) is one of the government's efforts to save the society's economy. This is not a new thing that the government uses as a policy solution that can be issued quickly when the economy is in an emergency. As during the COVID-19 pandemic that has hit Indonesia since March 2020, the government has implemented one of the BLT programs, namely Assistance for Micro Business Entrepreneurs (BPUM) through the Regulation of the Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2021 concerning Amendments to Regulation of Minister of Cooperatives, Small and Medium Enterprises Number 6 of 2020 concerning General Guidelines for Distribution of Government Assistance for Micro Business Entrepreneurs to Support National Economic Recovery in Facing Threats That Endanger the National Economy and Rescue the National Economy during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. The program, which runs from 2020 to 2021 and is planned to be continued in 2022, is expected to be able to maintain the people's economy starting from micro-enterprises which will have an impact on the national economy. This research journal was written to study the effectiveness of the BPUM program procurement in South Tangerang City by analyzing the regulations in force and interviewing with the Head of the Technology and Innovation Section of the Innovation and Technology Data Division of the Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises Office of South Tangerang City. The result is that the program has not run effectively due to the lack of coordination between the center and the regions in implementing the BPUM program.

Making an Integrated Border: Challenges for Immigration Institutions in North Sulawesi

Border areas are the country's frontline in the face of outside security threats. Thus, strengthening capacity in managing borders must be taken seriously. This research uses a qualitative method, which is a study that aims to explain the challenges faced by immigration institutions in the Province of North Sulawesi related to the integration of border management and what strategies can be offered to overcome various obstacles or challenges that arise in efforts to integrate border management in North Sulawesi. The analysis of the problems in this study will be based on eight parameters of an integrated border management system, namely: (1) Legal and Regulatory Framework, (2) Organization and Management, (3) Procedures, (4) Human resources and training, (5) Communication, (6) Information Technology (7) Infrastructure and (8) Budget. This study took a locus in the Province of North Sulawesi, which has a maritime border with the Philippines, using qualitative methods to explain the integration of border management involving immigration institutions in North Sulawesi.

A Deep Learning Method for Lightweight and Cross-Device IoT Botnet Detection

Ensuring security of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in the face of threats and attacks is a primary concern. IoT plays an increasingly key role in cyber–physical systems. Many existing intrusion detection systems (IDS) proposals for the IoT leverage complex machine learning architectures, which often provide one separate model per device or per attack. These solutions are not suited to the scale and dynamism of modern IoT networks. This paper proposes a novel IoT-driven cross-device method, which allows learning a single IDS model instead of many separate models atop the traffic of different IoT devices. A semi-supervised approach is adopted due to its wider applicability for unanticipated attacks. The solution is based on an all-in-one deep autoencoder, which consists of training a single deep neural network with the normal traffic from different IoT devices. Extensive experimentation performed with a widely used benchmarking dataset indicates that the all-in-one approach achieves within 0.9994–0.9997 recall, 0.9999–1.0 precision, 0.0–0.0071 false positive rate and 0.9996–0.9998 F1 score, depending on the device. The results obtained demonstrate the validity of the proposal, which represents a lightweight and device-independent solution with considerable advantages in terms of transferability and adaptability.

ANALISIS KEUNGGULAN BERSAING (COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE) DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM

In the business world, especially in the supermarket business, competition cannot be separated, the number of supermarkets that are established will make business competition increasingly tight in the supermarket industry. Competitive advantage is now the spearhead of a business. PB Supermarket is one of the supermarkets that is included in the minimarket category which is equivalent to Alfamart, Indomart and other minimarkets in Metro City. This study aims to determine the steps of PB Supermarkets in applying their competitive advantage. After knowing the steps of PB Supermarkets in implementing competitive advantage, it will be analyzed in the perspective of Islamic economics. Judging from its type, this research is a descriptive field research. In the data collection method, researchers used interviews or interviews, documentation, and observation. As for the results of this study, namely that PB Supermarkets have a high competitive industrial environment, it can be seen that there are many supermarkets standing in Metro City. Based on the SWOT analysis PB Swalayan also has good strengths and opportunities to cover weaknesses and face threats. To face a high competitive environment, PB Swalayan applies competitive advantage in the form of improving service quality, providing goods that are needed by the community or a complete target market, and conducting promotional programs in the form of prize draws, and what is prioritized in PB Swalayan's competitive advantage is lower prices compared to its competitors. The competitive advantage applied by PB Supermarkets is in accordance with Islamic Economics or Islamic business ethics, namely the principles of honesty, trustworthiness, tolerance, and fulfilling contracts and promises, and not using methods that are prohibited by religion.

Bald eagle mortality and nest failure due to clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza a virus

The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is a culturally and ecologically vital species in North America that embodies conservation success but continues to face threats that include emerging pathogens. The introduction of A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage highly pathogenic (HP) clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 influenza A virus (IAV) in North America in late 2021 resulted in high rates of mortality among bald eagles. Here we show an alarming rate of bald eagle nest failure and mortality attributed to HP IAV. We documented fatal, systemic HP IAV infection in breeding adult and nestling bald eagles along the southeastern U.S. coast. Concurrently, annual bald eagle nest surveys in Georgia and Florida revealed a precipitous drop in success in coastal counties compared with previous years, portending negative impacts on population recruitment. As an apex predator and efficient scavenger, it is likely that bald eagles become infected through consumption of infected waterfowl. These results and similar reports of raptor mortality in Europe, Asia, and Africa, indicate a clear threat to raptor health. The possible long-term persistence of HP H5N1 IAV in North America poses an impending threat to bald eagle populations not only related to direct mortality but also decreased recruitment and warrants continued efforts to understand these potential impacts.