Physiognomy Research Articles

Neuromarketing research of communication efficiency of tourist advertising

The article deals with the application of neuromarketing technologies for the evaluation of a tourism commercial in Kazakhstan. Neuromarketing research is one of the innovative areas, which is a symbiosis of psychology and marketing. The purpose of this article is to identify which visual and audio elements of advertising increase its communicative effectiveness based on the neuromarketing study of the commercial using Face Reading. The options for using neuromarketing equipment to assess the emotional perception of a tourist video are considered. A brief analysis of neuromarketing studies in the works of domestic and foreign scientists was carried out. Particular attention is paid to what emotions contribute to increasing memorability, arouse interest in the commercial. The studies used a spectral analysis of the commercial, which allows us to analyze the emotional attitude of the respondents to various visual and auditory stimuli in the advertising of tourism in Kazakhstan. The results of the study made it possible to draw a conclusion on the potential of using neuromarketing technologies to improve the communicative effectiveness of the commercial. As a result of the research, recommendations have been developed for modeling a tourist video, taking into account the findings. This method not only determines the understanding of which frames cause a higher emotional outburst, but also the possibility of increasing emotional perception when viewing advertising to form an associative array with tourism in Kazakhstan.

Face reading the emotions of gelotophobes toward disparaging humorous advertising

Prior research has indicated that gelotophobia, people’s fear of being laughed at, influences their emotions toward a disparaging humorous event. Based on two experiments with a sample of 50 Greek participants each, the present study employed face recognition software to explore the emotions of gelotophobes, when exposed to an advertisement. It further examined the moderating role of the type of advertisement (i.e. a disparaging humorous ad vs. a non-disparaging non-humorous ad) and identification with the victim of the joke, on gelotophobes' emotions. At higher levels of identification with the victim, gelotophobes indicated lower levels of joy, joyful (Duchenne) smile, and a positive emotional valence toward a disparaging-humorous advertisement as opposed to non-gelotophobes. Joy was also found to mediate the negative effects of gelotophobia on attitude toward the ad.

Ties between reading faces, bodies, eyes, and autistic traits.

While reading covered with masks faces during the COVID-19 pandemic, for efficient social interaction, we need to combine information from different sources such as the eyes (without faces hidden by masks) and bodies. This may be challenging for individuals with neuropsychiatric conditions, in particular, autism spectrum disorders. Here we examined whether reading of dynamic faces, bodies, and eyes are tied in a gender-specific way, and how these capabilities are related to autistic traits expression. Females and males accomplished a task with point-light faces along with a task with point-light body locomotion portraying different emotional expressions. They had to infer emotional content of displays. In addition, participants were administered the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, modified and Autism Spectrum Quotient questionnaire. The findings show that only in females, inferring emotions from dynamic bodies and faces are firmly linked, whereas in males, reading in the eyes is knotted with face reading. Strikingly, in neurotypical males only, accuracy of face, body, and eyes reading was negatively tied with autistic traits. The outcome points to gender-specific modes in social cognition: females rely upon merely dynamic cues while reading faces and bodies, whereas males most likely trust configural information. The findings are of value for examination of face and body language reading in neuropsychiatric conditions, in particular, autism, most of which are gender/sex-specific. This work suggests that if male individuals with autistic traits experience difficulties in reading covered with masks faces, these deficits may be unlikely compensated by reading (even dynamic) bodies and faces. By contrast, in females, reading covered faces as well as reading language of dynamic bodies and faces are not compulsorily connected to autistic traits preventing them from paying high costs for maladaptive social interaction.

What is So Special About Contemporary CG Faces? Semiotics of MetaHumans

This paper analyses the features of the 2021 software for the creation of ultrarealistic digital characters “MetaHuman Creator” and reflects on the causes of such perceived effect of realism to understand if the faces produced with such software represent an actual novelty from an academic standpoint. Such realism is first of all defined as the result of semio-cognitive processes which trigger interpretative habits specifically related to faces. These habits are then related to the main properties of any realistic face: being face-looking, face-meaning and face-acting. These properties, in turn, are put in relation with our interactions with faces in terms of face detection, face recognition, face reading and face agency. Within this theoretical framework, we relate the characteristics of these artificial faces with such interpretative habits. To do so, we first of all make an examination of the technological features behind both the software and the digital faces it produces. This analysis highlights four main points of interest: the mathematical accuracy, the scanned database, the high level of details and the transformative capacities of these artificial faces. We then relate these characteristics with the cultural and cognitive aspects involved in recognizing and granting meaning to faces. This reveals how metahuman faces differs from previous artificial faces in terms of indexicality, intersubjectivity, informativity and irreducibility. But it also reveals some limits of such effect of reality in terms of intentionality and historical context. This examination consequently brings us to conclude that metahuman faces are qualitatively different from previous artificial faces and, in the light of their potentials and limits, to highlight four main lines of future research based on our findings.

Facial Expressions and Self-Reported Emotions When Viewing Nature Images.

Many studies have demonstrated that exposure to simulated natural scenes has positive effects on emotions and reduces stress. In the present study, we investigated emotional facial expressions while viewing images of various types of natural environments. Both automated facial expression analysis by iMotions’ AFFDEX 8.1 software (iMotions, Copenhagen, Denmark) and self-reported emotions were analyzed. Attractive and unattractive natural images were used, representing either open or closed natural environments. The goal was to further understand the actual features and characteristics of natural scenes that could positively affect emotional states and to evaluate face reading technology to measure such effects. It was predicted that attractive natural scenes would evoke significantly higher levels of positive emotions than unattractive scenes. The results showed generally small values of emotional facial expressions while observing the images. The facial expression of joy was significantly higher than that of other registered emotions. Contrary to predictions, there was no difference between facial emotions while viewing attractive and unattractive scenes. However, the self-reported emotions evoked by the images showed significantly larger differences between specific categories of images in accordance with the predictions. The differences between the registered emotional facial expressions and self-reported emotions suggested that the participants more likely described images in terms of common stereotypes linked with the beauty of natural environments. This result might be an important finding for further methodological considerations.

Peranan Face Reading dalam Kitab Primbon "Betaljemur Adammakna" terhadap Konseling Pra-Nikah

This article aims to explain how the life cycle of a marriage, starts from the guidelines for choosing a potential partner through face reading or panyandra firasating manungsa in the primbon book "Betaljemur Adammlasi-BA," along with its role in prospective ta'aruf partners. Betaljemur Adammlasi is a primbon book by Kangjeng Pangeran Harya (KPH) Tjakraningrat, when he was still active in the Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Sultanate, Yogyakarta. This book emerged as a result of the assimilation and acculturation of stories from Islamic treasures, namely the story of Amir Hamzah which in Javanese tradition is called Wong Agung Menak. In the BA primbon book, several aspects of gut science/physiognomy are found in reading people's faces, from the head, hair, forehead/forehead, eyebrows, ears, eyes, nose, mouth, lips, cheeks, teeth, and chin. Face reading or panyandra sifating manungsa in the BA primbon book is an assimilation of culture, local wisdom, and is supported by religious values, resulting in the knowledge of titen. Furthermore, it can play a role for prospective ta'aruf pairs as preventive and curative materials.

Reduced attention toward faces, intentionality and blame ascription in violent offenders and community-based adults: Evidence from an eye-tracking study.

People typically have a strong bias in attention toward faces to help them understand social interactions. Nonetheless some people, like incarcerated offenders and psychopaths, exhibit deficits in "face reading,"which may impair their interpretations, especially in case of attribution allocation in harmful events. In these cases, the ascription of intentionality is key in understanding the allocation of blame and structuring social information processing. Consequently, in the current study, in addition to typically studied intentionality and blame ascription levels (subfactors of hostile attributions), we also propose a new indicator of hostile attributions: intentionality/blame isomorphism, indicating reduced differentiation between those two factors. Violent prison inmates (N = 63) and community-based adults without previous history of incarceration (N = 63) took part in an eye-tracking study. In line with our hypotheses, offenders exhibited reduced attention orienting to faces as well as greater intentionality/blame isomorphism. In the case of both groups, people looked longer at the faces of the harm doer compared with the harm receiver. Additionally, greater intentionality/blame isomorphism predicted reduced attention to faces; however, when group status was included in the model, it became the only significant predictor of the attention to faces. Future studies should examine the origins of these gaze and attribution patterns and investigate consequences related to social perception and interactions of people prone to violence.

The face of health in the West and the East: A semio-cultural analysis

Magazines, leaflets, weblogs, and a variety of other media incessantly spread messages advising us on how to achieve or maintain our health or well-being. In such messages, the iconic representation of the face is predominant, and reveals an interesting phenomenon: the “face of health” seems to be unattainable as such, and is generally represented in a differential way, that is to say, by making reference to its opposite – the “face of illness”, or at least of malaise. In fact, the face is crucial in the medical domain: since ancient times, face observation has played an essential role in diagnostic practices, both in Western medicine (which resorts to the concept of facies, intended as the distinctive facial expression or appearance associated with a specific medical condition, for the description of pathological states) and Eastern preventive and healing techniques (within which the so-called Mian Xiang, or ‘face reading’, is fundamental, and connects the medical sphere with other aspects such as personality, talents, and dispositions). Drawing on the semiotic analysis of relevant case studies extending from classical iconography to present-day digital mediascapes, this paper investigates the representation of the face of health (and illness) across time and space, specifically focusing on the analogies and differences between the Western and the Eastern semiosphere. To this purpose, it relies on both literature concerning the representation and understanding of the face and studies on medical sign systems and discourses.

Reading Covered Faces.

Covering faces with masks, due to mandatory pandemic safety regulations, we can no longer rely on the habitual daily-life information. This may be thought-provoking for healthy people, but particularly challenging for individuals with neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions. Au fait research on reading covered faces reveals that: 1) wearing masks hampers facial affect recognition, though it leaves reliable inferring basic emotional expressions; 2) by buffering facial affect, masks lead to narrowing of emotional spectrum and dampen veridical evaluation of counterparts; 3) masks may affect perceived face attractiveness; 4) covered (either by masks or other veils) faces have a certain signal function introducing perceptual biases and prejudices; 5) reading covered faces is gender- and age-specific, being more challenging for males and more variable even in healthy aging; 6) the hampering effects of masks on social cognition occur over the globe; and 7) reading covered faces is likely to be supported by the large-scale assemblies of the neural circuits far beyond the social brain. Challenges and limitations of ongoing research and parallels to the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test are assessed. Clarification of how masks affect face reading in the real world, where we deal with dynamic faces and have entrée to additional valuable social signals such as body language, as well as the specificity of neural networks underlying reading covered faces calls for further tailored research.

Book Review: Christopher Webster (ed.): Photography in the Third Reich: Art, Physiognomy and Propaganda

Book Review: Christopher Webster (ed.): <i>Photography in the Third Reich: Art, Physiognomy and Propaganda</i>

A Novel Detection Model and Analysis of Face Mask Detection by Using Machine Learning

Since March 2020 Coronavirus (COVID-19) has affected the world very badly. As this Coronavirus decease spread mainly from person-to-person. Between people who are in close contact with one another through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby or possibly be inhaled into the lungs. Studies of this decease proved that wearing a face mask is one of the precautions to reduce the risk of viral infection of this decease. As it can help to prevent from viral transmission, at many public places as well as private places it is compulsory to wear a mask and correctly. Many public service providers are there where customers come to use that services. So, it is not possible to check manually whether customer has worn a mask or not. This technology can overcome this problem. In this paper we propose face mask detection using machine learning which is one of the efficient face mask detectors. The proposed system mainly consists of three steps that are. 1. Image pre-processing 2. Face detection and reading Dimensions 3. Face mask classifier. Our system is capable of detecting face with mask and without mask and it is integrated with webcam or cameras. This system will help to avoid the safety violation and will help to keep the track on safety.

Promoting an Active Life Through Threatening Communication: Effects on College Student’s Emotions

This pilot study was aimed to evaluate the acute effects of a sedentary-focused intervention through threatening communication on college student’s emotions. Thirty-six female college students (mean age 20.8  2.7 years) who participated voluntarily where exposed to five neutral and five sedentary-related threatening video messages. In order to evaluate the emotional impact of the messages, the subjects’ faces were recorded and analyzed during these expositions using a facial expression recognition software (Face Reader System 4.0), and assessing the time-lapse percentage of the following basic expressions: neutral, sad, angry, surprised, scared, and disgusted. Compared to the neutral messages, a non-significant increase in sad, angry, and disgusted expressions were observed after threatening intervention; nevertheless, the effect size (d) for the disgusted expression was .832. Moreover, the time-lapse percentage of neutral facial expression decreased after threatening messages although no statistical significance was reached (p = .174).

Bonds between body, face, and eyes reading

IntroductionCovering our faces with masks, due to COVID-19 pandemic safety regulations, we can no longer fully rely on the social signals we are used to. We have to read what’s between the lines. This is already difficult for healthy individuals, but may be particularly challenging for individuals with neuropsychiatric conditions.ObjectivesOur main goal was to examine (i) whether capabilities in body and face language reading are connected to each other in healthy females and males; and (ii) whether capabilities to body/face language reading are related to other social abilities.MethodsHealthy females and males accomplished a task with point-light body motion portraying angry and neutral locomotion along with a task with point-light faces expressing happiness and angriness. They had to infer emotional content of displays. As a control condition, perceivers were administered with the RMET-M (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, Modified) with static images.ResultsFemales excelled on inferring emotions from body locomotion. Moreover, only in females, inferring emotions from body and face were firmly linked, whereas in males, face reading was connected to performance on the RMET-M.ConclusionsThe outcome points to gender-specific modes in social cognition: females rely upon merely dynamic cues in facial and bodily displays, whereas males most likely trust configural information. The findings are of value for investigation of face/body language reading in neuropsychiatric conditions, most of which are gender specific.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

The impact of facemasks on emotion recognition, trust attribution and re-identification

Covid-19 pandemics has fostered a pervasive use of facemasks all around the world. While they help in preventing infection, there are concerns related to the possible impact of facemasks on social communication. The present study investigates how emotion recognition, trust attribution and re-identification of faces differ when faces are seen without mask, with a standard medical facemask, and with a transparent facemask restoring visual access to the mouth region. Our results show that, in contrast to standard medical facemasks, transparent masks significantly spare the capability to recognize emotional expressions. Moreover, transparent masks spare the capability to infer trustworthiness from faces with respect to standard medical facemasks which, in turn, dampen the perceived untrustworthiness of faces. Remarkably, while transparent masks (unlike standard masks) do not impair emotion recognition and trust attribution, they seemingly do impair the subsequent re-identification of the same, unmasked, face (like standard masks). Taken together, this evidence supports a dissociation between mechanisms sustaining emotion and identity processing. This study represents a pivotal step in the much-needed analysis of face reading when the lower portion of the face is occluded by a facemask.

Neurogastronomy as a Tool for Evaluating Emotions and Visual Preferences of Selected Food Served in Different Ways.

The appearance of food provides certain expectations regarding the harmonization of taste, delicacy, and overall quality, which subsequently affects not only the intake itself but also many other features of the behavior of customers of catering facilities. The main goal of this article is to find out what effect the visual design of food (waffles) prepared from the same ingredients and served in three different ways—a stone plate, street food style, and a white classic plate—has on the consumer’s preferences. In addition to the classic tablet assistance personal interview (TAPI) tools, biometric methods such as eye tracking and face reading were used in order to obtain unconscious feedback. During testing, air quality in the room by means of the Extech device and the influence of the visual design of food on the perception of its smell were checked. At the end of the paper, we point out the importance of using classical feedback collection techniques (TAPI) and their extension in measuring subconscious reactions based on monitoring the eye movements and facial expressions of the respondents, which provides a whole new perspective on the perception of visual design and serving food as well as more effective targeting and use of corporate resources.

Exploring EFL university learners’ acquisition of advanced reading skills in the Yemeni context

Reading is an essential language skill for enhancing learners’ performance at various levels of study. However, EFL learners at the tertiary level encounter reading difficulties, particularly in acquiring advanced reading skills, which have affected their reading comprehension and resulted in low academic performance achievement. This is probably attributed to various factors, including learners’ lack of effective reading strategies. A study that exclusively explores reading difficulties encountered by EFL university learners, reasons for the difficulties, and strategies adopted to overcome the difficulties and develop advanced reading skills seem to be scarce in the literature. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to explore the acquisition process of advanced reading skills in EFL tertiary context at a private university in Yemen from learners’ perspective. The study adopted a qualitative approach to gather data from EFL tertiary learners through a focus group discussion. The data were analyzed manually using the indexing approach. Findings revealed that learners face reading difficulties such as inference making, getting the gist of the text, and managing the reading tasks. These difficulties were attributed to linguistic and non-linguistic reasons, and metacognitive, cognitive, and social-affective strategies were used in reading. The study recommends engaging EFL learners in intensive and extensive reading to help them apply the strategies they learn and develop advanced reading skills and better academic performance. Future research studies may focus on strategies for reading fluency.

A forest experience does not always evoke positive emotion: A pilot study on unconscious facial expressions using the face reading technology

Studies have demonstrated that a forest experience can improve the mental state of visitors. The questionnaire methodology accounts for most of current findings, but subjective bias in self-reported scores cannot be eliminated. In this study, FireFACE V3.0 software was used to evaluate facial expressions of visitors unconsciously entering (urban experiencer) or leaving an urban forest park (forest experiencer) from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm. A total of 458 photos were tested for the hit-rate of machine-recognized facial expression scores to those identified by experts. Neutral, happy, sad, and scared expressions passed the validation test and were used for further analysis. The positive response index (PRI) was calculated as the difference between happy and sad scores. All five variables were analyzed by a mixed-model analysis of variance of walking direction (into the park vs. out of the park), gender (male vs. female), and age (senior, middle-aged, and young) on repeated records every 30 min in a daytime except noon. In the morning, pedestrians walking out of the forest park did not show more positive expressions than those leaving the park. Young visitors walking through the exit averaged a higher sadness score but a lower PRI than middle-aged visitors. In the afternoon, middle-aged visitors walking through the entrance averaged a higher PRI relative to young visitors leaving the park in the morning. Compared to urban experiencers, forest experiencers averaged lower scores for neutral and scared expressions, but forest experiencers unlikely revealed more positive expressions. Therefore, a forest experience does not always evoke positive expression on unconscious faces which was a responsive variable to go with time. Middle-aged people are encouraged to walk in forests with a longer time than youths in the morning. Male visitors, especially those in senior ages, are suggested to spend more time in forests than females.

A Study on the Impact of Emotional Expression on the Consumer's Facial Expression Using Face Reader on the Will of Purchase

소비자의 상품 구매욕구에는 여러 가지 요인으로 결정된다. 제품의 브랜드 인지도와 브랜드에 대한 충성도, 그리고 제품이 가지고 있는 시각적 표현에 감성적인 접근으로 소비자의 구매 욕구를 충족시킬 때 소비자는 제품에 대한 구매의사를 결정하게 된다. 시각적 표현은 소비자의 감성에 대한 자극을 기본으로 시각적 신경 시스템을 통해 경험적, 생리적, 행동적 표현들이 유발된 극도로 복잡한 반응의 연속체이다. 이에 소비자의 구매욕구를 FaceReader를 활용하여 일차원적인 소비자의 구매욕구를 파악하여 디자인에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 요인에 대하여 연구하였다. 연구 방법은 Noldus사의 FaceReader 6.1 프로그램을 이용하여 소비집단에게 제품을 이용하게 하고 감성적인 표현을 파악하였다. 그 결과 얼굴에서 나타나는 긍정적인 감정의 표현은 구매욕구와 연관되며 표정에서 나타나는 감정적 수치를 시각화 하였을 때 소비자가 구매행동을 하기 위한 구매의사에 직접적인 영향을 끼친다고 해석될 수 있다. 감정의 표현이 구매의사와 직결되는 것을 파악 하기 위해 이 연구는 향후 제품과 브랜드의 인지를 위한 시각적 표현에 있어서 소비자의 감정과 구매의사를 파악하고 사용자의 감정을 이해하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다.

La dualidad cautelar y sumaria de la protección de derechos fundamentales

La proteccion de los derechos fundamentales adolece de una dualidad procesalya que su fisonomia oscila entre la que corresponde a una medida cautelar –una orden judi-cial transitoria, idonea y proporcional– y un juicio sumario –un procedimiento declarativoque conduce a una sentencia con autoridad de cosa juzgada material–. Este articulo indagaen su regulacion tanto constitucional como en los autos acordados dictados por la Corte Su-prema (en los anos 1977, 1992, 1998, 2007 y 2015), en la literatura chilena y en la jurispru-dencia reciente de las Cortes con un doble proposito: identificar las consecuencias procesalesmas significativas que acarrea esta dualidad y evaluar la coherencia interna de cada uno deestos enfoques.

Perancangan Sistem Keamanan Brangkas Menggunakan Pengenalan Wajah Berbasis Android

The level of security in terms of access is one of the main priorities of everyone to improve the security system that feels the need for improvement following the development of modern technology. This study discusses a security system using Android-based face recognition. The aim of this research is that the safe safety system has a better level of security than the previous system. The initial stage to build this system, the authors do the literature data collection stage as a basis for the theory and system development methods used by software designers before is the waterfall method, in general this method is divided into several stages, including: Analysis, Design, Program Code and Unit Testing. For the method used in the research of this system is the eigenfaces algorithm method for the detection of facial objects in the initial process of image training. As well as the Local Binary Patterns algorithm method and Histrogram Equalization at the stage of reading the user's face recognition image accurately which has an accuracy of face reading up to 95.56%. The results of the user's face data will be processed in Wemos D1 and the data will be sent and stored in a database. The results of data from face recognition data will be used again as user data to open the safe. The conclusion, the system can read the user's face in real time and can work well for safe security systems