Face Of Terrorism Research Articles

Foreign Direct Investment and Military Expenditure in the Face of Terrorism: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

This study examines the relationship between military expenditure and foreign direct investment (FDI) amid terrorism. The study used Mean Group, Pooled Mean Group, Dynamic Fixed Effect, and Panel Quantile estimations techniques on 23 terrorized countries in Sub-Sharan Africa from 1999 to 2019. The outcome of the estimate discovered that military expenditure in the absence of terrorism negates FDI flow. But, amid terrorism, military expenditure has a significant positive impact on FDI inflow. Also, the results show that the effect varies at different quantiles. The results are robust using death from terrorism attacks to measure terrorism on a different model. The study suggests that countries should desist from high military spending in the absence of terrorism to facilitate FDI flow. Countries in mid-life terrorism should enhance military spending and augment military strategy with other options to boost investors' confidence in the economy's high influx of FDI.

“I stand up for us”: Muslims’ feelings of stigmatization in response to terrorism on social media

Terrorism has the potential to divide societies. It is particularly relevant to investigate how Islamist terrorism on social media is associated with Muslim minorities’ attitudes and behaviors. This study examined how seeing terrorism on social media relates to Muslim minority individuals’ perceived stigmatization. We further investigated how perceived stigmatization translates to social media behaviors, namely, terror-related online self-disclosure and correction of false information about religion. A survey among German Muslims ( N = 432) showed that social media use for information about terrorism was positively associated with perceived stigmatization. This relationship was moderated by individuals’ national identity, but not religious identity. Perceived stigmatization, in turn, positively predicted terror-related online self-disclosure and correction of false information about religion. The findings accentuate the role of social media use for minorities to cope and stand up for their in-group in the face of terror.

The New Face of Terrorism: Global and National Challenges

In the contemporary landscape, terrorism has metamorphosed into a multifaceted and dynamic threat, manifesting in diverse forms on both global and national fronts. This paper investigates the intricacies of this evolving phenomenon, shedding light on its new face amidst shifting geopolitical paradigms and technological advancements. Through an exploration of the complex interplay between state and non-state actors, as well as the proliferation of diverse ideologies, it elucidates the challenges posed by modern terrorism at both global and national levels. The analysis encompasses the emergence of asymmetrical warfare tactics, the proliferation of transnational networks, and the diversification of ideological motivations driving terrorist activities. Moreover, it delves into the specific challenges faced by nations, including the rise of domestic radicalization, lone wolf attacks, and vulnerabilities in security infrastructure. By examining these issues, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the contemporary terrorism landscape, highlighting the imperative for international cooperation, enhanced cybersecurity measures, and community engagement strategies in countering this pervasive threat. Through case studies and projections for future trends, it offers valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners tasked with addressing the complexities of terrorism in the 21st century.

Pakistani Journalist: In the Line of Fire

This study aims to identify the challenges posed by Pakistan's Journalists and Media workers during the war on terror. Pakistan being the strategic ally of US interests became the combined foe of terror groups. Its citizens too became the target of terrorism. Since its inception; Pakistan has been struggling to hold on to the criterion of a stable state. Its constantly deteriorating state of affairs had left deep marks on the lives of its people. The ones who had suffered and sacrificed the most for their professional obligations were the media workers. They have been held at gunpoint by both the state and non-state actors. Their steadfastness in the face of terrorism, treason charges, torture and threats had made a remarkable chapter in the history of Pakistan.

Virtual Reality and Its Role in Supporting the Armed Forces and the Supportive Agencies

This paper aims to create a virtual reality system to control and management the military and the supportive agencies on-field operations. The system provides immediate interaction to the leaderships with the events to manage the on-field operations, which contributes in the increasing the speed and flexibility of repelling terrorist attacks and responding to them in real time.
 As well as, the paper publicizes the importance of virtual reality and its features as a computer technique, and the possibility of investing its applications in the habilitation and training of the members of armed forces, popular crowd and security agencies to increase the combat capabilities of them in the face of terrorism.

Perception Study on Unknown Gunmen Phenomenon in the Southeast Nigeria: The New Face of Terror

Nigeria occupied abysmally the third position in 2019/2020 Global Terrorism Index and has been classified as a country in a ‘state of war’. Virtually all the six regions of the country are dotted with various manifestations of insecurity. In the southeast region of Nigeria, which is the focus of this study, the new face of terror is the activities of the ‘unknown gunmen’. The specific objectives are to; identify the peoples’ perception about the identity of the unknown gunmen; examine the root causes of insecurity in the region; determine governments’ responses to the activities of unknown gunmen and determine the impacts of the activities of the unknown gunmen on the region. The study adopted survey research using interview and questionnaire method. The study drew a sample of 350 respondents (politicians, security agents, traditional rulers, men and women) from each of the 6 states in the southeast using simple random and purposive sampling techniques. For the data analysis, descriptive statistics were used. The results of the findings include among others; that people perceived the identity of the unknown gunmen to be political thugs of state actors in the regions; that the root causes of insecurity in the region include governments’ crackdown of IPO Bagitation/detention of IPOB leader and in-fighting among political elites from the region. Recommendations include among others; that the state and federal government should provide good governance to the people of southeast to forestall the temptation of violent youth agitation and secessionists ambition, that the politician in the region should desist from ‘dirty’ politics where youths are used as political thugs and that government should adopt dialogue in dealing with groups agitation rather than the traditional kinetic approach.

Armor in the Face of Terror.

From the Kirkhof College of Nursing, Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, MI. Christina Quick https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2067-880X The author declares no conflict of interest. Correspondence to: Christina Quick, DNP, APRN, CPNP-AC/PC, CHSE, Kirkhof College of Nursing, 301 Michigan St, NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 (e-mail: [email protected]).

The Role of the SCO in the Process of Neutralizing Regional Challenges and Threats

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is considered to be one of the key mechanisms for maintaining stability and security in Eurasia. Over the years of its existence the SCO gained considerable political weight and authority on the world stage. There are extremely pessimistic scenarios for the development of events in Afghanistan with the withdrawal of the United States Armed Forces from Afghanistan and the coming Taliban to power in this country in 2021. There is a high probability of aggravation of regional challenges and threats in the face of terrorism, drug smuggling, illegal migration, humanitarian catastrophe. Being an important element of the Eurasian security architecture the SCO has a good potential to counter these threats. Over the years of the SCO’s existence a solid legislative framework was developed within the organization and coordination mechanisms was created to counter regional threats. The national interests and security of the SCO member states are directly related to the situation in Afghanistan. That is why the Afghan issue is always on the agenda of the organization. Despite the emerging differences between the SCO member states on the Afghan issue a common position was developed at the anniversary summit of the organization in September 2021 in Dushanbe. All SCO members supported the solution of the Afghan problem through political and diplomatic means and stressed the need to form an inclusive government. The decision to accept Iran as a full member of the SCO was a significant event for the organization. As a full participant Iran became an additional advantage for the organization in solving regional problems. The factor of Iran which has a significant impact on the development of Afghanistan may become one of the key factors in building relations with the new Afghan authorities. Thus the SCO has a significant integration potential in the field of security and should play a positive role in the Afghan problem.

Myanmar Coup and Connections of International Network Terrorism Affiliate in Transnational Legal View

The international community nowadays currently encountering the most serious problem in the face of terrorism. Today, terrorism has destroyed and disrupted the state process. Universally terrorism is the hostist humani generis (the enemy of all mankind). Today terrorism is directed not only against individuals and groups but towards a larger entity, namely the state, and also creates problems and dangers felt by the international community. The variety of terrorist groups is different, from radical issues to political issues. Myanmar is one of the countries in Southeast Asia, and has one of the areas called Rakhine and there are ethnic Rohingya who inhabits the region. Genocide, discrimination, and racial cleansing are three general issues that exist in myanmar. The Myanmar government accuses being terrorists affiliated with international terrorism established due to the butterfly effect of the three things above. The countries in southeast Asia unite themselves and form an international organization called ASEAN, making protection against terrorism that surrounds the southeast Asian region. Therefore, this article was made to find out the cause and countermeasures of terrorism. This research is a normative qualitative approach with a constructive paradigm with the international law

‘Death from all sides’: spectacle, morality, and trauma in Suzanne Collins’ the Hunger Games trilogy

ABSTRACT Suzanne Collins’ bestselling Hunger Games trilogy is saturated in death, particularly the death of children. In exploring these fictional deaths, this article firstly considers the problematic nature of Collins’ representation. While the trilogy’s declared purpose is to critique the misuse of power by a corrupt government who perpetuate their control through staging the slaughter of children as entertainment, the narrative can only make this critique through itself enacting the gladiatorial contest which is the Hunger Games. The tension between the Hunger Games as voyeuristic spectacle and as murder of innocents is never fully resolved, but Collins’ awareness of the cost and trauma of murder and war mitigate this seeming exploitation of human suffering. Drawing on Susan Sontag’s interrogation of both the dangers and necessity of representing violent death in Regarding the Pain of Others, we argue that Collins depicts and confronts death to critique oppressive power and its devaluing of life. Through her protagonist Katniss, Collins articulates a message of action in the face of terror and loss, while never losing sight of the tragic cost of violence. Her complex and nuanced engagement with death seeks to sensitise her audience and heighten their ethical awareness as they follow Katniss’s moral evolution.

Terrorism and Patriotic Investors: Evidence from the 1920 Wall Street Bombing

This paper argues that patriotism does not necessarily account for market resilience in the face of terror. Studying the 1920 Wall Street bombing, I find that rallying-around-the-flag does not explain the upbeat nature of the first trading session after the attack. In fact, NYSE-traded firms with patriotic terms (such as American'' or U.S.'') in their name underperformed by 1 percentage point. The absence of a clear international actor behind the attack may explain the absence of patriotic trading. I also point out an alternative, economic reason for the upbeat market, which centers around Mexican Petroleum’s postponement of its ex-dividend date.

Healthcare and Terrorism: The Lebanese Experience.

Due to the common instability caused by political and security issues, Lebanese hospitals have experienced acts of terrorism multiple times. The most recent Beirut Explosion even forced several hospitals to cease operations for the first time in decades-but studies show the preparedness levels for such attacks in similar countries are low. The aim of this study is to explore the experience of Lebanese hospitals with terrorist attacks. This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews with various stakeholders to assess their experience with terrorist bombings. Data was analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The researchers found that Lebanese hospitals vary greatly in their structures and procedures. Those differences are a function of 3 contextual factors: location, culture, and accreditation status. Hospitals found near 'dangerous zones' were more likely to be aware and to have better response to such events. A severe lack of communication, unity of command, and collaboration between stakeholders has made the process fragmented. The researchers recommend a larger role for the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) in this process, and the creation of a platform where Lebanese organizations can share their experiences to improve preparedness and resilience of the Lebanese healthcare system in the face of terrorism.

Community and national resilience and their predictors in face of terror

The present study was conducted following a recent military clash between the Israeli Defense Forces and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad terror organization in Gaza Strip (17–18 November). A random internet sample of 508 residents of the southern area (Gaza Envelope) was employed to determine the impact of this extreme experience on their community and national resilience. The findings were compared with a previous study that was conducted among a national sample. Results indicated that the average community resilience of the southern participants was significantly higher compared to the national sample, while the national resilience of the present sample was significantly lower compared with the national sample. Unexpectedly, feelings of danger were found to be associated with higher community resilience. Psychological variables predicted both community and national resilience better than the demographic variables of the participants.

The impact of terrorism on international mergers and acquisitions: Evidence from firm-level decisions

Does terrorism inhibit a country’s ability to attract international direct investment? If so, terrorism may have large costs in terms of employment losses, macroeconomic instability, and missed development opportunities. However, do investors fear terrorism because of direct risks to their assets, or because the opportunities in the host country deteriorate? And how do they adjust investments? We study the impact of terrorism on merger and acquisition decisions of 8,872 firms over 116 countries over 16 years. The firm-level perspective allows the isolation of host-country terrorism from firm-level characteristics such as size or experience as an explanation, by comparing decisions for the same firm across destinations. It also allows separation of investment responses into reductions or entire withholding of investment. A sample standard deviation increase in terrorism reduces merger and acquisition investment by around 30%. Firms do not generally reduce the size of their investment in the face of terrorism – instead, they decide not to enter the country altogether. We find no evidence to suggest that multinational firms are more sensitive to attacks on local business assets. A country-level analysis, which necessarily does not control for firm-level characteristics, yields materially different conclusions.

The Role of Kurdish Satellite Channels in the Face of Terrorism

The Role of Kurdish Satellite Channels in the Face of Terrorism

Predictors of National and Community Resilience of Israeli Border Inhabitants Threatened by War and Terror.

The present study investigates predictors of the national resilience (NR) and community resilience (CR) of civilians who live on Israel's northern border, and are facing for years acts of terror and threats of war. A sample of 1515 kibbutz (communal settlement) members who live next to this northern Israeli border has responded to questionnaires pertaining to the investigated resiliencies. Results indicate that under these conditions psychological reactions (trust in community institutes and individual resilience), rather than demographic characteristics, are the best predictors of NR and CR; although NR is further predicted by right-wing political attitudes. Our data suggest that CR and NR are not predicted by objective examinations of the strength of one's community or country. Both of them are perceived as stronger the greater the trust of the respondents in their own ability to cope with adversities, and in the ability of their close community to take care of them and their families in face of terror.

Cosmopolitan tourists: the resilient segment in the face of terrorism

Terrorism is the most impactful travel risk influencing destination perception and choice. Little research has been done on the long-term effects of terrorism on tourism. One potential long-term impact of terrorism is the change in personal values of travellers, shifting permanently towards a security-concerned mindset. The image of safety emerges as the foundation for destination resilience in the face of terrorism. This paper aims to understand how the image of safety and stability, the prerequisites of tourism, can be restored. Through grounded theory, successful resilience strategies are analysed. Moreover, this research identifies a resilient tourist segment: travellers with strong cosmopolitan conviction. Insight is provided on how the tourism industry can contribute to building a more open-minded and resilient global society, the foundation of enduring tourism resilience.

Community Engagement under the Mass Line for Counterterrorism in China

The mass line principle offers an alternative approach to mobilize citizens to participate in governance. The key tenets of the mass line principle resemble that of the regime of community engagement, aiming at encouraging democratic participation, improving the trust between the rule and the ruled, and improving the ability of the government to gather intelligence. In the context of China’s counterterrorism strategy, the mass line involves the encouraging citizens’ participation in the People’s War on Terror, incentivizing individuals to provide tip-offs, and engaging patriotic believers, opinion leaders, grass-roots propagandists, and cultural workers to persuade and educate the masses to adopt “correct” views. In addition, the government seeks to publicize the voice of Uyghurs from within the community. However, such efforts only served as evidence for intolerance for diversity and an invitation for further suspicion and criticism. This article demonstrates the trust dilemma the state faces—in order to improve democratic participation, the efforts to engage a community and gather intelligence often result in eroding the trust. This article also highlights the importance of differentiating harmony and political conformity. Diversity per se is not the source of conflict, but it is often targeted by the state as it is desperately seeking to demonstrate efficacy in the face of terrorism.

Work Engagement in the Face of Terrorism: The Moderating Role of Trait Resilience

ABSTRACTDrawing on conservation of resources theory, we examine the relationships between perceived risk of terrorism, fear of terrorism, and work engagement. In addition, we aim to investigate whether trait resilience reflecting a positive personality characteristic moderates the negative effects of terrorism risk perceptions and feelings of fear on work engagement. The sample of the study comprised 361 frontline health workers of polio eradication initiative in three major cities of Pakistan. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and hypotheses were tested using the PROCESS macro. We found that perceived risk of terrorism positively predicts fear of terrorism that, in turn, negatively predicts work engagement. Further, trait resilience attenuated the negative impacts of perceived risk of terrorism and fear of terrorism on work engagement. We contribute to the literature by demonstrating that individuals’ ability to remain psychologically engaged in their work can be negatively impacted by terrorism risk perceptions and feelings of fear, but these impacts were weaker at high levels of trait resilience compared to low levels. We also discuss a number of practical implications and suggest future research directions.

Law and philosophy in the face of terrorism – the casus of shooting down a hijacked plane

The paper discusses the problem of moral responsibility for difficult decisions in the sphere of politics on the example of a former regulation of aviation laws concerning shooting down a hijacked plane. The text analyzes a sentence of the Constitutional Tribunal on the matter, especially the issue of the right to live and the concept of human dignity. A comparison is made between Mill’s utilitarism and Kantian deonthology as two opposing moral philosophies. In the end a hypothesis is made that state authorities should be held morally accountable by the public for their choices, even should that accountability result in their condemnation or the loss of office.