Face Of Temptation Research Articles

Life after Debt: Understanding the Credit Restraint of Bankruptcy Debtors

Bankruptcy gives individuals a fresh start by allowing them to discharge much of their unsecured debt. But the consequences of bankruptcy do not end when the legal process is complete. After bankruptcy, families still must figure out how to make ends meet and how to interact with the credit economy. This paper presents data showing that bankruptcy transforms how people borrow. Despite very difficult financial circumstances after bankruptcy, most families initially refuse new credit. As years elapse, more families begin to borrow. The overall pattern of credit use is restrained, however, compared both with Americans generally and with these families' pre-bankruptcy borrowing. While the modest use of credit could reflect an inability to access credit markets, this paper argues that the limited use of credit is consistent with an alternate hypothesis: that bankruptcy debtors discipline themselves in their future credit use, even in the face of temptation by lenders and their households' ongoing financial struggles. This interpretation of the data suggests that people who have endured financial failure may curtail their future economic activity. Such actions are evidence of the pain of declaring oneself broke and of the way in which bankruptcy may shape debtors' decisions for years to follow.

Triangulating the Neural, Psychological, and Economic Bases of Guilt Aversion

Why do people often choose to cooperate when they can better serve their interests by acting selfishly? One potential mechanism is that the anticipation of guilt can motivate cooperative behavior. We utilize a formal model of this process in conjunction with fMRI to identify brain regions that mediate cooperative behavior while participants decided whether or not to honor a partner's trust. We observed increased activation in the insula, supplementary motor area, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), and temporal parietal junction when participants were behaving consistent with our model, and found increased activity in the ventromedial PFC, dorsomedial PFC, and nucleus accumbens when they chose to abuse trust and maximize their financial reward. This study demonstrates that a neural system previously implicated in expectation processing plays a critical role in assessing moral sentiments that in turn can sustain human cooperation in the face of temptation.

How to Forego Forbidden Fruit: The Regulation of Attractive Alternatives as a Commitment Mechanism

All major theories of relationship commitment specify that the availability of attractive alternatives should be a negative factor undermining relationship commitment and relationship survival. However, most empirical evidence is correlational. In recent years, experimental research has examined how commitment influences attention, perception, and judgment of attractive alternatives in ways that help maintain relationship stability. Moreover, research on self-control of other goal-directed behavior is spawning theory about how impulses and self-control interact to predict the regulation of goal pursuit in the face of temptations. Finally, very recent work has experimentally manipulated the availability of alternatives to test its influence on commitment-related behaviors such as the willingness to tolerate a partner’s transgressions. Recent findings reveal that commitment is necessary but not sufficient when faced with especially strong and sometimes implicit relationship threats.

Self-Control

To successfully pursue a goal in the face of temptation, an individual must first identify that she faces a self-control conflict. Only then will the individual exercise self-control to promote goal pursuit over indulging in temptation. We propose a new model that distinguishes between the problems of conflict identification and those of conflict resolution. We then review research on the factors that influence conflict identification and those that determine conflict resolution.

Be Fit and Be Strong: Mastering Self-Regulation through Regulatory Fit

This research examines the effect of regulatory fit on self-regulation. People experience regulatory fit when their strategy of goal pursuit fits (vs. conflicts) with their regulatory focus. Four experiments provide support for the hypothesis that regulatory fit improves whereas regulatory nonfit impairs self-regulatory performance. These results were obtained across multiple self-regulatory tasks that included a handgrip exercise to test physical endurance (experiment 1), a choice between a healthy and a decadent snack to test willpower in the face of temptation (experiments 2 and 3), and a health-related compliance decision to demonstrate self-regulation (experiment 4). Intensified motivation seems to be the mechanism underlying the regulatory fit effect.

Hong Mai’s Record of the Listener and Its Song Dynasty Context by Allister D. Inglis (review)

150 Journal of Chinese Religions For the history of religions the chief value of this book is its portrayal of a fundamental conflict between Buddhism and traditional Chinese family and political values, a conflict that ends with the complete victory of Buddhism. The dialogues between Miaoshan and her father are intense and sharp, as when he visits her in prison. When the emperor says, “How is one different from animals, birds and beasts if one does not follow a father’s instructions?”… Marvelous Goodness replies, “My father, the emperor, dear daddy, you are misled and deluded and unenlightened, and your perverse heart is all ablaze. This is not the behavior of a lord and emperor in possession of the Way! ...If you cannot control your family, how can you control the nation? If you are a Son of Heaven and an emperor of men, how would you, a father, ever think of entering into this side palace at midnight? How would it look if the world came to know this?” (pp. 110-111). In reply to one of her sisters the princess says, “One road leads to heaven, the other to hell. It is up to you to choose which one you want to go. I for sure will walk the road that leads to heaven. You are tied to the road to the prisons of hell!” (p. 77). And to the officials sent to persuade her she says, “Your fame may be spread throughout the wide world, but you will not escape from the cycle of birth and death….For all your smarts you’ve lost both body and mind. What is the use of your world-famous essays and writings? They’re shackles of fame and profit, utterly useless!” (p. 81). Here Buddhist ideas are the subversion that orthodox Confucians had always feared, still strongly expressed after 1400 years! The author also provides a translation of The Precious Scroll of Good-in-Talent and Dragon Girl, a short text that provides a scriptural basis for Guanyin’s chief acolytes, Shancai 善財 and Longnü 龍女, as well as a story about the White Parrot that is often portrayed with her (pp. 161-189). In the Introduction, Professor Idema also comments on a comparison of the Miaoshan story with stories of thirteenth century French female saints who courageously retained their virginity in the face of temptations and torture (pp. 14-18). In sum, this is an excellent book and translation that deserves to be read by students of Buddhism and of cultural conflicts. The only error I found in it was twice listing my name as David Overmyer, an honorable name, but not my own! DANIEL L. OVERMYER, Professor Emeritus, University of British Columbia Hong Mai’s Record of the Listener and Its Song Dynasty Context ALLISTER D. INGLIS. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2006. xiii, 257 pages. ISBN 978-7914-6822-7. US$21.95 paper. The Yijianzhi 夷堅志 (Record of the Listener) by the Southern Song scholar Hong Mai 洪邁 (1123-1202) has always been an important source for the study of Song social and cultural Book Reviews 151 history, but this voluminous collection of Song anecdotal literature itself has remained little explored in English until Allister D. Inglis’ book-length study. In delving into some key features of Yijianzhi, ranging from its authorship, readership, themes, and genre to its textual transmission and contexts, Inglis enriches our understanding of the Yijianzhi in particular and the nature of zhiguai 志怪 writing in general. Inglis’ book opens with a general introduction to Hong Mai’s life and his compilation of Yijianzhi. It recognizes Yijianzhi as a “compendium of amateur or informal story-telling” (p. 2), drawing for its sources on both oral and written literature and from a wide range of social groups. It then traces the compilation of Yijianzhi’s original 420 chapters in 32 installments throughout Hong Mai’s lifetime and how it survives into the 207 chapters in its modern editions. In particular, Inglis uses several of Hong’s own family stories to illustrate the rich religious world in which Hong lived and therefore his enduring interest in collecting stories about the strange and the spirits. Chapter 2 focuses...

The Enforcement Problem in Coercive Bargaining: Interstate Conflict Over Rebel Support in Civil Wars

This paper explores the strategic problems that arise when a state seeks to use military force to compel changes in another state's policies. Although the costs associated with military action mean that there generally exist compromises that both sides prefer to conflict, bargaining may fail if such deals are not enforceable in the face of temptations to renege on policy concessions. I develop a model which shows that inefficient conflict can occur when states bargain over policies that one of them can change unilaterally and covertly. I then show that this theory is useful for understanding a common, but under-appreciated, source of international conflict: conflicts that arise when one state supports rebel groups engaged in a civil war with another state. Indeed, episodes of rebel support are associated with a substantial increase in the risk of militarized conflict, comparable to the risk associated with territorial disputes. I show that agreements to limit rebel support are most likely to reduce interstate violence if they are coupled with concessions by the target state and/or monitoring mechanisms, both of which are shown theoretically to mitigate the enforcement problem.

Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health.

Ten per cent of the world’s school-aged children are estimated to be carrying excess body fat (Fig. 1), with an increased risk for developing chronic disease. Of these overweight children, a quarter are obese, with a significant likelihood of some having multiple risk factors for type 2 diabetes, heart disease and a variety of other co-morbidities before or during early adulthood. The prevalence of overweight is dramatically higher in economically developed regions, but is rising significantly in most parts of the world. In many countries the problem of childhood obesity is worsening at a dramatic rate. Surveys during the 1990s show that in Brazil and the USA, an additional 0.5% of the entire child population became overweight each year. In Canada, Australia and parts of Europe the rates were higher, with an additional 1% of all children becoming overweight each year. The burden upon the health services cannot yet be estimated. Although childhood obesity brings a number of additional problems in its train – hyperinsulinaemia, poor glucose tolerance and a raised risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnoea, social exclusion and depression – the greatest health problems will be seen in the next generation of adults as the present childhood obesity epidemic passes through to adulthood. Greatly increased rates of heart disease, diabetes, certain cancers, gall bladder disease, osteoarthritis, endocrine disorders and other obesityrelated conditions will be found in young adult populations, and their need for medical treatment may last for their remaining life-times. The costs to the health services, the losses to society and the burdens carried by the individuals involved will be great. The present report has been written to focus attention on the issue and to urge policy-makers to consider taking action before it is too late. Specifically, the report:

Self-Regulation in a Cognitive--Affective Personality System: Attentional Control in the Service of the Self

The highly valued goals of the self too often turn into failed good intentions. Even when the goals are important and motivation is high, they easily become difficult to achieve in the face of temptations, frustrations and obstacles. The model and research discussed here address how people can exert willpower even when the situational pull to give up is strong. Research on the basic mechanisms and dynamics that enable delay of gratification show that exertion of willpower requires one to “cool” or self-distance from the negative arousal of difficult and frustrating situations. Such attention control helps prevent “hot,” impulsive responses that undermine long-term goal attainment. The attentional control mechanisms assessed in the preschool delay of gratification paradigm are visible in toddlerhood and continue to affect important life outcomes—academic, social, and interpersonal, through adolescence to adulthood. Most importantly, they seem to serve as protective factors against the negative long-term consequences of dispositional vulnerabilities. These self-regulatory and protective processes are conceptualized within a cognitive - affective processing system model of personality.

Motivating moral corporate behavior

Although companies are institutionalizing ethics, ethical infractions continue unceasingly, causing questions as to where ethical emphasis is going awry. Suggests that businesspeople need not only the intellect but also the will to do the right thing in the face of temptation. Proposes several reasons why businesspeople should want to take the moral high road, including the fact that usually ethical behavior proves to be profitable in the long run. However, such a pragmatic consideration is not sufficient to motivate a person of ethical character. The ethical person chooses the moral course of action regardless of personal sacrifice. It is such virtuous people that business leaders should be hiring and cultivating in ethical mentoring and training which instills an absolutist (not relativist) philosophy and reinforces the importance of willpower. Uses an advertising case study to illustrate how common ethical fallacies can be uncovered and dispelled among employees.

Come Home, America: The Strategy of Restraint in the Face of Temptation

Come Home, America: The Strategy of Restraint in the Face of Temptation

Come Home, America: The Strategy of Restraint in the Face of Temptation

April 01 1997 Come Home, America: The Strategy of Restraint in the Face of Temptation Eugene Gholz, Eugene Gholz Eugene Gholz and Daryl G. Press are doctoral candidates in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Daryl G. Press, Daryl G. Press Eugene Gholz and Daryl G. Press are doctoral candidates in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Harvey M. Sapolsky Harvey M. Sapolsky Eugene Gholz and Daryl G. Press are doctoral candidates in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Eugene Gholz Eugene Gholz and Daryl G. Press are doctoral candidates in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Daryl G. Press Eugene Gholz and Daryl G. Press are doctoral candidates in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Harvey M. Sapolsky Eugene Gholz and Daryl G. Press are doctoral candidates in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Online Issn: 1531-4804 Print Issn: 0162-2889 © 1997 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.1997 International Security (1997) 21 (4): 5–48. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.21.4.5 Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation Eugene Gholz, Daryl G. Press, Harvey M. Sapolsky; Come Home, America: The Strategy of Restraint in the Face of Temptation. International Security 1997; 21 (4): 5–48. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.21.4.5 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsInternational Security Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1997 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.1997 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

IMPLEMENTASI KAJIAN BIBLIKAL UNGKAPAN BERBAHAGIALAH ORANG YANG BERTAHAN DALAM PENCOBAAN BERDASARKAN YAKOBUS 1:12-15

This letter of James is shown to the twelve tribes in the overseas, those who are being tossed around related to the socioeconomic level faced by the church, namely the problem between the rich and the poor. So this letter was written before the year 62 AD. In this article we write about the implementation of the blessed expression of those who endure trials in James 1: 12-15. The background is where James says that those who are happy are those who endure trials. In this context it talks about how people's attitudes in the face of temptation, in this case James appealed to the twelve tribes that are overseas so that they endure trials, love God more, persevere in their faith, and are always faithful to God when facing trials. Real happiness is that people are blessed by God, but the problem is only limited to understanding but when confronted with a problem, trials, and lack of needs to be unhappy, less grateful for what is experienced. Therefore this article reminds believers of the true principle of happiness.

Lope's Ways With Women

Lope's Ways With Women By R. N. Shervill University of Western Ontario From an examination of Lope's dramatic pieces based on Old Testament themes1 there is abundant evidence to support the contention that Lope's Old Testament and non-Spanish heroines are far removed from the noble-woman of nature protrayed in the majority of his secular comedias . Where an exception is evident, such as Lope's portrayal of the duquesa Casandra in El castigo sin venganza, or Fenisa in El Anzuelo de Fenisa, the heroine is invariably of non-Spanish blood-line. It might be argued that Lope, like his medieval predecessors, was following the accepted dual concept of feminine portrayal. Such secular heroines as Casilda (Peribañez), Estrella (La estrella de Sevilla), and Laurencia (Fuenteovejuna) appear to be based on the purity concept that is the Virgin Mary's, such as she is portrayed in Berceo's Milagros de Nuestra Señora. In striking contrast, Lope's Old Testament and non-Spanish, secular heroines personify and magnify some of the baser qualities of womanhood. This concept of feminine portrayal appears to be based on the contrasting medieval viewpoint of woman— that is, on that of Eve, the mother of sin, much in the same manner as Alfonso Martinez' El Corbacho, but with a degree of refinement, which no doubt pays tribute to the aesthetique of the Siglo de Oro audience, and to be sure, to a censorial staff more concerned with public morals. Lope's secular heroines of Spanish ancestry are essentially idealized beings whose virtue, honor and fortitude remain unshaken in the face of temptation or adversity. Their purity and their abhorrence of evil rival that of the Holy Mother. Moreover, Lope frequently magnifies the divine qualities of his ideal woman by portraying in the same play, subplot females , usually drawn from the substrata of Spanish society, who manifest the same earthly and errant qualities found in Lope's Old Testament heroines. Lope's repertoire based on Old Testament themes consists of five comedias. The heroine of each piece is an authentic biblical character, but interpreted far more freely than the biblical original. The impish Dina,-' the masochistic Séfora,3 the nagging wife of Tobias,4 the lascivious , ambitious wife of Putifar," and Eva, the heroine of La creación del mundo, biblically sketched with a few deft strokes, blossom forth in Lope's portrayal into full-bloom earthly women, all possessing some of the baser Eve-like qualities. Lope's creation of the Old Testament heroine may be most clearly exemplified by his character development of Dina, Jacob's daughter. In the original Bible story," the only characterization of the heroine is revealed by her staying (presumably voluntarily) for three days in the palace of Siquen (Schechem in the English version) . We are not told whether she loved or hated Siquen or whether she exulted over his death. It is debatable whether the theatrical Dina is the subconscious product of Lope's creative mind, or whether he deliberately set her up as a symbol of a certain type of universal woman, the coquette, who is unwilling to pay the price of her vanity. During the course of her stage development Dina evolves from a cooing, impish flirt to a clawing tigress, who vents her implacable wrath upon the love-sick Siquen. From the outset of the action, Dina is aware of her charms. Her 10 vanity and curiosity lead her to a celebration to view the latest Gentile styles. She wants to be sexually alluring , and at the same time keep her honor inviolate. Her subsequent hatred for Siquen is based not so much on the fact that he ravished her, but that he had courted her such a short time. In a monologue toward the end of the play, Dina regrets her loss of honor, especially since she lost it "sin gusto!" The merciless delight which Dina makes manifest at the massacre of her ravisher and his nation at the hands of her brothers symbolizes the heart of the Old Testament code of justice—an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. Lope's Dina is not, however, a...