Face Matching Research Articles

Comparing the sensitivity of face matching assessments to detect face perception impairments

Numerous neurological, developmental, and psychiatric conditions demonstrate impaired face recognition, which can be socially debilitating. These impairments can be caused by either deficient face perception or face memory mechanisms. Though there are well-validated, sensitive measures of face memory impairments, it currently remains unclear which assessments best measure face perception impairments. A sensitive, validated face perception measure could help with diagnosing causes of face recognition deficits and be useful in characterizing individual differences in unimpaired populations. Here, we compared the computerized Benton Face Recognition Test (BFRT-c) and Cambridge Face Perception Test (CFPT) in their ability to differentiate developmental prosopagnosics (DPs, N = 30) and age-matched controls (N = 30). Participants completed the BFRT-c, CFPT, and two additional face perception assessments: the University of Southern California Face Perception Test (USCFPT) and a novel same/different face matching test (SDFMT). Participants were also evaluated on objective and subjective face recognition tasks including the Cambridge Face Memory Test, famous faces test, and Prosopagnosia Index-20. We performed a logistic regression with the perception tests predicting DP vs. control group membership and used multiple linear regressions to predict continuous objective and subjective face recognition memory. Our results show that the BFRT-c performed as well as, if not better than, the CFPT, and that both tests clearly outperformed the USCFPT and SDFMT. Further, exploratory analyses revealed that face lighting-change conditions better predicted DP group membership and face recognition abilities than viewpoint-change conditions. Together, these results support the combined use of the BFRT-c and CFPT to best assess face perception impairments.

Use of the Oxford face matching test reveals an effect of ageing on face perception but not face memory

Effects of ageing on both face perception and face memory have previously been reported. Previous studies, however, have not controlled for the effects of face perception when assessing face memory, meaning that apparent effects of ageing on face memory may actually be due to effects of ageing on face perception. Here, both face perception and face memory were assessed in a sample of adults ranging in age from 18 to 93, and the effect of age on face memory was assessed after controlling for face perception. Face perception was assessed using both a standard test and the Oxford face matching test (OFMT), deliberately designed to avoid the bias towards younger, neurotypical samples that may be present in other tests. An effect of ageing on face perception was found using both tests, with the unbiased OFMT being more sensitive to the effect of age. Importantly, when controlling for face perception using the OFMT, no effect of age on face memory was found. Indicative scores on the OFMT from a sample of 989 participants are provided, broken down by age and gender.

A cooperative crowdsensing system based on flying and ground vehicles to control respiratory viral disease outbreaks

The massive increase in population density in cities has led to several urban problems, such as an increment of air pollution, traffic congestion, and a faster spread of infectious diseases. With the rapid innovation in the intelligent sensors technology, and its integration into smart vehicles and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), a novel sensing paradigm has been promoted, namely vehicular crowdsensing, which leverages on-board sensors to capture information from the surrounding environment. Collected data are then analyzed to take proper countermeasures. In this paper, we present a smart coordination mechanism between UAVs and ground vehicles (GVs), which sense information like body temperature and breathing rate of people, in order to support a variety of monitoring applications, including discovering the presence of infectious diseases. In our framework, namely GUAVA, aerial and ground vehicles are equipped with GPS devices and thermal cameras to monitor specific geographic areas, detect humans’ vital parameters and, at the same time, discover duplicate data by identifying matching faces in thermal video sequences with the GaussianFace algorithm. The sensing tasks in hard-to-reach places are assigned to UAVs, with the ability to power up wirelessly from the nearest GV and offload the collected monitoring images to it. Simulation results have assessed our proposed framework, showing good performance in terms of distinct Quality of Service (QoS) metrics.

Subjective Evaluation of High Dynamic Range Imaging for Face Matching

Human facial recognition in the context of surveillance, forensics and photo-ID verification is a task for which accuracy is critical. Quite often limitations in the overall quality of facial images reduces individuals’ ability in taking decisions regarding a person’s identity. To verify the suitability of advanced imaging techniques to improve individuals’ performance in face matching we investigate how High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging compares with traditional low (or standard) dynamic range (LDR) imaging in a facial recognition task. An HDR face dataset with five different lighting conditions is created. Subsequently, this dataset is used in a controlled experiment ( <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$</tex-math></inline-formula> = 40) to measure performance and accuracy of human participants when identifying faces in HDR versus LDR. Results demonstrate that face matching accuracy and reaction time are improved significantly by HDR imaging. This work demonstrates scope for realistic image reproduction and delivery in face matching tasks and suggests that security systems could benefit from the adoption of HDR imaging techniques.

Do developmental prosopagnosics with high vs. low levels of autism traits differ in how they process faces?

Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) studies have routinely excluded individuals with high autism traits, assuming that DPs with high levels of autism traits have qualitatively different mechanisms of face recognition impairment, e.g., caused by social motivational factors. Indeed, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with face recognition memory and face emotion processing deficits but largely unimpaired face perception and holistic face processing abilities, whereas DPs without ASD have shown face perception and holistic processing deficits in addition to face memory deficits. To investigate the relationship between autism traits and face processing in DP, we administered a large behavioral battery and a face/scene/object/body fMRI localizer to 43 DPs with a wide range of Autism Quotient (AQ) scores as well as 27 healthy controls. When comparing the high (n=15; met broader autism phenotype classification) and low (n=28) AQ DP groups (AQ: 28.33 vs. 14.50; p<.001), we found a similar pattern across face processing tasks, with no differences in face matching (Cambridge Face Perception Test; p=.617), holistic face processing (Inversion effect: p=.644; Part-whole effect: p=.170), featural processing (Eyes: p=.643; Mouth: p=.984), or face memory (Cambridge Face Memory Test; p=.598). Both DP groups performed significantly worse on the face processing tasks compared to the control group (p’s<.05), with the exception of the mouth composite. As expected, the higher AQ group showed significantly decreased face emotion recognition compared to the low AQ group (p=.028). During the fMRI localizer task, both DP groups showed similarly reduced face selectivity in the left occipital and fusiform face areas compared to controls. Notably, the higher AQ DPs also showed decreased face selectivity in the bilateral posterior superior temporal sulcus compared to the lower AQ DPs. These results suggest that high autism traits do not result in qualitatively different face processing in DPs, but are associated with greater face emotion recognition impairments.

Causal inference in face identification, matching, and verification

Causal inference in face identification, matching, and verification

Individual differences in face perception: Development and validation of the Oxford Face Matching Test (OFMT)

Individual differences in face perception: Development and validation of the Oxford Face Matching Test (OFMT)

The Importance of Internal and External Features in Matching Own and Other Race Faces.

Research has shown that we are better at discriminating between faces that are our own race, and much less accurate with faces of another race. When the external features of faces were removed, this reduced the accuracy for recognizing other-races faces, more than own-race faces, suggesting that the external features (hair, face shape) are especially important for the recognition of other-race faces. The aim of the current study was to determine whether external features were more useful in matching other-race faces, and whether this was the case for Western and Eastern viewers. The current study employed a face matching task with Caucasian (U.K.) and Asian (Chinese) participants and found that responses were more accurate for own-race faces, and for whole faces when compared with faces where the internal or external features had been removed. Removing the external features of other-race faces increased the own-race bias for Chinese and U.K. participants, demonstrating the importance of viewing whole faces, including the external features when matching other-race faces.

Avatars with faces of real people: A construction method for scientific experiments in virtual reality

Experimental psychology research typically employs methods that greatly simplify the real-world conditions within which cognition occurs. This approach has been successful for isolating cognitive processes, but cannot adequately capture how perception operates in complex environments. In turn, real-world environments rarely afford the access and control required for rigorous scientific experimentation. In recent years, technology has advanced to provide a solution to these problems, through the development of affordable high-capability virtual reality (VR) equipment. The application of VR is now increasing rapidly in psychology, but the realism of its avatars, and the extent to which they visually represent real people, is captured poorly in current VR experiments. Here, we demonstrate a user-friendly method for creating photo-realistic avatars of real people and provide a series of studies to demonstrate their psychological characteristics. We show that avatar faces of familiar people are recognised with high accuracy (Study 1), replicate the familiarity advantage typically observed in real-world face matching (Study 2), and show that these avatars produce a similarity-space that corresponds closely with real photographs of the same faces (Study 3). These studies open the way to conducting psychological experiments on visual perception and social cognition with increased realism in VR.

The Effect of Face Masks on Forensic Face Matching: An Individual Differences Study

In the forensic face matching task, observers are presented with two unfamiliar faces and must determine whether they depict the same identity. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, some governmental authorities require the use of face masks in public spaces. However, recent research has shown that face masks impair face identification. The present study explores the effect of face masks on forensic face matching using an individual differences approach. Compared to a full-view condition, performance decreased when a face mask was superimposed on one face (Experiment 1) and both faces (Experiment 2) of a pair. Although a positive correlation between the full-view and the mask conditions was found, high proficiency in the full-view condition did not always generalize to the mask condition. Additionally, the mask generally has a more negative impact on those participants with better performance in the full-view condition. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

An international survey of applied face-matching training courses

Face matching decisions in applied settings are typically carried out by trained face-matching professionals, known as facial reviewers and facial examiners. Recent research has demonstrated that short professional face-matching training courses are limited in improving face-matching accuracy, however, despite the existence of high-level training guidelines produced by the practitioner community the content, duration and delivery of training for facial reviewers and facial examiners are not widely understood in the academic research community. The current study aimed to address this gap in the scientific literature to better understand how different agencies train facial reviewers and facial examiners, using results collected from an international survey. The survey included questions on the duration, delivery and content of an agencies face-matching training. 24 face-matching agencies from five continents took part in the survey. A quantitative analysis of the survey results revealed that at the group level facial examiners received longer durations of training, covering more topics than reviewers and more frequently included one-to-one mentoring. However, the survey revealed large differences in the duration, delivery methods and content of training by individual agencies at both the facial review and facial examiner level and low inclusion of evidence-based training practices. These results should help researchers to better understand the diversity in training practices and durations of training between different agencies and may help explain the individual differences observed in the performance of face matching professionals in the literature.

Sosialisasi Pendampingan Asupan Gizi Atlet Muda di Kota Palangka Raya pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19

For an athlete to get a complete nutritional intake with the right portion of food, will make the athlete's body can function to the maximum, so that performance will also be maximal when doing competitions. Therefore, it is important for an athlete to really attention to his nutritional intake, especially the balance between nutritional intake and energy expenditure, both in the phase before, during, and after a match or exercise. Because energy will affect the performance of athletes, as well as the maximum performance of athletes will support it to achieve the best achievement. Especially with the current covid-19 outbreak. The purpose of this dedication is that athletes can find their best diet to improve the efficiency of the body's metabolism to face exercise and matches. The method carried out in this activity is socialization. The implementation of this activity is conducted face-to-face.Participants in this activity are young athletes who are in the city of Palangka Raya with a total of 15 people from various sports including badminton, soccer, volleyball, athletics (sprint), athletics (fast walking), athletics (reject bullets), table tennis, karate, sepak sawut. Based on the results obtained from this activity, there are several problems including the knowledge of athletes about the importance of setting the nutritional intake of sports is still relatively low, the lack of varied food menu consumed, the use of supplements by athletes are too excessive. Then after being able to know about the problem, the presenter gave direction to the athletes to be able to minimize the problem.After the implementation of this activity, the athletes get education regarding nutrition assistance, maximizing the performance of athletes through a diet that suits nutritional needs.As well as education and solutions related to improved performance. The conclusion of this activity is to provide education on nutrition assistance for young athletes in Palangka Raya City.

Low prevalence match and mismatch detection in simultaneous face matching: Influence of face recognition ability and feature focus guidance.

Simultaneous face matching to verify identity is key to security and policing. However, matching is error-prone, particularly when target-item prevalence is low. Two experiments examined whether superior face recognition ability and the use of internal or external facial feature guidance scales would reduce low prevalence effects. In Experiment 1, super-recognisers (n = 317) significantly outperformed typical-ability controls (n = 452), while internal feature guidance enhanced accuracy across all prevalence conditions. However, an unexpected effect in controls revealed higher accuracy in low prevalence conditions, probably because no low-match or low-mismatch prevalence information was provided. In Experiment 2, top-end-of-typical range ability participants (n = 841) were informed of their low prevalence condition and demonstrated the expected low-prevalence effects. Findings and implications are discussed.

Diagnostic feature training improves face matching accuracy.

Identifying unfamiliar faces is surprisingly error-prone, even for experienced professionals who perform this task regularly. Previous attempts to train this ability have been largely unsuccessful, leading many to conclude that face identity processing is hard-wired and not amenable to further perceptual learning. Here, we take a novel expert knowledge elicitation approach to training, based on the feature-based comparison strategy used by high-performing professional facial examiners. We show that instructing novices to focus on the facial features that are most diagnostic of identity for these experts-the ears and facial marks (e.g., scars, freckles and blemishes)-improves accuracy on unfamiliar face matching tasks by 6%. This training takes just 6 min to complete and yet accounts for approximately half of experts' superiority on the task. Benefits of training are strongest when diagnostic features are clearly visible and absent when participants are trained to rely on nondiagnostic features. Our data-driven approach contrasts with theory-driven training that is designed to improve holistic face processing mechanisms associated with familiar face recognition. This suggests that protocols which bypass the core face recognition system-and instead reorient attention to features that are undervalued by novices-offer a more promising route to training for unfamiliar face matching. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Early post-treatment blood oxygenation level-dependent responses to emotion processing associated with clinical response to pharmacological treatment in major depressive disorder.

IntroductionPre‐treatment blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used for the early identification of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who later respond or fail to respond to medication. However, BOLD responses early after treatment initiation may offer insight into early neural changes associated with later clinical response. The present study evaluated both pre‐treatment and early post‐treatment fMRI responses to an emotion processing task, to further our understanding of neural changes associated with a successful response to pharmacological intervention.MethodsMDD patients who responded (n = 22) and failed to respond (n = 12) after 8 weeks of treatment with either citalopram or quetiapine extended release, and healthy controls (n = 18) underwent two fMRI scans, baseline (pre‐treatment), and early post‐treatment (one week after treatment commencement). Participants completed an emotional face matching task at both scans.ResultsUsing threshold‐free cluster enhancement (TFCE) and non‐parametric permutation testing, fMRI activation maps showed that after one week of treatment, responders demonstrated increased activation in the left parietal lobule, precentral gyrus, and bilateral insula (all P < 0.05 threshold‐free cluster enhancement (TFCE) family‐wise error‐corrected) to negative facial expressions. Non‐responders showed some small increases in the precentral gyrus, while controls showed no differences between scans. Compared to non‐responders, responders showed some increased activation in the superior parietal lobule and middle temporal gyrus at the post‐treatment scan. There were no group differences between responders, non‐responders, and controls at baseline.ConclusionsOne week after treatment commencement, BOLD signal changes in the parietal lobules, insula, and middle temporal gyrus were related to clinical response to pharmacological treatment.

FINGERPRINT AND FACE RECOGNITION BASED ATM SYSTEM USING RASPBERRY PI

ATMs (Automatic Teller Machine) are becoming widely used in today's world because they are easy to use and offer convenience. However, today's ATM technology comes with some security risks such as the theft and misuse of cards, the possibility of losing a card, and forgetting PIN numbers. A growing number of frauds committed against automatic teller machines over the last decade motivated us to use biometrics to ensure the accuracy and security of personal identification. In this paper, we describe a biometric fingerprint and face recognition system that can replace ATM cards and PINs. The transaction is successful when fingerprint, OTP, and face match. If the fingerprint does not match, the customer is guided to enter the aadhaar number. Similarly, if face matching fails, the customer is given an option to answer the question. Here aadhaar number and correct answer to the question must be entered correctly to proceed. Aadhaar number entry and question &amp; answer options are mainly provided for those who are unable to access the system because of damage to their physical attributes (finger and face).

Insula reactivity mediates subjective isolation stress in alexithymia

The risk for developing stress-related disorders is elevated in individuals with high alexithymia, a personality trait characterized by impaired emotional awareness and interpersonal relating. However, it is still unclear how alexithymia alters perceived psychosocial stress and which neurobiological substrates are mechanistically involved. To address this question, we examined freshmen during transition to university, given that this period entails psychosocial stress and frequently initiates psychopathology. Specifically, we used a functional magnetic resonance imaging emotional face matching task to probe emotional processing in 54 participants (39 women) at the beginning of the first year at university and 6 months later. Furthermore, we assessed alexithymia and monitored perceived psychosocial stress and loneliness via questionnaires for six consecutive months. Perceived psychosocial stress significantly increased over time and initial alexithymia predicted subjective stress experiences via enhanced loneliness. On the neural level, alexithymia was associated with lowered amygdala responses to emotional faces, while loneliness correlated with diminished reactivity in the anterior insular and anterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, insula activity mediated the association between alexithymia and loneliness that predicted perceived psychosocial stress. Our findings are consistent with the notion that alexithymia exacerbates subjective stress via blunted insula reactivity and increased perception of social isolation.

Kernelized Heterogeneity-Aware Cross-View Face Recognition.

Cross-view or heterogeneous face matching involves comparing two different views of the face modality such as two different spectrums or resolutions. In this research, we present two heterogeneity-aware subspace techniques, heterogeneous discriminant analysis (HDA) and its kernel version (KHDA) that encode heterogeneity in the objective function and yield a suitable projection space for improved performance. They can be applied on any feature to make it heterogeneity invariant. We next propose a face recognition framework that uses existing facial features along with HDA/KHDA for matching. The effectiveness of HDA and KHDA is demonstrated using both handcrafted and learned representations on three challenging heterogeneous cross-view face recognition scenarios: (i) visible to near-infrared matching, (ii) cross-resolution matching, and (iii) digital photo to composite sketch matching. It is observed that, consistently in all the case studies, HDA and KHDA help to reduce the heterogeneity variance, clearly evidenced in the improved results. Comparison with recent heterogeneous matching algorithms shows that HDA- and KHDA-based matching yields state-of-the-art or comparable results on all three case studies. The proposed algorithms yield the best rank-1 accuracy of 99.4% on the CASIA NIR-VIS 2.0 database, up to 100% on the CMU Multi-PIE for different resolutions, and 95.2% rank-10 accuracies on the e-PRIP database for digital to composite sketch matching.

Measurement of individual differences in face-identity processing\xa0abilities in older adults

BackgroundFace-identity processing declines with age. Few studies have examined whether face-identity processing abilities can be measured independently from general cognitive abilities in older adults (OA). This question has practical implications for the assessment of face-identity processing abilities in OA and theoretical implications for the notion of face processing as a specific ability. The present study examined the specificity of face memory and face matching abilities in OA aged 50 + .MethodsPerformance of younger adults (YA) and OA was measured on face tasks: Cambridge Face Memory Task (CFMT), the Glasgow Face Matching Task (GFMT), holistic processing; and tasks of general cognition: fluid intelligence, selective attention, and mental rotation. Data were analyzed using multiple regression models encompassing (i) the CFMT/GFMT and measures of general cognition; and (ii) all face processing tasks.ResultsAcross the two age groups, models encompassing all face tasks were significant and accounted for more variance in the data than models encompassing the CFMT/GFMT and measures of general cognition. General cognitive abilities accounted for 17% of variance for the GFMT (p < 0.01) and 3% for the CFMT (p > 0.05).DiscussionOur results suggest that face memory can be measured independently from general cognition using the CFMT in OA. Implications for the notion of a general face processing factor across the adult lifespan are discussed.

The sibling familiarity effect: Is within?person facial variability shared across siblings?

Humans are experts at familiar face recognition, but poor at unfamiliar face recognition. Familiarity is created when a face is encountered across varied conditions, but the way in which a person's appearance varies is identity?specific, so familiarity with one identity does not benefit recognition of other individuals. However, the faces of biological siblings share structural similarities, so we explored whether the benefits of familiarity are shared across siblings. Results show that familiarity with one half of a sibling pair improves kin detection (experiment 1), and that unfamiliar face matching is more accurate when targets are the siblings of familiar versus unfamiliar individuals (experiment 2). PCA applied to facial images of celebrities and their siblings demonstrates that faces are generally better reconstructed in the principal components of a same?sex sibling than those of an unrelated individual. When we encounter the unfamiliar sibling of someone we already know, our pre?existing representation of their familiar relation may usefully inform processing of the unfamiliar face. This can benefit both kin detection and identity processing, but the benefits are constrained by the degree to which facial variability is shared.