Inclination Of Face Research Articles

A Study of the Reliability of a New Dynamic Trunk Balance Measuring Device

Objective: A new method of evaluating sitting balance that improved on a previous device was developed. However, the reliability of body trunk balance measured by this device is unknown. The purpose of this study was to verify its reliability within and between examiners. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving healthy adult males (age 20 to 45 years) who were able to walk. The seating surface could be vibrated at a constant cycle (0.2 Hz, 0.4 Hz, 0.6 Hz), the pressure of the seating surface under vibration was detected by three small force sensors installed under the seating surface, and the center of pressure (COP) could be calculated. Measurements were performed by two examiners, and each participant was measured three times in a sitting position. The platform was tilted to the left and right at a front face inclination angle ± 7°, with two cycles in 10 s (0.2 Hz), while the participant’s gaze was fixed to a mark 2 m in front of the participant at eye height, and the participant was asked to maintain the position of the head constant. Measurement was then performed for 30 s. The fluctuation of the center of gravity on the seat surface over time was measured, and the total trajectory length of the COP was used as the evaluation item. To examine the reliability of the measuring instrument, ICC (1.3) was obtained as the intra-class correlation coefficient for intra-examiner reliability, and ICC (2.1) was obtained for inter-examiner reliability. Results: The ICC for intra-examiner reliability was 0.815, and that for inter-examiner reliability was 0.789. No adverse events occurred during balance evaluation. Conclusion: This device could be used to evaluate dynamic trunk balance with relatively high reliability. Thus, the present device appears to be useful for quantitatively evaluating dynamic trunk balance conveniently and safely.

Key motion characteristics of side-step movements in hip-hop dance and their effect on the evaluation by judges

In hip-hop dance, the elements of motion that discriminate the skill levels of dancers and that influence the evaluations by judges have not been clearly identified. This study set out to extract these motion characteristics from the side-step movements of hip-hop dancing. Eight expert and eight non-expert dancers performed side-step movements, which were recorded using a motion capture system. Nine experienced judges evaluated the dancers’ performances. Several parameters, including the range of motion (ROM) of the joint angles (neck, trunk, hip, knee, and face inclination) and phase delays between these angular motions were calculated. A quarter-cycle phase delay between the neck motion and other body parts, seen only in the expert dancers, is highlighted as an element that can distinguish dancers’ skill levels. This feature of the expert dancers resulted in a larger ROM during the face inclination than that for the non-expert dancers. In addition, the experts exhibited a bottom-to-top segmental sequence in the horizontal direction while the non-experts did not demonstrate any such sequential motion. Of these kinematic parameters, only the ROM of the face inclination was highly correlated to the judging score and is regarded as being the most appealing element of the side-step movement.

Comparative Study of Tweed Triangle in Angle Class II Division 1 Malocclusion between Nepalese and Chinese Students

Introductions: The establishment of specific cephalometric norms for specific race or ethnic group has been documented in literatures. The aim of the present study was to compare the Tweed triangle for Nepalese and Chinese subjects with Angle Class II division 1 malocclusion. Methods: The cephalometric radiographs of 52 Nepalese and 52 Chinese students age between 14 to 18 years, Class II division 1 malocclusion with Point A-Nasion-Point B angle larger than 4 degrees were analyzed for 9 parameters. Results: Mean age of Nepalese participants was 14.28 years and that of Chinese 14.09. The comparative variables of Nepalese and Chinese population were: Y axis (61.39 and 67.52), Sella Nasion Point A angle (83.69 and 81.14), Sella Nasion Point B angle (76.87 and 74.62), Occlusal plane angle (19.0 and 23.12), Frankfort Mandibular plane angle (28.13 and 32.87) and Lower Incisior to Frankfort Horizontal plane Angle (54.77 and 48.23). Conclusions: The Class II skeletal pattern, well positioned maxillas and retrusive mandibles were present in both samples. The Chinese showed more protruded maxilla, more buccal inclination of lower incisors and longer face than Nepalese. Plain Language Summary: The study was done to identify the Tweed triangle for a sample of Nepalese and Chinese subjects with Angle Class II division 1 malocclusion . The study found that the both samples showed Class II skeletal pattern, well positioned maxillas and retrusive mandibles but the Chinese had more protruded maxilla, more buccal inclination of lower incisors and longer face than Nepalese. It showed the importance of ethnic role as Nepalese have distinct cephalometric features, which should be used as a reference while treating the Nepalese orthodontic patients. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpahs.v1i1.13008 Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences. 2014 Jun;1(1):8-12

Research of edge defect formation in plate rolling by finite element method

For hot-rolled flat products major losses of steel are due to surface defects, which are caused by the quality of an incoming continuous cast slab. Each typical surface defect of a continuous cast slab if not detected and eliminated transforms into a surface defect of a rolled plate. One of the most critical problems of hot rolled plates is connected with the longitudinal surface cracks located at the distance up to 80mm from the edges. This study covers the research and simulation of transformation of surface cracks into the edge defects of the hot-rolled plate by finite element method. It is shown that the mechanism of crack movement during plate rolling comes from inclination of front and tail faces of slab due to temperature gradient between top and bottom surfaces. To reduce the possibility of corner crack formation it is proposed to increase the temperature of the edge zone of the slab due to the rounding of edges or by induction heating. The results of the study will be useful for material saving during plate rolling.

Generalized analytical expression for dynamic active thrust from c–φ soil backfills

In geotechnical engineering, there has been a need for the generalized analytical expression in explicit form for the dynamic (or seismic) active thrust from the c–φ (c = cohesion and φ = angle of shearing resistance) soil backfills on the rigid retaining walls since the early developments of explicit Rankine’s, Coulomb’s, and Mononobe–Okabe’s (M–O)’s analytical expressions. An attempt is made here to present a derivation of such an explicit generalized analytical expression based on the pseudo-static approach, considering the most field parameters related to the wall geometry, soil backfill, and loadings, such as wall height, wall-backfill face inclination, backfill slope angle, tension cracks, wall friction, wall-backfill adhesion, cohesion and angle of shearing resistance of backfill, surcharge, and both the horizontal and the vertical seismic loadings. The development of an explicit analytical expression for the critical inclination of the failure plane within the soil backfill is also presented for the generalized case. It is found that the generalized analytical expressions, as special cases, result in the simpler expressions reported previously in the literature for several specific field situations under static and dynamic loading conditions.

Generalized analytical expression for dynamic passive earth pressure from c–φ soil backfills

The dynamic passive earth pressure as a resistance to the retaining wall movement is often required for the design of retaining walls, whose lower parts are embedded in the ground. This technical note presents the derivation of a generalized analytical expression for the total dynamic passive earth pressure from the c–φ soil backfills on the rigid retaining walls in terms of dynamic earth pressure coefficients. The expression is generalized because the derivation considers most practical parameters related to the wall geometry, soil backfill, and loadings, such as wall height, wall-backfill face inclination, backfill slope angle, wall friction, wall-backfill adhesion, cohesion and angle of shearing resistance of backfills, surcharge, and both horizontal and vertical seismic loadings. The development of an explicit expression for the critical inclination of the failure plane within the soil backfill is also presented for the generalized case. It is shown that the generalized analytical expressions result in simpler cases reported previously in the literature for several static and dynamic field conditions.

Passive earth pressure against retaining wall using log-spiral arc

Passive earth pressure against retaining wall depends on a number of factors such as, soil friction angle φ, soil wall friction angle δ, backfill angle (ground surface inclination behind wall β), inclination of wall face on horizontal α, and surface of rupture. Several theories have been developed to overcome this problem, i. e., determination of the coefficient of passive earth pressure using the plane surface of rupture. One of the important parameter which affect the coefficient of the passive earth pressure is the surface of rupture. In the present paper, formulation is proposed for calculating coefficient of passive earth pressure on a rigid retaining wall undergoing horizontal translation based on surface of rupture consisting of log-spiral and linear segments assisted by computer program (MATLAB program). The present study is compared with coulomb’s results. The comparisons of that the present study predicted values of earth pressure are much less than those of coulomb’s values specially if δ≥ 0.3 φ. These results agree well with another research. In order to facilitate the calculation of coefficient of passive earth pressure, using the proposed equations, a modified coefficient of passive earth pressure is provided. It is a function of (φ, δ, β, α).

Coefficients of active earth pressure with seepage effect

A calculation method for the active earth pressure on the possibly inclined face of a retaining wall provided with a drainage system along the soil–structure interface is presented. The soil is cohesionless and fully saturated to the ground surface. This situation may arise during heavy rainstorms. To solve the problem, the water seepage through the soil is first analyzed using a numerical procedure based on the boundary element method. Then, the obtained pore-water pressure is used in a Coulomb-type formulation, which supposes a plane failure surface inside the backfill when the wall movement is enough to put the soil mass in the active state. The formulation provides coefficients of active pressure with seepage effect which can be used to evaluate the active earth thrust on walls of any height. A series of charts with values of the coefficients of active earth pressure with seepage calculated for selected values of the soil internal friction angle, the wall–soil friction angle, and the wall face inclination is presented.

Passive earth pressure against retaining wall using log-spiral arc

Abstract Passive earth pressure against retaining wall depends on a number of factors such as, soil friction angle ϕ, soil wall friction angle δ, backfill angle (ground surface inclination behind wall β, inclination of wall face on horizontal α, and surface of rupture. Several theory have been developed to over come this problem, i. e., determine the coefficient of passive earth pressure using the plane surface of rupture. One of the important parameter which effect on the coefficient of the passive earth pressure surface of rupture. In the present paper , formulation is proposed for calculating coefficient of passive earth pressure on a rigid retaining wall undergoing horizontal translation base on surface of rupture consisting log-spiral and linear segments assisted by computer program (MATLAB program used). The present study is compared with coulomb’s results. The comparison between present study and coulomb’s values shows the present study predict values of earth pressure much less than those of coulomb’s values specially if δ≥ 0.3 ϕ. Those results agree with anthers researches In order facilitate calculation coefficient of passive earth pressure, using the proposed equations, a modified coefficient of passive earth pressure is provided. It is function of (ϕ, δ, β, α).

Vision based interface system for hands free control of an intelligent wheelchair

BackgroundDue to the shift of the age structure in today's populations, the necessities for developing the devices or technologies to support them have been increasing. Traditionally, the wheelchair, including powered and manual ones, is the most popular and important rehabilitation/assistive device for the disabled and the elderly. However, it is still highly restricted especially for severely disabled. As a solution to this, the Intelligent Wheelchairs (IWs) have received considerable attention as mobility aids. The purpose of this work is to develop the IW interface for providing more convenient and efficient interface to the people the disability in their limbs.MethodsThis paper proposes an intelligent wheelchair (IW) control system for the people with various disabilities. To facilitate a wide variety of user abilities, the proposed system involves the use of face-inclination and mouth-shape information, where the direction of an IW is determined by the inclination of the user's face, while proceeding and stopping are determined by the shapes of the user's mouth. Our system is composed of electric powered wheelchair, data acquisition board, ultrasonic/infra-red sensors, a PC camera, and vision system. Then the vision system to analyze user's gestures is performed by three stages: detector, recognizer, and converter. In the detector, the facial region of the intended user is first obtained using Adaboost, thereafter the mouth region is detected based on edge information. The extracted features are sent to the recognizer, which recognizes the face inclination and mouth shape using statistical analysis and K-means clustering, respectively. These recognition results are then delivered to the converter to control the wheelchair.Result & conclusionThe advantages of the proposed system include 1) accurate recognition of user's intention with minimal user motion and 2) robustness to a cluttered background and the time-varying illumination. To prove these advantages, the proposed system was tested with 34 users in indoor and outdoor environments and the results were compared with those of other systems, then the results showed that the proposed system has superior performance to other systems in terms of speed and accuracy. Therefore, it is proved that proposed system provided a friendly and convenient interface to the severely disabled people.

Determining angles of incidence and heights of quantum dot faces by analyzing X-ray diffuse and specular scattering

Scattering of X rays by structures with multilayer ensembles of quantum dots MBE-grown in the In(Ga)As-GaAs system is studied by high-resolution grazing X-ray reflectometry. The peaks of the diffuse scattering intensity are discovered for the first time in structures with both vertically uncorrelated and vertically correlated quantum dots. It is shown that the position of the peak is totally determined by angle of inclination of the quantum dot pyramidal faces (the so-called blaze condition for diffraction gratings), which was theoretically predicted earlier. Comparison with the results of scattering simulation carried out by the technique of boundary integral equations indicates that a simple geometrical condition allows one to exactly determine the value of from the position of the intensity peak, the shape of which depends on many parameters. As follows from the theory and experiment, the width and height of the peaks for samples with vertically correlated quantum dots are larger than for those with uncorrelated dots. The roughness and interdiffusion of interfaces and the height of quantum dots are found from the position and amplitude of Bragg peaks. Thus, the conventional application of high-resolution grazing X-ray reflectometry is extended in this work to determination of the quantum dot geometry.

General Analytical Framework for Design of Flexible Reinforced Earth Structures

Current design methods divide reinforced earth structures into walls and slopes by using an arbitrary face inclination of 70° as the boundary. The required maximum strength of reinforcement computed for reinforced walls are significantly higher than that computed for reinforced slopes even if the inclination is practically the same. Presented is a general analytical framework for design of flexible reinforced earth structures regardless of the slope face inclination. In fact, the framework is consistent for any structural geometry and any applicable slope stability analysis although, for demonstration purposes, the simple Culmann formulation is utilized for simple geometry with zero batter. Using an adequate slope stability formulation, the required tensile resistance of reinforcement for a given layout is calculated so as to produce the same prescribed factor of safety anywhere within the reinforced zone. That is, using the design shear strength of the soil, the required reinforcement resistance along each layer is computed to fully mobilize this shear strength for all possible slip surfaces. That is, a baseline solution is produced for an ideal long-term strength of reinforcement at any location. Consequently, the required strength of the connection between each reinforcement layer and the facing unit can also be determined. This connection strength, however, assumes small facing units with negligibly small shear and moment resistance. Parametric study is conducted to demonstrate the reasonableness of the presented framework. It is shown that the required tensile resistance and connection strength depend on factors such as: reinforcement length; intermediate reinforcement; percent coverage; and quality of fill. When compared with the current AASHTO design for walls, the required maximum long-term strength of the reinforcement as well as the required connection strength in the proposed approach are substantially smaller.

256 ガスケットの漏洩特性に与える不均一圧縮の影響

256 ガスケットの漏洩特性に与える不均一圧縮の影響

Analysis of tapered preforms in cold upsetting

Upset forging is usually carried out with a sequence of stages and the tapered preforms are commonly used. The preforms should be free from flash formation and buckling injuries. In this paper, the results that depend on elastic–plastic finite element analysis of taper upset forging are given. The buckling analysis was realized by using the Modified Riks method. For a given upset ratio which is the ratio of unsupported length to diameter of the initial billet, reduction in the height of the billet and the diameter ratio are the important design parameters in taper upsetting. For several values of the design parameters, the analysis has been carried out and the results have been compared with the results of the well-known Meyer's experiment and Gökler's suggestions. In the analysis, the perfectly square end (ideal billet case) and the end with face inclination angle were considered as two different end conditions of the billet. The results for the ideal billet case are in good-agreement with Meyer's results. The end-face inclination angle, which is a significant imperfection on the billet, reduces the limits of allowable upset ratio. It has been observed that although the tapered header dies designed at the limits suggested by Meyer produce flashless preforms, in some of the cases, injuries due to buckling are not eliminated. However, Gökler's suggested limits provide elimination of both flash formation and injuries due to buckling.

Effect of framework aluminum on the dissolution process of ZSM-5 zeolite crystal

The effect of framework aluminum on the dissolution behavior of ZSM-5 zeolite crystal was systematically studied using an interferometric technique. We succeeded in the three-dimensional measurement of the dissolution rates of aluminum-containing ZSM-5 zeolite crystal, namely the (010) face of ZSM-5 zeolite crystal as well as the (100) and (001) faces. The dissolution rate was dependent strongly upon the amount of framework aluminum of the zeolite crystal and the concentration of NaOH aqueous solution used. It was also found that the aluminum-containing ZSM-5 zeolite crystal is convex and that the inclination of the (010) face at the edge of the ZSM-5 zeolite crystal is steeper than that of silicalite crystal.

Anthropometric and Anthroposcopic Findings of the Nasal and Facial Region in Cleft Patients before and after Primary Lip and Palate Repair

Two populations were studied and compared to determine the effects of cleft lip and palate surgery on the nose and face. In the first, three anthropometric measurements, two nasal and one facial, were taken before primary lip repair from infants with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP). In the second, ten measurements were taken from the nose and face of patients surgically treated for UCLP and BCLP. The high frequency of noses disproportionately wide in relation to their height in both cleft types before primary lip repair greatly decreased after surgery. Among the residual deformities after surgery for UCLP, nostril floor width asymmetry was the most frequent, followed by columella length asymmetry, flat nasal bridge, wide soft nose, flat nasal tip, and small nasal tip protrusion. In the BCLP patients, nostril floor width asymmetry was also the most common stigma, followed by flat nasal tip, wide soft nose, columella length asymmetry, flat nasal bridge and bilaterally angled alae, and small nasal tip protrusion. A subnormally flat upper face inclination was observed in UCLP and BCLP patients. Quantitative determination of these nasal stigmata in cleft lip and palate patients who have undergone primary lip repair provides valuable information for surgical correction of the cleft soft-tissue deformities.

Arc-fusion splicing of single-mode fibers 2: A practical splice machine

A new splice machine for single-mode fiber has been developed. Alignment mechanisms are constructed for high-precision alignment of the core axis. Alignment precision of +/-0.1 microm is possible with a movable stroke of +/-10 microm, which enables low-loss splicing even for fibers with relatively large core eccentricity. An average 0.08-dB splice loss and 0.04-dB standard deviation were obtained in a laboratory experiment. A 76% splice loss probability of Delta0.1 dB was achieved. Effect of fiber end face inclination on splice loss was investigated experimentally and theoretically, and it was found that the experimental splice loss is explained by the loss due to end face inclination, core metamorphosis, and core axis misalignment.

Electron micrography of mineral surfaces subject to wind-blast erosion

The erosional results of two different kinds of wind-blast experiments on isometric minerals, ranging from 2 to 6 in hardness on the Mohs scale, are compared and illustrated, chiefly by electron micrography. One prolonged experiment employed only normal laboratory air. In the other experiment, silt-sized projectiles were added to the air that was blown over one of two similar fluorite specimens for a period of 50 hr during a five-month wind-blast test of the two specimens. In all cases, wind erosion occurred. However, in the second experiment, it was greatly accelerated on the test specimen which was wind-blasted by the air with the added projectiles. Also, these experiments demonstrated in detail where the aerodynamic and vorticity erosion processes concentrate to effect erosion on the shapes that were used. Although wind moves as a fluid, the interfacial flow lines along which erosion occurs form a complex reticulum. Each flow line is attracted to a center of low pressure. Such centers may be within traveling vortices along a flow line but often are at stationary points such as at vortex centers in irregularities along sharp margins where air escapes. Such vortices oriented the flow lines variously so that they merged or even transected one another, despite the use of a single wind direction. Likewise, traveling vortices along flow lines developed pit chains which show all stages of development from isolated scores and pits to fine U-shaped fluting. Thus vorticity plays a major erosive role, and wind can erode in the total absence of sand. Furthermore, aerodynamic erosion can affect every surface of an object, even the basal surface, and may even be greater on the lee face than on the windward face, and the suspended tools produce more definitive erosion than does sand grain impact. In addition, shape and size of the target, its orientation to the wind, inclination of faces, surficial texture and irregularities, and internal constitution are all important determinants of the character, locations, and rates of erosion.

Inhomogeneity of Magnetic Field Produced by an Inclination of Pole Face from Parallel State in Electromagnet

Magnetic field distributions in an electromagnet were measured using an NMR gauss meter before and after changing the degree of inclination of a pole face with respect to the other from the initial state where they were parallel. The inhomogeneity produced by the deviation from pole parallelism was not dependent on the gap field strength and expressed as (B-B0)/B0=-c(d-d0)/d, where B0 and d0 are the magnetic field strength and gap half length on the central axis of the poles, and B and d are those on the position r cm from the central axis, respectively. In this equation, coefficient c is experimentally determined to be 3/4∼2/3.

Asymmetry in Face Orientation

197 naive undergraduate students indicated aesthetic preferences for the backward inclination or the forward inclination of each of four pictures of faces randomly selected. Two were pictures (photograph or line drawing) of the faces of famous artists, the other two of famous scientists. The pictured faces were inclined 7° backward and forward of the upright on the horizontal axis. The criterion of aesthetic preference was unification of the features of the face. Pretesting with trained Ss had established a prediction of preference for the backward inclination of pictures of the artists' faces, those of Tolstoy and Ibsen, and a prediction of preference for the forward inclination of the pictures of the faces of the scientists, Copernicus and Kepler. In the formal experiment the naive Ss gave confidence ratings of their backward vs forward judgments of each pictured face. When Ss' arbitrary judgments are discounted, predictions for three of the four pictured faces are sustained. Some support is lent to Schlesinger's claim that contrasting properties of the faces of artists and scientists determine Ss' preference for the backward inclination of pictures of artists' faces and the forward inclination of scientists' faces. The results encourage expanded study of asymmetry in orientation of faces and refinement of methodology.