Lotion Research Articles

Product Waste Resulting from Insufficient Emptiability of Cosmetic Packaging and Its Economic and Environmental Implications

The cosmetic industry is an important economic sector with expected growth in the upcoming years and a noticeable trend towards sustainable products and product packaging options. A critical aspect of packaging sustainability is the amount of product residue left in emptied containers, as this contributes to both economic losses for consumers and environmental waste. In this study, the emptiability of different packaging systems for shampoo, hair gel, hand cream, body lotion, face cream, eye cream, and serum is assessed by developing novel testing methods. The results show a significant dependence of emptiability on the packaging system and product properties. While jars and airless pump dispensers retain less than 1% of product residues for hand cream products, pump dispensers’ values of up to 26% were found. These results underline the importance of optimal packaging choices adapted to different products to avoid economic losses for the consumer, environmental impact due to wasted products, and a negative influence on the recyclability of packaging and quality of the recyclate. Manufacturers can use these insights to design packaging that not only reduces leftover product but also aligns with circular economy principles, ultimately lowering environmental impacts and improving consumer satisfaction.

Analisis Persepsi Konsumen terhadap Citra Merek dan Harga dalam Keputusan Pembelian Hand and Body Lotion Vaseline pada Mahasiswa

In the marketing domain, brand image and price are pivotal factors influencing consumer purchasing decisions. This study aims to analyze the perceptions of university students regarding the balance between brand image and price in purchasing Vaseline hand and body lotion. Using a qualitative approach, data were gathered through a systematic literature review and secondary sources, focusing on consumer behavior and skincare product preferences. The findings reveal that students perceive Vaseline as a high-quality brand offering clear skincare benefits. However, price remains a significant determinant due to the limited budgets typical of this demographic. This research contributes to theoretical understanding and provides practical insights for developing marketing strategies targeting university students by aligning brand communication and pricing strategies with their needs and preferences.

The Influence Of Digital Marketing, Brand Ambassador And Electronic Word Of Mouth On Purchasing Decisions For Nivea Body Lotion Product In Pekanbaru

This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of Digital Marketing, Brand Ambassadors and Electronic Word Of Mouth on Purchasing Decisions for Nivea Body Lotion products in Pekanbaru. The population in this study were Pekanbaru people who had bought Nivea Body Lotion. The method used in this research is descriptive and quantitative, with research data sources coming from primary and secondary data. The number of samples in this study amounted to 105 people with the sampling technique using purposive sampling technique. The method of analysis of this research is multiple linear regression analysis and through validity tests and reliability tests. In this study, the results obtained that Digital Marketing has a significant influence on purchasing decisions for Nivea body lotion products in Pekanbaru, Brand Ambassadors have a significant effect on purchasing decisions for Nivea body lotion products in Pekanbaru, and Electronic Word of Mouth on purchasing decisions for Nivea body lotion products in Pekanbaru.

Skin exfoliation with herbal face creams: A review

Skin exfoliation with herbal face creams: A review

Identifying the sources of mercury exposure in dental workers.

Dental professionals who handle dental amalgam are at risk of mercury exposure, though the prevalence and severity of elevated mercury levels from non-occupational sources are not well characterized. We report two dental workers who had elevated urinary mercury levels (37 and 25.6 mcg/L) during routine health screenings. Their previous mercury tests were normal, and no symptoms or abnormal findings were identified on clinical examination. Mercury exposure in these two workers occurred both occupationally through amalgam contact and non-occupationally via unregulated facial creams and seafood consumption. Their urine mercury levels normalized within 2 months after transitioning to amalgam-free roles and discontinuing the use of the facial products. No chelation or medication was administered in these cases. The identified primary source was inorganic mercury from unregistered facial creams, with levels measuring 18302.17 and 6221.53 mcg/g surpassing the Thai regulation's maximum limit of zero.

COMPARISON OF UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC AND HPLC METHODS IN THE ANALYSIS OF RETINOIC ACID AND HYDROQUINONE CONTENT IN FACE CREAMS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

UV-Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC are commonly used for the analysis of hydroquinone and retinoic acid, as both instruments offer a combination of accuracy, sensitivity, and ease in detecting and quantifying these compounds. UV-Vis is quick and simple to detect the content of materials based on light absorption, while HPLC is superior in separating and analyzing compounds in complex mixtures with high precision. The purpose of this literature review is to compare UV-Vis Spectrophotometry and HPLC methods for analyzing hydroquinone and retinoic acid, and a comparison was performed by examining method validation data between UV-Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC. The method applied involves a review of various related research journals, utilizing the Publish or Perish application using the Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar search engines. The results and conclusions of this study recommend HPLC as the method of choice for the identification of harmful substances, such as retinoic acid and hydroquinone, in face creams. Keywords: retinoic acid, hydroquinone, face cream, uv-vis spectrophotometry, HPLC

Pengembangan Formulasi Krim Pelembab Kulit Berbasis Ekstrak Sari Buah Mangga (Mangifera indica L.): Pendekatan Fungsional dan Kosmetika Alami

This study aimed to develop a formulation of mango fruit juice (Mangifera indica L.) as a moisturizing agent in the form of hand cream. The main component of mango, sucrose, has the ability to attract moisture from the air due to its hydroxyl groups, which helps reduce water evaporation from the skin. Mango juice was obtained by blending the mango pulp using a juicer, followed by the addition of 0.1% sodium metabisulfite as an antioxidant. The extract was then concentrated using a freeze-drying technique at -40°C and 2 atm pressure. The cream formulation developed was an oil-in-water (m/a) emulsion type, with mango fruit juice concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. These were compared to cream containing 2% glycerin and a blank formulation. Various tests were conducted to evaluate the physical quality of the cream, including homogeneity, pH, stability, emulsion type, and irritation tests using a moisture-checker. The results showed that mango fruit juice was successfully formulated into a homogeneous m/a cream, with a pH ranging from 5.55 to 7.04, and remained stable for up to 12 weeks of storage. The cream formulated with mango juice was proven to increase skin moisture without causing irritation. The higher the concentration of mango fruit juice, the greater the moisturizing effect. The 2.5% concentration provided a moisturizing effect comparable to cream containing 2% glycerin. The best moisturizing effect was achieved at a 10% concentration, which increased skin moisture by up to 14.4% after 4 weeks of use. This mango juice is effectively used in m/a type creams as a skin moisturizer. Keyword: Mango fruit juice, cream, skin moisturizer

Innovative Honey-Based Product and Its Beneficial Effects Measured by Modern Biophysical and Imaging Skin Techniques.

Honey is widely recognized for its potential benefits in skincare, yet its incorporation into formulations is challenging due to its stickiness. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hand creams with varying concentrations of multifloral honey (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% w/w) on skin parameters and to assess their application characteristics. A total of 24 volunteers were divided into two groups, each receiving a blinded pair of creams (0%/10% or 5%/15% honey) to apply on their left and right hands. Instrumental methods (Corneometer®, Tewameter®, Cutometer®, Visioscan®, and Visioline®) were used to measure skin parameters at the baseline, 15 min after the first application, and after 4 weeks of regular use. Sensory characteristics were evaluated through participant questionnaires. After 4 weeks, honey-infused creams showed notable improvements in skin moisturization (up to 29.7%), smoothness (up to 21.3%), wrinkle area reduction (up to 21.4%), and mean wrinkle depth reduction (up to 11.7%). Among these, the increases in moisturization and reductions in wrinkle depth were statistically significant compared to the placebo. The sensory evaluations revealed no significant differences between formulations, highlighting the vehicle's effectiveness in minimizing the stickiness typically associated with honey. This study highlights the efficacy of honey-enriched hand creams in enhancing skin parameters over time while maintaining favorable sensory characteristics. These findings support the use of honey in dermatological formulations and provide insights into overcoming its formulation challenges.

Pengaruh Beauty Influencer, Persepsi Harga dan Brand Image terhadap keputusan pembelian Hand and Body Lotion Vaseline (Studi Kasus Konsumen di DIY)

This study aims to determine the influence of beauty influencers, price perceptions and brand image on purchasing decisions for Vaseline hand and body lotion (consumer case study in DIY). This study is a quantitative study, with data processing using SPSS version 25. The population in this study were consumers of Vaseline hand and body lotion aged 20-29 years, women and men in DIY. This study has a sample size of 100 people from the calculation results using the Solvin formula. Sample collection with simple random sampling where samples are taken randomly from the population. The findings in this study indicate that beauty influencers have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions, while price perceptions have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions and brand image has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. While carried out simultaneously with beauty influencers, price perceptions and brand image have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions together

Protective, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Aging Effects of Soy Isoflavones on Skin Cells: An Overview of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

Isoflavones are found in numerous plant species within the Leguminosae family; however, soy isoflavones are particularly significant in practice and have been extensively studied in recent years. The health-promoting potential of orally administered soy isoflavones is widely documented in the scientific literature, and many review articles have been developed to highlight their significance. However, it should be noted that soy-isoflavone-rich extracts and isolated soy isoflavones, such as genistein and daidzein, are also often applied topically as ingredients in many formulations, including face creams, tonics, and emulsions. New delivery systems are continuously being developed to enhance the skin permeability of isoflavones, thus improving their efficacy. In this context, their direct activity on skin cells is an important aspect of scientific research. The anti-inflammatory, protective, and antioxidant properties of isoflavones and soy extracts make them promising cosmetic ingredients with anti-aging potential because inflammation and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to structural and functional changes in skin cells, accelerating the aging process. This review provides an overview of research on the impact of the application of soy isoflavone extract and soy-derived isoflavones on skin cells, with a focus on the documented molecular mechanisms underlying their effects. This study aims to offer essential insights to aid in the development of functional cosmetics and future clinical applications.

New generation natural face cream formulation: development and in vitro evaluation

Abstract Aim; In developing societies, acne, blemish, wrinkle formation in the face area and the deteriorating structure of the skin require constant care. Acne and scars are observed due to increased sebum formation and microorganisms. In addition, dark spots on the skin develop due to excess melanin. We aimed to develop a face cream formula containing Rosa damascena Mill. and Avena Sativa L (oat). Method; Cream formulations were prepared using three components (surfactant, oil phase, water phase) by emulsification method. HLB values of the formulations were calculated based on oil phase concentration. Reliability of the components used in the formulation was calculated using MoS values PODsys / (SED*cons.%). It was calculated based on the resistance to shear with a rotational viscometer. Physicochemical properties were tested under different climate conditions for 3 months. Total bacteria and fungi analyses were reported as CFU/g for Staphylococcus aureus, aerobic mesophilic (bacteria, yeast mold), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Candida albicans using pour plate method. Results; The result of organoleptic control of cream formulations showed that nine formulations formed homogeneous and single phase stable creams. The tenth formulation showed phase separation observed in creams due to wrong emulsifier selection. According to the spreadability and fluidity properties, viscosity values in FC-F-7 formulation varied between 1944.5 ± 342.3 cP and 40953.0 ± 1787.0 cP. These results showed that cetyl alcohol increased viscosity compared to beeswax and paraffin wax. As a result of the search for a cream formulation with suitable physicochemical properties for face area, FC-F-7 formulation was developed. Conclusion; It has been found that fatty esters have an effect on physical properties such as rheology and spreadability when developing cream formulations. In cream formulations to be developed for the face area, the design and development of formulations with natural ingredients that have proven their reliability and stability have been carried out.

Pengaruh Faktor Budaya dan faktor Sosial terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Hand and Body Lotion Scarlett pada Aplikasi Shopee

This research aims to determine the influence of cultural factors and social factors on purchasing decisions for Scarlett hand and body lotion on the Shopee application. The sample determination technique uses the rule of thumb with a sample size of 100 respondents from West Java. The method used in this research is a quantitative method with SEM-PLS analysis and assisted by the SMART-PLS analysis tool. The results of this research prove that cultural factors have a significant influence on purchasing decisions. However, social factors do not significantly influence purchasing decisions.

Analysis of Factors that Influence Brand Switching Behavior in Hand and Body Lotion Cosmetic Products

This research aims to determine what factors influence the brand switching behavior of hand and body lotion cosmetic products among women in Surabaya and also wants to know the dominant factors. This type of research is quantitative research with descriptive research methods. The population in this research is users of hand and body lotion cosmetic products in Surabaya. The sample in this research was 150. The sampling technique used was the purposive sampling method. The analysis used is factor analysis with the help of the IBM SPSS 25 program. The results of the research show that 10 factors influence women's brand switching behavior in Surabaya for hand and body lotion cosmetic products, namely e-commerce promos, reference groups, product quality, local brand, product bundling, variety seeking, online promotion, product packaging, price, and product knowledge. Of these 10 factors, the e-commerce promos factor is the dominant factor. Keywords:Brand Switching, Cosmetic Products, Factor Analysis.

Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Anti-aging Sediaan Hand Cream yang Mengandung Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.)

Hand skin that is often exposed to the sun easily loses moisture and is more rough. Hand cream is a care product that is applied to the palms and backs of the hands that can help restore hydration and skin function due to dry and rough skin. Pineapple peel contains flavonoids, vitamin C, and bromelain enzymes that has potential to be formulated into anti-aging preparations. This research aims to formulate ethanol extract of pineapple peel (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) into hand cream and to test the effectiveness as anti-aging agent. This research included making extracts by percolation method using 70% ethanol solvent, testing the antioxidant activity of pineapple peel extract using DPPH method, and hand cream formulations with the addition of pineapple peel extract with respective concentration of 0% (F0), 5% (F1), 7.5% (F2), and 10% (F3). Evaluation of hand cream preparations included organoleptic test, homogeneity, emulsion type, pH, viscosity, and physical stability at room temperature storage for 12 weeks and cycling test. Anti-aging effectiveness testing was carried out during the 4 weeks treatment period, by measuring parameters such as moisture, pores, blemishes and wrinkles on the skin of the backs of volunteers' hands which were measured once a week using a skin analyzer. The results of the antioxidant activity test of the ethanol extract of pineapple peel were included in the strong category with an IC50 value of 88.21 µg/mL. The hand cream preparation produced was homogeneous, O/W emulsion type, pH value 5.09-6.56, viscosity value 4086.76-6104.96 cPs, stable during 12 weeks of storage at room temperature and stable in the cycling test for 4 weeks. Hand cream preparations with a concentration of 10% have better effectiveness than 0%, 5% and 7.5% which results in an average percent moisture recovery of 77.60%, pores 62.92%, blemishes 55.65%, and wrinkles 45.92%.

A comparative evaluation of a commercially available kojic acid and arbutin-containing test product with a test regime in the treatment of hyperpigmentation

Background: The study compared the effectiveness of kojic acid and arbutin-containing lotion (alone) with arbutin-containing facewash and kojic acid and arbutin-containing lotion in the reduction of pigmentation. Methods: The study compared the test product (lotion) and the test regime (lotion + facewash) over a period of 45 days. In both test groups, a thin layer of advance body lotion was applied to the face, neck, and upper trunk. In the test regime group (TRG), these areas were washed with advance facewash before the lotion was applied. Both groups used sunscreen (with a sun protection factor of 50). The primary outcomes measured were (i) skin radiance and skin pigmentation, (ii) skin gloss, and (iii) skin hydration. The secondary outcomes measured were clinical evaluation and a subjective self-assessment for tolerance and perception of the product. Results: The study included 61 participants. The TRG showed a statistically significant increase in skin hydration (at 21 days) and skin gloss compared to the test product group (TPG) (at 21 and 45 days) (p<0.05). The majority of participants in both groups reported a visible reduction in pigmentation and improved facial glow and hydration as compared to baseline. No serious adverse effects were reported. Conclusions: The use of kojic acid and arbutin-containing lotion alone and arbutin-containing facewash with the lotion led to significant improvements in skin radiance, lightening, gloss, and hydration as compared to the baseline, with the TRG showing significantly better clinical results than the TPG in terms of skin hydration and gloss.

Pain modulates brain potentials and behavioral responses to unfairness.

Pain may initially contribute to the evolution of moral decision-making as it elicits avoidance behavior. The current study aims to support this perspective by conducting a behavioral study to investigate whether pain leads to a self-oriented tendency and an exploratory electroencephalogram (EEG) study to examine how pain affects moral decision-making. In Experiment 1, 34 participants were recruited and treated with both capsaicin (pain condition) and hand cream (control condition) in separate days. After treatment, they were asked to complete a third-party punishment task. Results showed that pain increased punishment and decreased compensation towards unfair allocations in the task. In Experiment 2, 68 participants with either pain or control treatment participated in an EEG experiment. It revealed that pain enlarged the disparity of late positive potential (LPP) between fair and unfair situations, suggesting that individuals in pain may exert more cognitive effort when facing unfair allocations. Meanwhile, pain did not affect the early components P2 and the medial frontal negativity, indicating unaffected attentional or anticipatory responses toward unfairness. It demonstrates that pain can effectively modulate responses to unfairness, manifesting as a self-oriented approach with negative consequences for others. It suggests a potential evolutionary impact of pain on moral decisions.

Consumers Prefer Products That Work Using Directionally Consistent Causal Chains

Abstract Products often aim to help consumers achieve desired outcomes such as increasing energy levels or removing fabric stains. These products typically work via rich causal paths. The current research suggests that the structure of these paths influences consumer judgments of product efficacy. In particular, sequential steps in these paths can evoke distinct directionalities—either increasing or decreasing variables in each step along the way. For example, a face cream could be described as “increasing the turnover of skin cells to reduce wrinkles.” Under our framework, the action influencing skin cells would correspond to increasing directionality, while the action influencing wrinkles would correspond to decreasing directionality. Ten experiments provide evidence that consumers prefer products with directionally consistent causal chains (ie, all steps evoking the same directionality) over those with directionally inconsistent ones (ie, steps evoking contrasting directionalities). This occurs because consumers find directionally consistent causal chains easier to process which in turn leads them to infer higher efficacy from products working via such consistent chains. These findings advance our understanding of how consumers evaluate product descriptions and provide prescriptions for marketers tasked with composing product descriptions to convey efficacy.

The Influence of EXO Brand Ambassadors and Customer Engagement on Purchase Intention of Scarlett Whitening Body Lotion Tube Products on Social Media

This study aims to determine the effect of EXO brand ambassador and customer engagement on purchase intention of Scarlett Whitening Body Lotion Tube products on social media both partially and simultaneously and to determine the dominant variable on purchase intention of Scarlett Whitening Body Lotion Tube products on social media. This type of research is quantitative research with causal methods. The target population of this study are all prospective consumers and users of Scarlett Whitening Body Lotion Tube products on twitter and instagram. The research sample used was 100 respondents who were distributed through questionnaires. The sampling technique in this study was probability sampling with simple random sampling. Based on the results of the study, it shows that brand ambassadors do not have a positive and significant influence on the purchase intention of Scarlett Whitening Body Lotion Tube products, while customer engagement has a positive and significant influence on the purchase intention of Scarlett Whitening Body Lotion Tube products, brand ambassadors and customer engagement simultaneously have a positive and significant influence on the purchase intention of Scarlett Whitening Body Lotion Tube products, and customer engagement is a variable that has a dominant influence on the purchase intention of Scarlett Whitening Body Lotion Tube products on social media.

Use of facial cosmetics and their effects on skin among female students of Bayero University Kano, Nigeria

Cosmetics are used for cleansing, beautifying, enhancing attractiveness, or altering appearance and commonly applied by young women. This study examined the use and effects of cosmetics on the skin of female students at Bayero University Kano, Nigeria. A sample of 360 students from five faculties were randomly selected. Data on age, purpose, type, frequency of use, and effects of cosmetic products were collected. The age groups were divided into younger (18-25 years) and older (25+ years). Pearson’s Chi-square test assessed associations between age, ethnicity, and cosmetic use. The study found that facial creams (83.1%), lipstick (52.2%), eyeliners (54.7%), mascara (33.1%), eyelashes (12.5%), eyeshadow (16.1%), and foundation (15.6%) were the most commonly used cosmetics. Usage was mostly occasional (63%) or daily (37%), with 88% preferring daytime application. Significant associations were found between age and usage purpose (p=0.043), and between ethnicity and choice of cosmetics (p=0.030). Reported side effects included acne (23.3%), bleaching (25.7%), pigmentation (12.2%), rashes/itching (13.9%), irritation (5.2%), skin hardening (4.5%), and other complications (15.3%). Eye-related issues included redness (52.2%), itching (20.2%), soreness (15.4%), puffiness (3.5%), and miscellaneous problems (8.8%). Lip problems were primarily cracking (70.8%), swelling (16.9%), and bumps (12.3%). In conclusion, the use of facial cosmetics is prevalent among students, mainly for occasional use and primarily during the day. The purpose of cosmetic use varies with age and ethnicity. The most common side effects are skin pigmentation, eye redness, and swollen lips.

A Review on Formulation of Body Lotion

The body is shielded by protective layers of skin. A plant-based herbal body lotion provides soothing hydration. Common ingredients often feature aloe vera, known for its healing properties, pain relief, and moisture retention. For centuries, it has been used to treat skin burns and wounds. Aloe vera, honey, glycerin, rose water, and triethanolamine were selected for the formulation of the herbal body lotion. Evaluation parameters were conducted to ensure that the formulation is safe for human use. The aloe vera body lotion was created using these ingredients, which include aloe vera known for its antimicrobial and hydrating properties, protecting the skin from microbial damage while providing moisture. In conclusion, this herbal body lotion is designed for topical application. Aloe vera enhances the lotion's synergistic and moisturizing effects on the skin. Herbal remedies are gaining worldwide popularity, and the combination of aloe vera, honey, coconut oil, Lavender oil, and glycerin in this formulation is an excellent approach. These formulations were assessed using various evaluation parameters, including homogeneity, appearance, after-feel, acid value, pH measurement, irritancy test, viscosity, accelerated stability testing, subjective properties, spreadability, type of emulsion test, sensitivity test, washability test, statistical analysis, in vitro permeation studies, thermal stability tests, total fatty matter determination, water content analysis, and patch tests. The aim of this review is to compile information on different herbal lotion formulations and their evaluations. Numerous researchers have studied herbal lotion formulations, and this knowledge can assist other researchers in developing novel herbal cosmetic formulations featuring new ingredients.