Face Concern Research Articles

Tourist views on green brands: The role of face concern

Tourist views on green brands: The role of face concern

A security architecture for wireless sensor networks environmental

The Wireless Sensors Network (WSN) is an emergent technology resulting from progress of various fields. Many applications of networks WSN are developed. In the last years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained increasing attention from both the research community and actual users. As sensor nodes are generally battery-powered devices, the critical aspects to face concern how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes, so that the network lifetime can be extended to reasonable times. As sensor networks are deployed in adversarial environments and used for critical applications. In this paper, we consider routing security in wireless sensor networks. Many sensor network routing protocols have been proposed, but very less of them have been designed 738 Bijoy Kumar Mandal et al. with security as a goal. We propose security goals for routing in sensor networks. We describe crippling attacks against all of them and suggest countermeasures and design considerations.

Energy Conservation Topology for Wireless Sensor Network using Manual Power Control

In the last years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained increasing popularity from the research community and actual users because of their wide range of applications in fields such as medical, entertainment, tracking etc. As sensor nodes are generally batterypowered devices, the critical aspects are to face concern how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes, so that the network lifetime can be extended to reasonable times. Topology control is one of the vital points which should be kept in mind while creating wireless sensor network for the purpose of creating energy efficient network without affecting the connectivity or other properties. This paper goes through various strategies carried out to obtain a better scheme for topology control in terms of energy so that the lifetime of node as well as the network lifetime is increased. Using these strategies we have given some of the practical implementations and results which provide the efficient WSN topology.

Facework Strategies of Sri Lankans Working in Australia

This study unfolds the facework (communicative) strategies of Sri Lankans in comparison to Australians working in Australia, the values of Sri Lankans, and how they have adapted to Australian culture. A survey-questionnaire based on Oetzel and Ting-Toomey's Face Negotiation Model, and interviews were done in this investigation. The study revealed Sri Lankans are higher in interdependent self-construal, self-face concern, and other face concern than Australians, nevertheless, similar to Australians in other facework strategies. Sri Lankans do not change their values by living in Australia, yet make some changes to how they do things as adopting to work practices and the routine in Australia.

The Impact of Individual Differences and Group Diversity on Group Interaction Climate and Satisfaction: A Test of the Effective Intercultural Workgroup Communication Theory

This study examined individual- and group-level effects of culture and cultural diversity on group interaction climate and satisfaction. Employees from 41 workgroups completed self-construal, face concern, interaction climate, and satisfaction questionnaires. Though analysis of ethnic diversity indicated that group diversity was positively related to perceptions of interaction climate, and had no association with satisfaction, multi-level analysis indicated that as ethnic diversity of the group increased, members of majority and minority ethnic groups had different perceptions of interaction climate and satisfaction. Results demonstrate the importance of considering individual-level manifestations of culture, group-level diversity, and the multi-level combination for workgroup analysis.

Energy-Efficient Communication Methods in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Critical Review

such as remote ecological monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller in size and smart. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. Wireless sensor networks consist of sensor nodes with sensing and communication capabilities. As sensor nodes are generally battery-powered devices, the critical aspects to face concern how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes, so that the network lifetime can be improved to reasonable times. In this paper we first describe the energy consumption for components of a typical sensor node, and discuss the main directions to energy saving methods in wireless sensor networks. Then we present a methodical and comprehensive taxonomy of the energy optimization methods in wireless sensor networks. The main goal of energy optimization methods is to collect and aggregate data in an energy efficient manner so that network life time is enhanced. We conclude with possible future research directions.

Distributed stable cluster head election (DSCHE) protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks

During the last decade, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained increasing attention for both the research community and actual users. The sensor nodes are mostly battery operated devices, the critical aspects to face concern how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes by using hierarchical clustered approach, so that the network lifetime and scalability can be extended. The key objective of this paper is to present a new distributed stable cluster head election (DSCHE) protocol to predict the network lifetime and stability of heterogeneous WSNs. In DSCHE, the cluster heads are selected by a weighted probability based on the ratio between residual energy of each node and the average energy of the network. The nodes with high initial and residual energy will have more chances to become the cluster heads as compared with other nodes with low initial and residual energy. The simulation results show that DSCHE balances the energy consumption better than the conventional existing routing protocols and al...

Culture's impact on consumer complaining responses to embarrassing service failure

Prior cultural research generally agrees that Asian consumers (collectivists), who emphasize social harmony, are less likely to complain but more likely to switch and to spread negative word-of-mouth than Western consumers (individualists) in service failures. Drawing from the face concern and embarrassment literature, this paper argues that collectivists are not necessarily less likely to complain than individualists. In fact, the impact of culture on consumer complaining responses will be contingent on the degree of embarrassment involved in the service failure. Results from a cross-cultural experiment indicate that only in a non-embarrassing failure will collectivists less likely complain than individualists. In an embarrassing failure, however, collectivists will more likely complain, as well as switch and spread negative word-of-mouth. These results not only yield interesting insights into cross-cultural consumer behaviors, but also provide rich managerial implications.

Physician Communication in the Operating Room: Expanding Application of Face-Negotiation Theory to the Health Communication Context

Communication variables that are associated with face-negotiation theory were examined in a sample of operating-room physicians. A survey was administered to anesthesiologists and surgeons at a teaching hospital in the southwestern United States to measure three variables commonly associated with face-negotiation theory: conflict-management style, face concern, and self-construal. The survey instrument that was administered to physicians includes items that measured these three variables in previous face-negotiation research with slight modification of item wording for relevance in the medical setting. The physician data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson's correlations, and t-tests. Results of this initial investigation showed that variables associated with face-negotiation theory were evident in the sample physician population. In addition, the correlations were similar among variables in the medical sample as those found in previous face-negotiation research. Finally, t-tests suggest variance between anesthesiologists and surgeons on specific communication variables. These findings suggest three implications that warrant further investigation with expanded sample size: (1) An intercultural communication theory and instrument can be utilized for health communication research; (2) as applied in a medical context, face-negotiation theory can be expanded beyond traditional intercultural communication boundaries; and (3) theoretically based communication structures applied in a medical context could help explain physician miscommunication in the operating room to assist future design of communication training programs for operating-room physicians.

Psychological Distress and Subjective Burden of Caregivers of People with Mental Illness: The Role of Affiliate Stigma and Face Concern

The present study tested the mediating role of affiliate stigma on the relationships between face concern with psychological distress and subjective burden among caregivers of people with severe mental illnesses. One hundred and eight Chinese caregivers in Hong Kong were surveyed. Based on Baron and Kenny's (J Pers Soc Psychol 51:1173-1182, 1986) approach, affiliate stigma was found to serve as a partial mediator between face concern and caregiver distress and a full mediator between face concern and subjective burden. Cultural linkage of stigma and caregiver outcomes was identified, suggesting that researchers and practitioners should use a culturally sensitive approach to understand caregivers' experience and alleviate their stigma.

Energy and Throughput Analysis of Hierarchical Routing Protocol 'LEACH' for Wireless Sensor Network

ABSTRACT Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained increasing attention from both the research community and actual users. The efficient utilization of energy source in a sensor node is very important criteria to prolong the life time of wireless sensor network. Wireless sensor networks have explored to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy consideration is very crucial. Most of importance, given to hierarchical routing protocols based on clustering has better scalability. As sensor nodes are generally battery-powered devices, the critical aspects to face concern how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes, so that the network lifetime can be extended to reasonable times. There are several energy efficient hierarchical routing protocols among this LEACH is famous protocol, we have simulated LEACH in NS2 and analyzed performance of LEACH in terms of energy, throughput and lifetime. Keywords : LEACH, Hierarchical Routing Algorithms, clustering, wireless sensor networks.

The Effect of Face Concerns on University Students' Leisure Travel: A Cross-Cultural Comparison

Face concern is an indigenous Chinese concept that influences people's behaviors. This study examines the effect of face concern on Chinese (n = 352) and Canadian (n = 295) university students' leisure travel. Three research questions are addressed: (a) is face concern more important for Chinese students than Canadian students? (b) Does gender affect face concern? And (c) does the interaction between culture and gender affect face concern? Findings indicate that: (a) Chinese students rate mutual- and other-face concern higher, whereas Canadian students rate self-face concern higher; (b) female students rate mutual-face concern higher; and (c) the interaction between culture and gender is not significant. Results contribute to a cross-cultural understanding of face concern and its effects on students' travel.

Face goals in apology

This study investigated how the offender’s responsibility, offense severity, offender’s prior relationship with the offended person, and culture influence the offender’s concerns for self- and other-positive and negative face when apologizing to the offended person. The study hypothesized that responsibility, severity, and relationship have positive relationships with other-positive, other-negative, and self-positive face concerns but a negative relationship with self-negative face concern. Culture was expected to moderate the effect of relationship on the four face concerns. Results supported the main effects of responsibility and relationship on other-positive, other-negative, and self-positive face concerns, but these effects were moderated by culture such that the expected positive relationships were supported only among U.S. Americans but not among Chinese. U.S. Americans varied their face concerns when apologizing based on situational and relational cues whereas Chinese did not make such distinctions; Chinese maintained relatively high levels of face concerns across the different levels of responsibility and relationship type.

An analysis of the relationships among face concerns and facework behaviors in perceived conflict situations

PurposePrior research demonstrates the importance of face in conflict situations. However, the direct relationship of face concerns to facework behaviors has limited empirical support. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among self‐, other‐, and mutual‐face concern and 11 facework strategies within Chinese, Japanese, German, and USA national cultures in recalled conflict situations.Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted by administering a survey to 768 participants from China, Japan, Germany, and the USA who recalled a conflict situation. Participants completed a self‐report questionnaire about their attitudes and conflict behaviors during a recalled conflict. Regression analysis and comparisons of correlations were utilized to examine relationships between face concerns and facework across the four cultures.FindingsThe major findings are: other‐face is associated with remain calm, apologize, private discussion, giving in and pretend positively and express emotion negatively; self‐face is associated with defend positively; mutual‐face is associated with aggression negatively; associations among face concern and facework strategies have some cultural differences, but are largely consistent for the pan‐cultural relationships among face and facework.Research limitations/implicationsProvides evidence that many of the face/facework relationships are consistent across cultures; uses self‐report questionnaires to operationalize attitudes and behaviors about conflict which are subject to self‐serving bias.Practical implicationsThe findings are useful for scholars and practitioners interested in intercultural communication, negotiation, and conflict. The findings suggest that training participants about face concerns and facework may be fruitful for improving conflict management. Such training needs to consider cultural differences.Originality/valueThe research endeavor directly identifies what relationships exist between face concern and facework. The link was assumed but has limited empirical support and none cross‐culturally.

Understanding Distress

To explore the cultural mechanisms underlying the distress experience among Hong Kong and Mainland Chinese, Chinese Americans, and European Americans, this investigation examined the role of face concern in psychological distress through a series of studies in both college students and community samples. Face concern refers to one's concern over maintaining or enhancing one's social position and worth that are earned through the fulfillment of specific social roles. Study 1 confirmed the single-factor structure of face concern among Chinese Americans and European Americans. Face concern was significantly and positively related to distress above and beyond age, gender, and ethnicity. Study 2 deconstructed face concern into a two-factor model among Hong Kong Chinese and Mainland Chinese university students (self-face and other-face) with discriminant predictive power. In Study 3, the two-factor model of face concern was further supported in the community samples of Hong Kong Chinese and Mainland Chinese. Self-face was found to be positively associated with distress. These findings highlighted the importance of attending to specific cultural dynamic of face concern in counseling services.

Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: A survey

In the last years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained increasing attention from both the research community and actual users. As sensor nodes are generally battery-powered devices, the critical aspects to face concern how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes, so that the network lifetime can be extended to reasonable times. In this paper we first break down the energy consumption for the components of a typical sensor node, and discuss the main directions to energy conservation in WSNs. Then, we present a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of the energy conservation schemes, which are subsequently discussed in depth. Special attention has been devoted to promising solutions which have not yet obtained a wide attention in the literature, such as techniques for energy efficient data acquisition. Finally we conclude the paper with insights for research directions about energy conservation in WSNs.

They Play Soccer too!—Madrasah education in multicultural Singapore

Muslim education, particularly in rapidly globalising Singapore, has had to negotiate changes which both the education sector specifically and society generally have faced. Some of these changes have challenged madrasahs, which provide Muslim religious education, to introduce new curriculum. Yet other changes are challenging the nature of the educational process that madrasahs are offering and which makes them unique in the educational sector. In recent years, the spotlight has been turned on Singapore's madrasahs—in part because of the drive by the state to meet the demands of the global economy. This paper considers the policies and other initiatives that have indicated changes and responses from madrasahs, including the effort that grassroots organisations have been mounting to promote racial harmony. If the state has focused on introducing mainstream curriculum into madrasahs in the bid to integrate the education of their students more closely with that of students in national schools, grassroots organisations have worked to promote interactions of madrasah students with those from national schools in activities such as sport. The dilemmas of change which madrasahs face concern the very basis of their existence as institutions of religious thought and teachings.

A Face Concern Approach to Conflict Management – A Malaysian Perspective

This study presents a review of conflict management from a face concern approach. It presents the various definitions on conflict and types of conflict. It further looks at how face negotiation theory explains the use of various conflict management styles in individualist and collectivist cultures. In addition, it provides some insight into conflict management from a Malaysian perspective.

Face concern: Its role on stress–distress relationships among Chinese Americans

This study examined the effects of face concern and social support on stress–distress relationships, after controlling for preexisting distress and demographic characteristics in a stratified community sample of Chinese Americans ( n = 1503). Emotional support and instrumental support from family and friends were found to significantly predict psychological distress among Chinese Americans in addition to face-related daily hassles and financial strain. Face concern emerged as an important contributing factor above and beyond social support and stress variables although no interaction effect between face and face-related stressors was found. Testing this culturally salient variable has furthered our understanding of the stress–distress experiences of Chinese Americans and provided important implications for cultural dynamics in social relationships.

Facework in Japan and the United States

The present study examined the relationship between cultural variability and facework strategies. Responses to the individualism-collectivism items, strategy items, and face concern items were factor analyzed. Data were collected from university students in Japan and the United States. Results indicated that there are two dimensions regarding individualism-collectivism —a low versus high collectivism continuum and a low versus high individualism continuum. Japanese respondents reported more collectivistic tendencies and more individualistic tendencies than U.S. respondents. North Americans reported using more antisocial, self-presentation, self-attribution, and hint strategies than Japanese respondents. Japanese respondents reported using more indirect facework strategies than North American respondents. Males reported using more antisocial, order, and self-presentation strategies than females. Finally, the covariates of social face concern and pride/status influenced the antisocial factor. Pride/status influenced the hint, order, self-presentation, and indirect factors. This study serves as the first step in developing a typology that can be used to compare facework in various cultures.