Fabrication Of Nanostructures Research Articles

Wafer-Scale Fabrication of 2D Nanostructures via Thermomechanical Nanomolding.

With shrinking dimensions in integrated circuits, sensors, and functional devices, there is a pressing need to develop nanofabrication techniques with simultaneous control of morphology, microstructure, and material composition over wafer length scales. Current techniques are largely unable to meet all these conditions, suffering from poor control of morphology and defect structure or requiring extensive optimization or post-processing to achieve desired nanostructures. Recently, thermomechanical nanomolding (TMNM) has been shown to yield single-crystalline, high aspect ratio nanowires of metals, alloys, and intermetallics over wafer-scale distances. Here, TMNM is extended for wafer-scale fabrication of 2D nanostructures. Using In, Al, and Cu, nanomold nanoribbons with widths < 50nm, depths ≈0.5-1µm and lengths ≈7mm into Si trenches at conditions compatible is successfully with back end of line processing . Through SEM cross-section imaging and 4D-STEM grain orientation maps, it is shown that the grain size of the bulk feedstock is transferred to the nanomolded structures up to and including single crystal Cu. Based on the retained microstructures of molded 2D Cu, the deformation mechanism during molding for 2D TMNM is discussed.

Pyrolyzed photoresist thin film: Effect of electron beam patterning on DC and THz conductivity

Pyrolyzed photoresist films (PPFs), which are formed via vacuum annealing of a photoresist without a catalyst, can be employed for fabrication of graphitic nanostructures by using conventional lithographic techniques. Such approach allows for reduction of technological steps required for fabrication of conductive micro- and nanoelectrodes for different applications. However, the operation frequency range of PPF electrodes is still unknown. Here, we report the results of the comparative study of PPF structures fabricated by electron beam lithography prior and after the annealing process with preference to the first approach. By performing the comparative measurements of PPF transport properties we found that both pre-and post-processed PPFs possess the same conductivities at dc-current and in the frequency range from 0.2 to 1.5 THz. Moreover, we achieved the sheet resistance of 150 nm thick PPFs as low as 570 Ω/sq, which is comparable to that of commercially available chemical vapour deposited (CVD) graphene. These findings open a path for a simple, reproducible and scalable fabrication of graphitic nanocircuits, nanoresonators and passive components suitable for applications in frequencies up to few terahertz.

Grain Orientation, Angle of Incidence, and Beam Polarization Effects on Ultraviolet 300 ps‐Laser‐Induced Nanostructures on 316L Stainless Steel

AbstractLaser‐induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) represent a unique route for functionalizing materials through the fabrication of surface nanostructures. Commercial AISI 316L stainless steel (SS316L) surfaces are laser treated by ultraviolet 300 ps laser pulses in a laser line scanning (LLS) approach. Processing parameters are optimized (pulse energy of 2.08 µJ, pulse repetition frequency of 300 kHz, and suitable laser scan and sample displacement rates) for the generation of low spatial frequency LIPSS over a large 25 × 25 mm2 area. Different angles of incidence of the laser radiation (0°, 30°, and 45°) and different linear laser beam polarizations (s and p) produce a plethora of rippled surface morphologies at distinct grains. Scanning electron microscopy and 2D Fourier transforms, together with calculations of the optical energy deposited at the treated surfaces using Sipe's first‐principles electromagnetic scattering theory, are used to study and analyze in detail these surface morphologies. Combined with electron backscattering diffraction, analyses allow associating site‐selectively various laser‐induced‐surface morphologies with the underlying crystalline grain orientation. Resulting grain orientation maps reveal a strong impact of the grain crystallographic orientation on LIPSS formation and point toward possible strategies, like multi‐step processes, for improving the manufacturing of LIPSS and their areal coverage of polycrystalline technical materials.

In situ monitoring of sapphire nanostructure etching using optical emission spectroscopy

Fabrication of nanostructures on sapphire surfaces can enable unique applications in nanophotonics, optoelectronics, and functional transparent ceramics. However, the high chemical stability and mechanical hardness of sapphire make the fabrication of high density, high aspect ratio structures in sapphire challenging. In this study, we propose the use of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) to investigate the sapphire etching mechanism and for endpoint detection. The proposed process employs nanopillars composed of polymer and polysilicon as an etch mask, which allows the fabrication of large-area sapphire nanostructures. The results show that one can identify the emission wavelengths of key elements Al, O, Br, Cl, and H using squared loadings of the primary principal component obtained from principal component analysis of OES readings without the need of domain knowledge or user experience. By further examining the OES signal of Al and O at 395.6 nm, an empirical first-order model can be used to find a predicted endpoint at around 170 s, indicating the moment when the mask is completely removed, and the sapphire substrate is fully exposed. The fabrication results show that the highest aspect ratio of sapphire nanostructures that can be achieved is 2.07, with a width of 242 nm and a height of 500 nm. The demonstrated fabrication approach can create high sapphire nanostructures without using a metal mask to enhance the sapphire etch selectivity.

Hierarchically manufactured chiral plasmonic nanostructures with gigantic chirality for polarized emission and information encryption

Chiral metamaterials have received significant attention due to their strong chiroptical interactions with electromagnetic waves of incident light. However, the fabrication of large-area, hierarchically manufactured chiral plasmonic structures with high dissymmetry factors (g-factors) over a wide spectral range remains the key barrier to practical applications. Here we report a facile yet efficient method to fabricate hierarchical chiral nanostructures over a large area (>11.7 × 11.7 cm2) and with high g-factors (up to 0.07 in the visible region) by imparting extrinsic chirality to nanostructured polymer substrates through the simple exertion of mechanical force. We also demonstrate the application of our approach in the polarized emission of quantum dots and information encryption, including chiral quick response codes and anti-counterfeiting. This study thus paves the way for the rational design and fabrication of large-area chiral nanostructures and for their application in quantum communications and security-enhanced optical communications.

Exploring Reliable and Efficient Plasmonic Nanopatterning for Surface- and Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopies.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is of growing interest for a wide range of applications, especially for biomedical analysis, thanks to its sensitivity, specificity, and multiplexing capabilities. A crucial role for successful applications of SERS is played by the development of reproducible, efficient, and facile procedures for the fabrication of metal nanostructures (SERS substrates). Even more challenging is to extend the fabrication techniques of plasmonic nano-textures to atomic force microscope (AFM) probes to carry out tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) experiments, in which spatial resolution below the diffraction limit is added to the peculiarities of SERS. In this short review, we describe recent studies performed by our group during the last ten years in which novel nanofabrication techniques have been successfully applied to SERS and TERS experiments for studying bio-systems and molecular species of environmental interest.

Sensitive detection of miR-9 in human serum: An electrochemical approach utilizing robust gold nanostructures for early diagnosis of lung cancer

The complexity of procedures, concentration dependency, and time consumption associated with traditional microRNA analysis platforms render them unsuitable for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. In order to address the challenges posed by reduced electro activity resulting from the use of surfactants or stabilizers in the fabrication of nanostructures for biosensors, we have developed a customized method for gold nanofabrication. This technique involves the deposition of gold nanostructures (Au-NS) onto FTO electrodes without the use of surfactants or stabilizers, followed by the immobilization of thiolated ssDNA onto the substrate surface. To assess the performance of the resulting biosensor, we hybridized miR-9 with the ssDNA and determined the linear detection range to be from 10 zM to 100 nM. Our approach provides a unique solution to the limitations associated with electrochemical and/or SERS biosensors and demonstrates the potential for improved biosensing applications. The acquired data demonstrate the superior ability of nanostructured biosensors for label-free detection of miR-9 at attomolar limit of detection (LOD = 0.012 aM). The HRSEM data also revealed a unique nanostructure; the AFM topology confirmed an increase in the surface area aspect ratio features; and the GIXRD analysis approved the fabricated AuNSs on FTO electrodes. Furthermore, electrochemical analysis of AuNS’ platforms showed considerable electroactivity compared to bare FTO. In addition to its previously demonstrated performance, our biosensor exhibited outstanding selectivity in the detection of miR-486. The use of AuNSs in our biosensor fabrication results in excellent selectivity, high electroactivity, and ease of fabrication, rendering it an ideal option for both biosensing and cancer screening applications.

Titanium metal–organic framework-derived nanocrystalline TiO2-supported nitrogen-doped carbon nanostructures as highly efficient antibiotic adsorbents

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are explored extensively as a distinctive precursor for producing porous metal oxide-supported nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials. MOF-derived materials can offer tailored porosity, structure, and elemental composition so they are gaining prominence as a new-generation adsorbent for emerging antibiotic contaminant removal in aqueous solutions. In this study, we demonstrate the fabrication of nanocrystalline titanium dioxide-supported nitrogen-doped carbon nanostructures (TiO2@NC) obtained from a titanium metal–organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) as a starting precursor. When applied as an adsorbent, TiO2@NC nanospheres efficiently removed high concentrations of tetracycline (TC) in aqueous solutions. The TiO2@NC adsorption process obeyed the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The optimum adsorption capacity of the TiO2@NC nanospheres is estimated to be 1187.08 mg g−1, which is remarkably superior to several previously reported adsorbents for TC removal. The TiO2@NC adsorbent performs efficiently in a broad pH range (3–8) and shows excellent stability. The post-adsorption characterization signifies the crucial role of the adsorbent's nitrogen sites, surface area, and porous sphere morphology in achieving efficient TC removal through hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and surface complexation.

Pillar Growth by Focused Electron Beam-Induced Deposition Using a Bimetallic Precursor as Model System: High-Energy Fragmentation vs. Low-Energy Decomposition.

Electron-induced fragmentation of the HFeCo3(CO)12 precursor allows direct-write fabrication of 3D nanostructures with metallic contents of up to >95 at %. While microstructure and composition determine the physical and functional properties of focused electron beam-induced deposits, they also provide fundamental insights into the decomposition process of precursors, as elaborated in this study based on EDX and TEM. The results provide solid information suggesting that different dominant fragmentation channels are active in single-spot growth processes for pillar formation. The use of the single source precursor provides a unique insight into high- and low-energy fragmentation channels being active in the same deposit formation process.

Reconfigurable generation of chiral optical fields with multiple selective degrees of freedom.

Chiral optical fields caused by vortex beams possessing orbital angular momentum (OAM) can be used to fabricate helically structured materials and identify chiral molecules, in which the materials or molecules are associated with the character of the irradiated light. However, previously reported chiral optical fields can control only some of the parameters including the number of fringes, size, ellipticity, orientation, and local intensity distribution, which may hamper their applications. Thus, in this work, we propose both theoretically and experimentally an approach to fabricate chiral optical fields with five separately controllable degrees of freedom by overlapping two anisotropic vortices whose wavefronts have a nonlinear phase variation with the azimuthal angle. The local intensity distribution, number of fringes, size, orientation, and ellipticity of the chiral optical field can be dynamically controlled by adjusting the nonlinear coefficient, topological charges, axicon parameter, rotation angle, and stretching factor of the anisotropic vortices. Furthermore, the OAM density was investigated and proven to be continuously enhanced with the variation of the field's local intensity distribution, which gives the proposed approach the ability to continuously manipulate the OAM density of chiral optical fields. This work, supporting chiral optical fields by five separately controllable parameters, may make the applications of chiral optical fields in the fields of nanostructure fabrication and optical tweezers more flexible.

Modeling the co-assembly of binary nanoparticles

In this work, we present a binary assembly model that can predict the co-assembly structure and spatial frequency spectra of monodispersed nanoparticles with two different particle sizes. The approach relies on an iterative algorithm based on geometric constraints, which can simulate the assembly patterns of particles with two distinct diameters, size distributions, and at various mixture ratios on a planar surface. The two-dimensional spatial-frequency spectra of the modeled assembles can be analyzed using fast Fourier transform analysis to examine their frequency content. The simulated co-assembly structures and spectra are compared with assembled nanoparticles fabricated using transfer coating method are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results. The co-assembly model can also be used to predict the peak spatial frequency and the full-width at half-maximum bandwidth, which can lead to the design of the structure spectra by selection of different monodispersed particles. This work can find applications in fabrication of non-periodic nanostructures for functional surfaces, light extraction structures, and broadband nanophotonics.

Near-zero-adhesion-enabled intact wafer-scale resist-transfer printing for high-fidelity nanofabrication on arbitrary substrates

There is an urgent need for novel processes that can integrate different functional nanostructures onto specific substrates, so as to meet the fast-growing need for broad applications in nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, and flexible optoelectronics. Existing direct-lithography methods are difficult to use on flexible, nonplanar, and biocompatible surfaces. Therefore, this fabrication is usually accomplished by nanotransfer printing. However, large-scale integration of multiscale nanostructures with unconventional substrates remains challenging because fabrication yields and quality are often limited by the resolution, uniformity, adhesivity, and integrity of the nanostructures formed by direct transfer. Here, we proposed a resist-based transfer strategy enabled by near-zero adhesion, which was achieved by molecular modification to attain a critical surface energy interval. This approach enabled the intact transfer of wafer-scale, ultrathin-resist nanofilms onto arbitrary substrates with mitigated cracking and wrinkling, thereby facilitating the in situ fabrication of nanostructures for functional devices. Applying this approach, fabrication of three-dimensional-stacked multilayer structures with enhanced functionalities, nanoplasmonic structures with ∼10 nm resolution, and MoS2-based devices with excellent performance was demonstrated on specific substrates. These results collectively demonstrated the high stability, reliability, and throughput of our strategy for optical and electronic device applications.

A Comparative Study of Gallium-, Xenon-, and Helium-Focused Ion Beams for the Milling of GaN.

The milling profiles of single-crystal gallium nitride (GaN) when subjected to focused ion beams (FIBs) using gallium (Ga), xenon (Xe), and helium (He) ion sources were investigated. An experimental analysis via annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed that Ga-FIB milling yields trenches with higher aspect ratios compared to Xe-FIB milling for the selected ion beam parameters (30 kV, 42 pA), while He-FIB induces local lattice disorder. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to investigate the milling process, confirming that probe size critically influences trench aspect ratios. Interestingly, the MD simulations also showed that Xe-FIB generates higher aspect ratios than Ga-FIB with the same probe size, indicating that Xe-FIB could also be an effective option for nanoscale patterning. Atomic defects such as vacancies and interstitials in GaN from He-FIB milling were suggested by the MD simulations, supporting the lattice disorder observed via HRTEM. This combined experimental and simulation approach has enhanced our understanding of FIB milling dynamics and will benefit the fabrication of nanostructures via the FIB technique.

Highly Controllable Fabrication of Gold Composite Nanostructures by Multiple Electroplating for High‐Performance Electrochemical and Raman Scattering Measurements

Morphology‐controlled nanostructures are important functional materials in multidisciplinary research fields, such as sensing, imaging, catalysis, and energy harvesting. However, existing nanofabrication methods have limitations in terms of controllability, diversity, cost, and efficiency. Here, a novel nanofabrication approach is proposed to construct Au nanostructures with high controllability, cost‐efficiency, and high‐performance sensing and energy harvesting. The fabrication incorporates electric field‐assisted hydrothermal growth of zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) with two‐step gold electroplating. The ZnO NRs serve as a dissolvable template during the electroplating formation of gold nanostructures for eventually synthesizing pure gold nanostructures on electrodes. The synthesized gold nanostructures take unique composite shape of nanospheres (hundreds of nanometers) covered with tinier nanostructures (tens of nanometers) like floccules, grains, lamellas, or rods, which are highly controlled by regulating electroplating parameters. The gold composite nanostructures provide high‐performance sensing and energy harvesting, such as enhanced electrochemical sensing interface (electric double‐layer impedance decrease up to 97.1%), excellent surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS enhancement factor up to ), and preferable visible–near‐infrared light harvesting (absorptivity near to 90%). For the first time, the application of tumor cell photothermal therapy with nanostructured electrodes and in situ bimodal monitoring of single‐cell impedance and SERS‐based molecular expression during therapy is demonstrated.

Fabrication and utilization of ternary cubical nanostructure modified activated carbon cloth electrodes for capacitive deionization system

Cubical nanostructure zinc tin oxide (ZTO) was in-situ deposited on activated carbon cloth (ACC) substrate via a co-precipitation method. The amount and size of ZTO on the ACC substrate were varied by changing the different overall metal ion (Sn4+ and Zn2+) concentrations. The surface morphology and crystalline analysis revealed the well distributed cubic shape perovskite ZTO on the ACC substrates. The ZTO-deposited ACC electrodes showed superior electrochemical performances with higher specific capacitance and better ion transfer activity than pristine ACC. ZTO deposited ACC substrates were used as electrodes in a capacitive deionization system. ACC substrate coated with 0.01 M Sn and Zn metal concentrations achieved the best desalination efficiency of 52%, salt adsorption capacity of 45.0 ± 2 mg/g and faster salt adsorption rate of 0.14 mg/g/s compared to the other tested electrodes using 500 ppm NaCl solution. Further desalination of real groundwater (1000 ppm) achieved with ions adsorption improvement of 36% for Na+, 48% for Ca2+, 60% for Mg2+, and 46% for Cl- compared to the pristine ACC. Additionally, compared to the pristine ACC, the ZTO-coated electrode enhanced the ions adsorption rate and reduced energy consumption by 40%. Post surface characterization of used pristine ACC displayed substantial scaling of the minerals from the ground water but ZTO-II electrodes exhibited better stability with less scaling. The outcomes of this study provide a stepping stone for the modification and utilization of electrodes for the real brackish water in the CDI system.

Picosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition of Metals and Metal Oxides.

In this work, we present the fabrication of thin films/nanostructures of metals and metal oxides using picosecond laser ablation. Two sets of experiments were performed: the depositions were carried out in vacuum and in air at atmospheric pressure. The subjects of investigation were the noble metals Au and Pt and the metal oxides ZnO and TiO2. We studied and compared the phase composition, microstructure, morphology, and physicochemical state of the as-deposited samples' surfaces in vacuum and in air. It was found that picosecond laser ablation performed in vacuum led to the fabrication of thin films with embedded and differently sized nanoparticles. The implementation of the same process in air at atmospheric pressure resulted in the fabrication of porous nanostructures composed of nanoparticles. The ablation of pure Pt metal in air led to the production of nanoparticles with an oxide shell. In addition, more defects were formed on the metal oxide surface when the samples were deposited in vacuum. Furthermore, the laser ablation process of pure Au metal in a picosecond regime in vacuum and in air was theoretically investigated using molecular dynamics simulation.

Facile Synthesis of Ge@TiO2 Nanotube Hybrid Nanostructure Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries.

Utilizing nanostructures of Li-alloying anode materials (e.g., Si, Ge, Sn, etc.) has been proposed as a key strategy to improve the electrochemical performance. However, the main challenge lies in the costly and complex nanostructure synthesis processes. Notably, the nanostructure growth processes are mainly supported by Li-inactive templates, which later need to be removed, and the template removal process results in the destruction of the desired nanostructures. In this report, we demonstrated the use of a Li-active, self-organized TiO2 nanotube template to fabricate germanium (Ge)-based nanostructured anodes. This has been achieved as follows: first, TiO2 nanotubes are fabricated via electrochemical anodization of titanium foil. Then, the nanotubes are coated with a Ge film in the second step via electrodeposition. Besides the effective nanostructure growth using a Li-active template, the implemented electrochemical synthesis methods are cost-effective, accessible, and scalable. Furthermore, the electrochemical methods allow the fabrication of nanostructures with well-controlled structures, morphology, and compositions. Accordingly, a Ge-coated TiO2 nanotube (Ge@TiO2) nanocomposite anode has been successfully fabricated, and its electrochemical performance has been tested for Li-ion batteries. The study has shown the important roles of TiO2 nanotube arrays in improving the performance by providing strong mechanical support to buffer the volume expansion and offering a high surface area to enhance Ge-active mass loading. Moreover, the direct contact of the nanotubes with a Ti current collector facilitates one-dimensional (1D) electron transport and avoids the need of adding inactive binders or conductive additives.

Controlling 1D Nanostructures and Handedness by Polar Residue Chirality of Amphiphilic Peptides.

Peptide assemblies are promising nanomaterials, with their properties and technological applications being highly hinged on their supramolecular architectures. Here, how changing the chirality of the terminal charged residues of an amphiphilic hexapeptide sequence Ac-I4 K2 -NH2 gives rise to distinct nanostructures and supramolecular handedness is reported. Microscopic imaging and neutron scattering measurements show thin nanofibrils, thick nanofibrils, and wide nanotubes self-assembled from four stereoisomers. Spectroscopic and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses reveal that these isomeric peptides adopt similar anti-parallel β-sheet secondary structures. Further theoretical calculations demonstrate that the chiral alterations of the two C-terminal lysine residues cause the formation of diverse single β-strand conformations, and the final self-assembled nanostructures and handedness are determined by the twisting direction and degree of single β-strands. This work not only lays a useful foundation for the fabrication of diverse peptide nanostructures by manipulating the chirality of specific residues but also provides a framework for predicting the supramolecular structures and handedness of peptide assemblies from single molecule conformations.

Fabrication of Nanogroove Arrays on Acrylic Film Using Micro-Embossing Technique.

The fabrication of nanostructures is of great importance in producing biomedical devices. Significantly, the nanostructure of the polymeric film has a significant impact on the physical and biophysical behavior of the biomolecules. This study presents an efficient nanofabrication method of nanogroove structures on an acrylic film by the micro-embossing process. In this method, a master mold was made from a thermos oxide silicon substrate using photolithography and etching techniques. An isotropic optical polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film is used in the experiment. The acrylic film is known for its excellent optical properties in products such as optical lenses, medical devices, and various general purpose engineering plastics. Then, the micro-embossing process was realized to fabricate nanogroove patterns on an acrylic film by using a micro-embossing machine. However, the morphology of the nanopatterns on an acrylic film was characterized by using an atomic force microscope to measure the dimensions of the nanogroove patterns. The impact of embossing temperature on the morphology of nanogroove patterns on acrylic film is experimentally investigated. The results show that when the embossing temperature is too small, the pattern is not fully formed, and slipping occurs in nanopatterns on the acrylic film. On the other hand, the effect of increasing the embossing temperature on the morphology of nanogrooves agrees with the master mold, and the crests between the nanogrooves form straight edges. It should be noted that the micro-embossing temperature also strongly influences the transferability of nanopatterns on an acrylic film. The technique has great potential for rapidly fabricating nanostructure patterns on acrylic film.

Bioinspired fabrication of zinc hydroxide-based nanostructure from lignocellulosic biomass Litchi chinensis leaves and its efficacy evaluation on antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activity

Zinc-based nanostructures are known for their numerous potential biomedical applications. In this context, the biosynthesis of nanostructures using plant extracts has become a more sustainable and promising alternative to effectively replace conventional chemical methods while avoiding their toxic impact. In this study, following a low-temperature calcination process, a green synthesis of Zn-hydroxide-based nanostructure has been performed using an aqueous extract derived from the leaves of Litchi chinensis, which is employed as a lignocellulose waste biomass known to possess a variety of phytocompounds. The biogenic preparation of Zn-hydroxide based nanostructures is enabled by bioactive compounds present in the leaf extract, which act as reducing and capping agents. In order to evaluate its physicochemical characteristics, the produced Zn-hydroxide-based nanostructure has been subjected to several characterization techniques. Further, the multifunctional properties of the prepared Zn-hydroxide-based nanostructure have been evaluated for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity. The prepared nanostructure showed antibacterial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis and demonstrated its anti-biofilm activity as evaluated through the Congo red method. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the prepared nanostructure has been found to be dose-dependent, wherein 91.52 % scavenging activity could be recorded at 200 μg/ml, with an IC50 value of 45.22 μg/ml, indicating the prepared nanostructure has a high radical scavenging activity. Besides, the in vitro cytotoxicity investigation against HepG2 cell lines explored that the as-prepared nanostructure exhibited a higher cytotoxic effect and 73.21 % cell inhibition could be noticed at 25.6 μg/ml with an IC50 of 2.58 μg/ml. On the contrary, it was found to be significantly lower in the case of HEK-293 cell lines, wherein ~47.64 % inhibition could be noticed at the same concentration. These findings might be further extended to develop unique biologically derived nanostructures that can be extensively evaluated for various biomedical purposes.