Fabrication Of Devices Research Articles

Cd(II)-based fish-bone-like 1D coordination polymer: structural elucidation and computational study

{[Cd(L)2(PBT)2]}n (1) [H2L = 5-nitro-isophthalic acid; PBT = 2-pyridin-4-ylbenzothiazole], 1D Coordination Polymer (1D-CP), is characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure of 1 contains carboxylate bridges of L2- to Cd(II), where one carboxylate chelates to Cd(II) and the other -COO bridges to two neighboring Cd(II) centers that then form eight-membered dinuclear metallacycles (Cd2C2O4). The 1D chains self-assemble via H-bonding and π⋅⋅⋅π interactions to form a supramolecular aggregate that resembles a fish-bone pattern. These interactions are further explored by Hirshfeld Surface Analysis. Density Functional Theory (DFT) computations using the crystallographic parameters of 1 predicted an energy gap, ΔE (EHOMO – ELUMO) of 3.67 eV, which is comparable to the experimental band gap obtained from a Tauc’s plot, 3.73 eV. The band gap value demonstrates the semiconducting character and may be used for device fabrication. Furthermore, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) shows strong electrophilic reaction potential and predicts reactive sites. The PBT ligand is emissive (370 nm) while H2L is non-emissive. DMF suspensions of 1 emit at 525 nm with a long lifetime, 0.715 ns compared to the lifetime of PBT (0.05 ns). This supports that extended conjugation occurs upon formation of the 1D-CP, altering the photophysics.

Thermal Conversion of Ultrathin Nickel Hydroxide for Wide Band Gap 2D Nickel Oxides.

Wide band gap (WBG) semiconductors (E g > 2.0 eV) are integral to the advancement of next-generation electronics, optoelectronics, and power industries owing to their capability for high-temperature operation, high breakdown voltage, and efficient light emission. Enhanced power efficiency and functional performance can be attained through miniaturization, specifically via the integration of device fabrication into a two-dimensional (2D) structure enabled by WBG 2D semiconductors. However, as an essential subgroup of WBG semiconductors, 2D transition metal oxides (TMOs) remain largely underexplored in terms of physical properties and applications in 2D optoelectronic devices, primarily due to the scarcity of sufficiently large 2D crystals. Thus, our goal is to develop synthesis pathways for 2D TMOs possessing large crystal domains (e.g., >10 μm), expanding the 2D TMO family and providing insights for future engineering of 2D TMOs. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of WBG 2D nickel oxide (NiO) (E g > 2.7 eV) thermally converted from 2D nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) with a lateral domain size larger than 10 μm. Moreover, the conversion process is investigated using various microscopic techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, providing significant insights into morphology and structural variations under different oxidative conditions. The electronic structure of the converted Ni x O y is further investigated using multiple soft X-ray spectroscopies, such as X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies.

On the Use of Reflection Polarized Optical Microscopy for Rapid Comparison of Crystallinity and Phase Segregation of P3HT:PCBM Thin Films.

Rapid, nondestructive characterization techniques for evaluating the degree of crystallinity and phase segregation of organic semiconductor blend thin films are highly desired for in-line, automated optoelectronic device fabrication facilities. Here, it is demonstrated that reflection polarized optical microscopy (POM), a simple technique capable of imaging local anisotropy of materials, is capable of determining the relative degree of crystallinity and phase segregationof thin films of polymer:fullerene blends. While previous works on POM of organic semiconductors have largely employed the transmission geometry, it is demonstrated that reflection POM provides 3× greater contrast. The optimal configuration is described to maximize contrast from POM images of polymer:fullerene films, which requires Köhler illumination and slightly uncrossed polarizers, with an uncrossing angle of ±3°. It is quantitatively demonstrated that contrast in POM images directly correlates with 1) the degree of polymer crystallinity and 2) the degree of phase segregation between polymer and fullerene domains. The origin of the bright and dark domains in POM is identified as arising from symmetry-broken liquid crystalline phases (i.e., dark conglomerates), and it is proven that they have no correlation with surface topography. The use of reflection POM as a rapid diagnostic tool for automated device fabrication facilities is discussed.

Crystal growth, linear optical, thermal, mechanical and third-order nonlinear optical properties of 1,3-diphenyl prop‑2-en-1-one single crystals

This work brings out the viability of the chalcone derivative (E)-1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one (DPP) for industrial applications in nonlinear optical technology and device fabrication, through investigations on its crystal structure and nonlinear optical properties. The unit cell features of the DPP single crystals grown by slow evaporation solution growth method have been determined and hkl values indexed. The optical transparency of DPP in the near infrared and visible range is found to be admirable and an optical bandgap of 3.42 eV is revealed in the UV–Vis-NIR analysis. The work hardening coefficient (n) of DPP, determined as 2 from Vickers microhardness measurement, shows the moderate mechanical strength of the crystal. The Laser Damage Threshold value of 3.9 GW/cm2 sheds light on the high tolerance of DPP to optical damage and suggests its suitability in device fabrication. The potential of DPP crystal in nonlinear optical applications is suggested from its superior value of 1.16×10−7 esu for third order susceptibility and appealing values of other nonlinear optical parameters.

Exceptional Field Effect and Negative Differential Conductance in Spiro-Conjugated Single-Molecule Junctions.

The advancement of molecular electronics endeavors to build miniaturized electronic devices using molecules as the key building blocks by harnessing their internal structures and electronic orbitals. To date, linear planar conjugated or cross-conjugated molecules have been extensively employed in the fabrication of single-molecule devices, benefiting from their good conductivity and compatibility with electrode architectures. However, the development of multifunctional single-molecule devices, particularly those with unique charge transport properties, necessitates a more rigorous selection of molecular materials. Among different assortments of molecules suited for the construction of molecular circuits, Spiro-conjugated structures, specifically spirobifluorene derivatives, stand out as promising candidates due to their distinctive electronic properties. In this work, we focus on the charge transport characteristics of Spiro-conjugated molecules sandwiched between graphene nanogaps. Experiments reveal significant Coulomb blockade and distinct negative differential conductance effects. Beyond two-terminal device measurements, solid-state gate electrodes are utilized to create single-molecule transistors, successfully modulating the molecular energy levels to achieve an on/off ratio exceeding 1000. This endeavor not only offers valuable insights into the design and fabrication of future practical molecular devices, blessed with enhanced performance and functionality, but also presents a new paradigm for the investigation of fundamental physical phenomena.

Polyaniline‐Doped Textile‐Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator: Self‐Powered Device for Wearable Electronics

ABSTRACTThe emergence of wearable electronics in contemporary lifestyles has spurred the need for smart fabrics capable of harnessing biomechanical energy. In the present study, a flexible polyaniline‐doped textile‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (PT‐TENG) is designed to harvest low‐frequency mechanical vibrations and convert them into electricity. For the device fabrication, five different textile fabrics are doped with conducting PANI, which is utilized as the tribopositive material, PVC thin film as the tribonegative material, and Al foil as electrodes. The PT‐TENG works in vertical‐contact separation mode, devised in arch structure for easy and complete contact between the working layers. Interestingly, the device featuring a PANI‐doped silk fabric generated the highest output voltage of 257.68 V and a current of 5.36 μA, respectively. Additionally, the PT‐TENG exhibits mechanical durability and electrical stability during continuous 7000 cyclic operations. Furthermore, the PT‐TENG showcases practical applications such as charging commercial capacitors, powering green LEDs and smartwatches, and as a self‐powered touch sensor. Thus, the PT‐TENG offers a facile fabrication process and robustness, highlighting its potential for sustainable energy harvesting in wearable electronics.

Decoding roughness perception in distributed haptic devices

Abstract The ability to render realistic texture perception using haptic devices has been consistently challenging. A key component of texture perception is roughness. When we touch surfaces, mechanoreceptors present under the skin are activated and the information is processed by the nervous system, enabling perception of roughness/smoothness. Several distributed haptic devices capable of producing localized skin stretch have been developed with the aim of rendering realistic roughness perception; however, current state-of-the-art devices rely on device fabrication and psychophysical experimentation to determine whether a device configuration will perform as desired. Predictive models can elucidate physical mechanisms, providing insight and a more effective design iteration process. Since existing models (1, 2) are derived from responses to normal stimuli only, they cannot predict the performance of laterally actuated devices which rely on frictional shear forces to produce localized skin stretch. They are also unable to predict the augmentation of roughness perception when the actuators are spatially dispersed across the contact patch or actuated with a relative phase difference (3). In this study, we have developed a model that can predict the perceived roughness for arbitrary external stimuli and validated it against psychophysical experimental results from different haptic devices reported in literature. The model elucidates two key mechanisms: 1) The variation in the change of strain across the contact patch can predict roughness perception with strong correlation 2) The inclusion of lateral shear forces is essential to correctly predict roughness perception. Using the model can accelerate device optimization by obviating the reliance on trial-and-error approaches.

Integrated One-Step Fabrication of Protonic Sensing Devices for Respiratory Monitoring.

The development of direct fabrication routes with seamless integration of both the macro/micropatterning process and nanostructure synthesis is crucial for the commercial realization of cost-effective nanoscale sensor devices. This, if realized, can liberate us from the conventional limitations inherent in nanoscale device manufacturing. Specifically, such fabrication routes can, in principle, address the challenges such as the complexity, multistep nature, and substantial costs associated with existing technologies, which are not suitable for widespread market adoption in everyday-use devices. Herein, we propose a novel yet facile one-step fabrication approach that simultaneously accomplishes both patterning and nanostructure synthesis by employing low-power, cost-effective laser technology with a minimal environmental footprint. Versatile in nature, this approach can enable the incorporation of diverse functionalities spanning a broad spectrum of technologies, encompassing fields such as sensors, catalysts, photonics, energy storage, and biomedical monitoring devices. As a proof of concept, using our approach, we fabricated an ultra responsive, high-speed protonic sensing device for real-time respiratory monitoring. The enhanced temporal characteristics of our as-fabricated device, particularly in the relative humidity levels of interest in breath monitoring (typically over 55%), exhibited a superior response/recovery time in rapid humidity fluctuations. We envisage that the advantages brought by the presented fabrication approach can pave the way to establish a new method for inexpensive large-scale functional-material-based device fabrication.

Coencapsulating TMB Probes and Bimetallic MOF Nanozymes in a Hydrogel Patch for Fabricating Reusable Visual VC Sensors.

As a typical chromogenic probe, 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) has been widely applied in the field of visual detection due to its low toxicity and highly sensitive response. Due to the hydrophobic nature of TMB, encapsulating it into a hydrogel, which serves as an ideal matrix for wearable sensors, presents significant challenges that complicate the fabrication of visual wearable devices. Herein, the TMB probe and bimetallic MOF nanozymes are coencapsulated in a hydrogel patch for the fabrication of reusable visual sensors. Hydrophobic TMB is oxidized to hydrophilic ox-TMB by a bimetallic MOF (CuFe-MOF), allowing its diffusion into a hydrophilic agarose hydrogel patch, where it is reduced back to TMB. This process allows the coimmobilization and coencapsulation of CuFe-MOF and TMB within the hydrogel patch. Leveraging the color change between TMB and ox-TMB, as a proof-of-concept application, a reusable visual "On-Off-On" sensor is simply constructed and successfully applied to detect vitamin C in human sweat. Color changes can be quickly read by the naked eye or by smart devices without the need for external equipment. Meanwhile, based on the reversible conversion relationship between TMB and ox-TMB, a reusable sensor construction strategy is proposed. This approach not only facilitates the use of a TMB probe in hydrogel applications but also offers inspiration for the development of point-of-care testing equipment, demonstrating significant application potential.

Biosensing beyond Debye screening length using epitaxial graphene field-effect transistors on SiC substrate

We demonstrated the antigen detection beyond Debye screening length using antibody-modified epitaxial graphene field-effect transistors (FETs), which have been considered to be impossible because of the Debye screening length. The transfer characteristics of the graphene FETs with a single crystal epitaxial graphene film showed no concentration dependence of buffer solutions. The capacitance measurements in an epitaxial graphene FET also showed no concentration dependence, indicating that the solution-gate capacitance of the epitaxial graphene FET was independent on the Debye screening length. In addition, the minimum capacitance values were also almost independent for the concentration change. Since the Debye screening length depends on the ionic strength of the solution, which is proportional to the buffer solution concentration, the electrical characteristics of solution-gated epitaxial graphene FETs are almost independent on the Debye screening length owing to their small quantum capacitance. The antibody-modified epitaxial graphene FETs indeed detected the antigen, indicating that the epitaxial graphene FETs can detect the target beyond the Debye screening length without any complicated device fabrication processes and other desalted apparatuses.

Synthesis of Arrayed Tungsten Disulfide Nanotubes.

Tungsten disulfide nanotubes (WS2-NTs), with their cylindrical structure composed of rolled WS2 sheets, have attracted much interest because of their unique physical properties reflecting quasi-one-dimensional chiral structures. They exhibit a semiconducting electronic structure regardless of their chirality, and various semiconducting and optoelectronic device applications have been demonstrated. The development of techniques to fabricate arrayed WS2-NTs is crucial to realizing the highest device performance. Since the discovery of WS2-NTs, various synthesis techniques have been reported; however, horizontally arrayed WS2-NTs have never been successfully synthesized. Here, we demonstrate a simple technique to synthesize arrayed WS2-NTs. Through precise temperature and gas control, W18O49 nanowires are grown along the [1̅101] direction on an r-plane sapphire substrate, and the nanowires are converted into nanotubes via sulfurization under optimized conditions. The demonstrated synthesis technique for arrayed WS2-NTs will play a central role in the fabrication of devices using transition-metal dichalcogenide nanotubes.

One-pot microfluidic fabrication of micro ceramic particles

In the quest for miniaturization across technical disciplines, microscale ceramic blocks emerge as pivotal components, with performance critically dependent on precise scales and intricate shapes. Sharp-edged ceramic microparticles, applied from micromachining to microelectronics, require innovative fabrication techniques for high-throughput production while maintaining structural complexity and mechanical integrity. This study introduces a “one-pot microfluidic fabrication” system incorporating two device fabrication strategies, “groove & tongue” and sliding assembling, achieving an unprecedented array of microparticles with diverse, complex shapes and refined precision, outperforming traditional methods in production rate and quality. Optimally designed sintering profiles based on derivative thermogravimetry enhance microparticles’ shape retention and structural strength. Compression and scratch tests validate the superiority of microparticles, suggesting their practicability for diverse applications, such as precise micromachining, sophisticated microrobotics and delicate microsurgical tools. This advancement marks a shift in microscale manufacturing, offering a scalable solution to meet the demanding specifications of miniaturized technology components.

Effect of Guanidinium Salt for Stress-Relaxation and Interfacial Engineering in Antisolvent Free Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated Under Air Ambient.

In perovskite solar cells, the presence of stress and defects at interfaces promotes performance degradation and poor stability of the devices. The formation of these defects is more prominent in two-step antisolvent-free perovskite film fabrication. This study addresses these challenges by introducing guanidine sulfate (Gua-S) at the tin oxide/formamidinium lead iodide perovskite interface, fabricated without antisolvent under ambient air. Interfacial Gua-S enhanced morphology by forming bonds between uncoordinated Pb2+ ions and I- vacancies at the interface and showed improvement in the crystallinity and quality of the perovskite film. Microstructural stress analysis indicated a substantial reduction in stress, decreasing from 50.6 to 20.72 MPa with the application of Gua-S. Moreover, the Gua-S treated solar cells showed significant improvements and achieved an open circuit voltage of 1.08 V and 22.34% efficiency. Further, electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis showed improved built-in potential, carrier lifetime, and charge recombination lifetime for treated devices. The devices retained over 87% of the initial power conversion efficiency after 2000 hours of operation. This comprehensive study addresses the fundamental issues of interfacial stress and defects in perovskite solar cells and demonstrates the efficacy of Gua-S salt in enhancing both the structural and functional aspects of the antisolvent-free device fabrication process.

Effect of pressure, temperature, and particle size on cold sintered ZnO for transparent thick films on polymer substrates

AbstractThe role of pressure, temperature, and particle size on cold sintering of ZnO has been investigated with a view to developing transparent thick films for device applications. Coarse ZnO (∼90–250 nm, cZnO) particles exhibited equiaxed grain growth under all conditions eventually achieving grain sizes of ∼ 0.5–1.0 µm at 300°C/375 MPa. In contrast, nano‐ZnO (40–80 nm, nZnO), exhibited grain growth along the c‐axis with a broader grain size distribution (0.5–4 µm) at higher temperatures and pressure (300°C/375 MPa) than cZnO. The broader grain size distribution is attributed to greater dissolution for nZnO compared with cZnO coupled with redistribution of Zn acetate/acetic acid into pores. ZnO continues to dissolve and reprecipitate within the pores throughout the densification process resulting in localized, larger grain sizes. In plane grain growth normal to the pressing direction was observed at and near the sample surface particularly in nZnO, which is attributed to constrained‐sintering. Some abnormal grain growth (10–20 µm) was also sporadically observed near or at the surface of nZnO (300°C/375 MPa) due to greater rates of reprecipitation as the transient solvent volatilizes adjacent to the die wall/plunger. Tape casting was used to fabricate single and multiple layers (≈30 µm) of ZnO on Kapton® to demonstrate the potential for device fabrication. Transparency was achieved by choosing cold sintering conditions (200°C/250 MPa) for nZnO that gave ∼95% relative density while restricting a majority of grain growth to <200 nm so that internal light scattering from grain boundaries was avoided.

Enhanced Nonlinear Optical Responses in MoS2 via Femtosecond Laser‐Induced Defect‐Engineering

Abstract2D materials are a promising platform for applications in many fields as they possess a plethora of useful properties that can be further optimized by careful engineering, for example, by defect introduction. While reliable high‐yield defect engineering methods are in demand, most current technologies are expensive, harsh, or non‐deterministic. Optical modification methods offer a cost‐effective and fast mechanism to engineer the properties of 2D materials at any step of the device fabrication process. In this paper, the nonlinear optical responses of mono‐, bi‐, and trilayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) flakes are enhanced by deterministic defect‐engineering with a femtosecond laser. A 50‐fold enhancement in the third harmonic generation (THG) and a 3.3‐fold increase in the second harmonic generation (SHG) in the optically modified areas is observed. The enhancement is attributed to resonant SHG and THG processes arising from optically introduced mid‐band gap defect states. These results demonstrate a highly controllable, sub‐micrometer resolution tool for enhancing the nonlinear optical responses in 2D materials, paving the way for prospective future applications in optoelectronics, quantum technologies, and energy solutions.

Robust topological insulating property in C2X-functionalized III-V monolayers

Two-dimensional topological insulators (TIs) show great potential applications in low-power quantum computing and spintronics due to the spin-polarized gapless edge states. However, the small bandgap limits their room-temperature applications. Based on first-principles calculations, a series of C2X (X = H, F, Cl, Br and I) functionalized III-V monolayers are investigated. The nontrivial bandgaps of GaBi-(C2X)2, InBi-(C2X)2, TlBi-(C2X)2and TlSb-(C2X)2are found to between 0.223 and 0.807 eV. For GaBi-(C2X)2and InBi-(C2X)2, the topological insulating properties originate from thes-px,yband inversion induced by the spin-orbital coupling (SOC) effect. While for TlBi-(C2X)2and TlSb-(C2X)2, the topological insulating properties are attributed to the SOC effect-induced band splitting. The robust topological characteristics are further confirmed by topological invariantsZ2and the test under biaxial strain. Finally, two ideal substrates are predicted to promote the applications of these TIs. These findings indicate that GaBi-(C2X)2, InBi-(C2X)2, TlBi-(C2X)2and TlSb-(C2X)2monolayers are good candidates for the fabrication of spintronic devices.

The versatility of iota-carrageenan biopolymer for the fabrication of non-toxic bio-based energy storage devices

The number of portable devices produced worldwide is strongly increasing, which results in an increasing need for energy storage devices. These devices are typically fabricated with scarce and toxic materials. Consequently, there is a current trend towards the substitution of these materials by biopolymers, although they are still often mixed with toxic substances to improve specific performance aspects. To address this issue, this work presents a self-standing non-toxic and potentially biodegradable polymer electrolyte membrane for electrochemical energy storage applications consisting of an abundant biopolymer, iota-carrageenan, and Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES).11List of abbreviations: DES: Deep eutectic solvent [EMIM][SCN]: 1-Ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium thiocyanate CV: Cyclic voltammetry FTIR: Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy EIS: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy CPE: Constant phase element. Ionic conductivities as high as 2 mS/cm were achieved for a proportion of carrageenan and DES of 25:75. Aqueous electrically conductive inks containing carbon black and active carbon were also developed using the same polymeric matrix. The inks were successfully printed (stencil method) on different substrates and electrically characterized, achieving sheet resistances as low as 38 Ω/sq. Supercapacitors were then fabricated by printing the electrically conductive ink on both sides of the self-standing membrane, demonstrating the versatility of iota-carrageenan biopolymer in the development of sustainable energy storage devices. The measured capacitance of the supercapacitors was 3.3 mF/cm2 in cyclic voltammetry characterization and 2.7 mF/cm2 when charging-discharging at 0.05 mA/cm2. The supercapacitors were found to be stable in cyclability studies, showing a capacity retention of 99 % after 5000 charge–discharge cycles.

Relationship between Capillary Wettability, Mass, and Momentum Transfer in Nanoconfined Water: The Case of Water in Nanoslits of Graphite and Hexagonal Boron Nitride.

The flow of water confined in nanosize capillaries is subject of intense research due to its relevance in the fabrication of nanofluidic devices and in the development of theories for fluid transport in porous media. Here, using molecular dynamics simulations carried out on 2D capillaries made up of graphite, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and a mix of the two, and of sizes from subnanometer to few nanometers, we investigate the relationship between the wettability of the wall capillary, the water diffusion, and its flow rate. We find that the water diffusion is decoupled from its flow properties as the former is not affected either by the height or chemistry of the capillary (except for the subnanometer slits), while the latter is dependent on both. The capillaries containing hBN show a reduced flow rate compared to those that are purely graphitic, likely due to the high friction coefficient between water and hBN. Such resistance to the flow is, however, at its maximum in the smallest capillary and lower for larger ones. Finally, we show that the flow rate values obtained from the Hagen-Poiseuille theory are almost always smaller than those obtained from simulations, indicating that either the slip length or the viscosity of nanoconfined water could be substantially different from the bulk values.

Recent Developments on Novel 2D Materials for Emerging Neuromorphic Computing Devices

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligent and information technology has led to a critical need for extremely low power consumption and excellent efficiency. The capacity of neuromorphic computing to handle large amounts of data with low power consumption has garnered a lot of interest during the last few decades. For neuromorphic applications, 2D layered semiconductor materials have shown a pivotal role due to their distinctive properties. This comprehensive review provides an extensive study of the recent advancements in 2D materials‐based neuromorphic devices especially in multiterminal synaptic devices, two‐terminal synaptic devices, neuronal devices, and the integration of synaptic and neuronal devices. Herein, a wide range of potential applications of memory, computation, adaptation, and artificial intelligence is incorporated. Finally, the limitations and challenges of neuromorphic devices based on novel 2D materials are discussed. Thus, this review aims to illuminate the design and fabrication of neuromorphic devices based on van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure materials, leveraging promising engineering techniques to excel the applications and potential of neuromorphic computing for hardware implementations.

Jamming Giant Molecules at Interface in Organic Photovoltaics to Improve Performance and Stability.

A novel approach for depositing the giant molecule acceptor (GMA) at the donor-acceptor interface to enhance the efficiency and stability of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices through a designed interface-enhanced layer-by-layer device fabrication protocol is proposed. The giant molecule acceptor DQx-Ph is mixed with the polymer donor in the bottom layer to form a polymer donor fibril phase and a mixed phase, followed by subsequent deposition of the main acceptor L8-BO. The L8-BO solution swells the bottom layer and alters the localized morphology of the mixing phase, introducing L8-BO fibrillar crystallization and pushing DQx-Ph giant molecules outwards to the fibril interfaces. Through this approach, the localized morphology and optoelectronic property of the bulk heterojunction are optimized. This configuration maintains the superior transport properties of L8-BO while integrating the high open-circuit voltage characteristics of DQx-Ph. Additionally, exciton dissociation and charge generation are simultaneously enhanced, with suppressed energy losses. A power conversion efficiency of 19.9% with improved operational stability is achieved, underscoring the importance of GMA interface jamming in advancing OPV technology. This study provides new insights into the development of ancillary OPV materials to overcome the critical limitations in OPV, revealing innovative approaches for photovoltaic technologies.