Fabrication Of Composite Materials Research Articles

Hierarchical sandwich NiFe layered double hydroxide/reduced graphene oxide for high energy density asymmetric supercapacitors

• A hierarchical sandwich-type NiFe layered double hydroxide/reduced graphene Oxide (NiFe-LDHs/rGO) composite electrode materials have been designed and synthesized via a facile impregnation method. • The NiFe-LDHs/rGO composite electrode can achieve a high specific capacitance of 1319 F g -1 at 1 A g -1 and show good cycling performance over 1000 cycles. • The asymmetric supercapacitor based on NiFe-LDHs/rGO as a positive electrode and N-doped hollow carbon sphere as a negative electrode was assembled and exhibited a high energy density as well as good cycling stability. Rational design and fabrication of composite electrode materials with high energy storage performance of supercapacitors is of great importance from both theoretical and practical viewpoints. Herein, a hierarchical sandwich-type NiFe layered double hydroxide/reduced graphene Oxide (NiFe-LDHs/rGO) composite electrode materials were successfully synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal method. It is found that the prepared NiFe-LDHs/rGO composite electrode can achieve a high specific capacitance of 1319F g −1 at 1 A g −1 and show good cycling performance with a retention rate of 80% over 1000 cycles. Furthermore, the asymmetric supercapacitor based on NiFe-LDHs/rGO as a positive electrode and N -doped hollow carbon sphere as a negative electrode was assembled and exhibited a high energy density of 37 Wh kg −1 at a power density of 423 W kg −1 as well as good cycling stability. The exceptional electrochemical performance of the NiFe-LDHs/rGO composite indicates its potential application in high-performance supercapacitors.

Scalable Fabrication of Ru-Mo2c Composite Catalytic Material with Carbon-Based Core-Shell Structure and its Remarkable Application for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Scalable Fabrication of Ru-Mo2c Composite Catalytic Material with Carbon-Based Core-Shell Structure and its Remarkable Application for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Fabrication, characterization, and optimization selection of ceramic particulate reinforced dental restorative composite materials

The objective of the article is to explore the fabrication of dental restorative composite materials and the ranking order using the preference selection index (PSI) as a multi criteria decision making (MCDM) technique under a set of conflict performance defining criteria (PDCs). The polymer matrix of the dental restorative composite was prepared using bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate (55 wt.%), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (44 wt.%), camphorquinone (0.3 wt.%), and ethyl 4-(dimethylamino) benzoate (0.7 wt.%). Five different dental restorative composite material compositions were fabricated using hybrid nSiO2-TiO2 particulates with a variation of nSiO2 (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 wt.%) while TiO2 is constant (15 wt.%). The results revealed that an increasing trend has been found in compressive strength, flexural strength, Vickers hardness, etc., while a decreasing trend has been shown in depth of cure, polymerization shrinkage, degree of conversion etc. The performance analysis of five dental composite formulations via the PSI method shows the following ranking order: nS4 > nS6 > nS2 > nS0 > nS8. The obtained experimental results are associated with the ranking order of the different sets of dental composite formulations. Hence, the preference selection index approach is one of the best techniques among MCDM techniques for ranking under different PDCs.

Study of Progress on Nanocrystalline Cellulose and Natural Fiber Reinforcement Biocomposites

Cellulosic biomass hydrolysis yields a nanoscale substance known as nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). Gel, liquid, or powder is adaptable to a variety of uses. Nanocrystalline cellulose has unique renewability, biodegradability, and mechanical and physicochemical qualities, and abundance boosts the material’s mechanical strength by many orders of magnitude when introduced into the material matrix (polymer, ceramic, or metal). Nanocrystalline cellulose is not related with any serious environmental issues because it is a natural substance. The progress of this biomaterial as a green and renewable biomaterial for the fabrication of lightweight and biodegradable composite materials gives further impetus. The current aim of nanocrystalline cellulose research is to optimise nanocrystalline cellulose characteristics for dispersion in hydrophilic and hydrophilic media. To assess the nanocrystalline cellulose reinforcing, antibacterial, stability, hydrophilicity, and biodegradability, imaging methods and protocols in complicated matrices will need to be developed. This review includes a discussion on nanocrystalline cellulose biocomposites.

Facile fabrication of composite cellulose fibrous materials for efficient and consecutive dyeing wastewater treatment.

Fabricating dye adsorbents with efficient adsorption properties is of great significance in the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater. Herein, composite materials of polydopamine decorated cellulose fibrous nonwovens (PDA@CF NWs) were fabricated by constructing a PDA functional layer on the surface of cellulose fibers via in situ polymerization. In addition, a three-dimensional adsorbent of 3D PDA@CF NWs with good hydrophilicity, structural stability, and compression resistance could be obtained using a facilely laminating and traditional loop bonding reinforcing technique. Attributed to the efficient and uniform loading of an active PDA functional layer, the resulting PDA@CF NWs exhibited a relatively large adsorption capacity of around 91 mg g−1 towards the template dye of methylene blue within a fast equilibrium time of 2 h, which was superior to most of the fibrous adsorbents. In addition, the treatment column of 3D PDA@CF NWs exhibited a breakthrough capacity of 40.9 mg g−1, reaching nearly 50% of the static saturated dye-binding capacity. More importantly, the 3D PDA@CF NWs column could effectively and continuously separate the mixture of different dyes under gravity, highlighting an excellent practical performance. Thus, the PDA@CF NWs are expected to provide a promising candidate for environment-friendly, large-scale and efficient treatment of industrial printing and dyeing wastewater.

Fabrication and preliminary assessment of aramid reinforced polymer composite material

A knowledge of the material constituents and fabrication process is generally required for easing the composite material properties study and characterization. This paper presents the methodology of aramid reinforced polymer composite material preliminary assessment and fabrication. The demonstration is carried out through the development of mechanical properties characterization specimen. The composite material specimen is fabricated by utilizing the open mould with hand lay-up method, where three types of laminates include of unidirectional, orthotropic, quasi-isotropic cross plies are demonstrated. A template is applied for preparing specific fibre orientation 45°angle. Plies are lay accordingly with guided by a square guide for minimizing the off-orientation angle defect. Preliminary assessment is included of verification of unidirectional aramid fabric quality, cured specimen physical defect, internal defect through micrography analysis and material volume fraction prediction. Average specimen fibre volume fraction of 0.64 is predicted by determined the fibre filament geometry detail through micrography analysis. There are several fabrication defects had been identified. The defect identification findings shall be referred for further improvement of material preparation and fabrication method.

Study of fabrication methods and various reinforcements with aluminium for automotive application – A review

In the today’s modern world, the demand of composite material has been increased gradually. At current scenario aluminium-based composites are commonly used in engineering applications especially in automotive sectors because of its novel quality of properties. Whenever there is requirement of changes and improvements in property of material, at that time, the property is improved by mixing reinforcement components into the basic material. In the present study there are several kinds of reinforcement particles are used with the aluminium as a base material. This literature review aims to provide an overview of various types of fabrication methods of composite metal matrix and shows their potential of this technology in different fabrication methods. This literature review also presents that various reinforcement particles such as SiC, TiC, B4C, Al2O3, SiO2, MgO etc. can be used to improving properties of Al based composite by using different methods. This study concludes that among the various matrix, aluminium is most used matrix because of its internal characteristics and processing potentiality for fabrication of composite material. It also concludes that among the reinforcement particles which are the most used because of their capability to provide good mechanical properties to the fabricated composite material. This literature review is beneficial to study the various fabrication methos of composite metal matrix and different reinforcement particles which are enhancing the properties of aluminium-based metal matrix composite.

Synthesis and characterization of spent alumina catalyst and grinding sludge reinforced aluminium-based composite material

In this investigation, an attempt has been made to use the waste material in the fabrication of aluminium-based composite material. Waste spent alumina catalyst (SAC) generated from oil refinery industries has been considered as primary reinforcement particle. Waste grinding sludge (GS) produced from iron forging industry was used as secondary reinforcement material in the preparation of composite. Further, chromium (Cr) has been added to SAC and grinding sludge (GS) reinforced aluminium-based composite material to prevent grain growth as well as to control the grain structure of composite material. Experimental results concluded that by adding 4.5% of GS and SAC with 1.5% Cr in aluminium alloy, mechanical properties such as hardness, compressive strength and tensile strength were significantly improved. Hardness compressive strength and tensile strength was increased by 40.06%, 7.24% and 18.86%, respectively, with respect to the aluminium alloy. However, the reduction in toughness was observed. SEM results depicted uniform distribution of SAC and GS particles in Al/4.5% SAC/4.5% GS/1.5% Cr composite. Thermal expansion behaviour and corrosion weight loss of composite have been also investigated to observe the influence of reinforcement in the aluminium alloy.

Fabrication and characterization of micro alumina zirconia particulate filled dental restorative composite materials

AbstractComposite resin is quickly becoming the most extensively utilized material in the field of cosmetic and restorative dentistry. It eliminates the problem of poisonous nature caused by the amalgam's mercury content. This research article is based on the outcome of adding micro‐alumina and zirconia particulates filled dental composites on the physical properties, mechanical properties, and wear analysis. Three dental composites named AZDC2, AZDC4, and AZDC6, were prepared. Alumina microparticles were constant (6 wt%) while zirconia microparticles were varying (2, 4, and 6 wt%). Two‐body wear was performed on pin‐on‐disc friction & wear test rig under dry sliding for all three dental composites under different normal load (20, 40, and 60 N) and sliding speed (10, 15, and 20 mm/s). The experiments were designed as per L9 Taguchi orthogonal array. The least volumetric wear was found in AZDC6 dental composite under a sliding velocity of 15 mm/s and a normal load of 20 N. From the ANOVA analysis, normal load and filler content were the significant factors affecting the volumetric wear with a significance level 5%, respectively. Dental composite AZDC6 exhibited maximum compressive strength (451.49 MPa). Micro hybrid particulates‐filled dental composites improve physical and mechanical characterization.

Wax and bentonite blends for prototyping industrial clay development: preliminary results

Wax and bentonite blends for prototyping industrial clay development: preliminary results

Ultrasonic synthesis of Mn-Ni-Fe tri-metallic oxide anchored on polymer-grafted conductive carbon for rechargeable zinc-air battery

As a promising electrochemical energy device, a rechargeable zinc-air battery (RZAB) requires cost-effective cathode catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Some earth-abundant transition metal oxides have certain levels of bi-functional ORR/OER catalytic activities yet low electronic conductivities. The addition of high-electronic-conductivity material such as carbon black could result in another problem because there is low compatibility between metal oxide and carbon. In this work, polymer chains are ultrasonically prepared to act as binders to anchor metal-oxide active sites to porous domains of carbon black. The monomer N-isopropyl acrylamide is polymerized under ultrasonication instead of using conventional radical initiators which are dangerous and harmful. Reactive free radicals produced by ultrasonic irradiation can also help to form the Mn-Ni-Fe tri-metallic oxide. Thus, aided by the amide-type polymer as an adhesive, the tri-metallic oxide anchored on polymer-grafted carbon black prepared by ultrasonication possess a large number of metal-oxide active sites and hierarchical pores, contributing substantially to the enhanced ORR/OER electrocatalytic performance in the RZABs. Accordingly, this work provides interesting insight into the effective combination of inherently incompatible components for the fabrication of composite materials from an ultrasonic standpoint.

Fabrication of YSZ-Carbon Felt Composite Materials by Spark Plasma Sintering Process

Dual-phase membrane composed of oxide ion conductor and electron conductor was fabricated for application to oxygen separation membranes. 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) and carbon felt were used for the oxide ion conducting phase and the electron conductiing phase, respectively. Carbon felt was impregnated with YSZ aqueous suspension (40 wt%), dried, then sintered by a spark plasma sintering (SPS) process under the applied pressure of 80 MPa at 1200, 1400 and 1600 ° C for 10 min. When sintered at 1600 ° C, the XRD pattern showed small peaks indicating the formation of the zirconium carbide phase, but the microstructure observed by SEM showed that the YSZ was well densified and tightly bonded with carbon felt. This method has been demonstrated to be an effective process for the fabrication of YSZ-Carbon composites with both phases percolation structure.

Fabrication and characterization of N-doped porous carbon Co-Fe alloy composite cathode materials for promoting the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries

The cathode materials for lithium-sulfur battery, as a hot topic in energy storage research, is an important node for lithium sulfur battery to achieve practical application. Here, we prepared a nitrogen-doped carbon shell structured porous carbon-bimetal alloy composite with a particle diameter of 150 nm. In the shell of the structure, Co-Fe alloy particles as diameter of 20 nm with nitrogen-doped carbon coated were uniformly distributed. This porous nanocarbon materials have a rich surface area that can serve as a site for sulfur load. The uniform Co-Fe alloy catalytic and absorptive site can improve the oxidation-reduction reaction kinetics of LSBs and inhibit the shuttle effects of polysulfides. Meanwhile, the spatial domain restriction of the shell can be helpful to anchor S and polysulfides inside the structure. Because of these synergistic benefits, the Li-S batteries with this material cathode performs an excellent cycling stability with the capacity decay rate of 0.055% per cycle at 0.1 C after 100 cycles (initial capacity is 1226 mAh g−1) and 85.5% of initial capacity at 1 C after 300 cycles (initial capacity is 899.5 mAh g−1). Even with a high sulfur loading of 5.1 mg cm−2, it still achieves a high capacity of 3.43 mAh cm−2 (75% of initial capacity) after 100 cycles. This study provides the potential possibility to achieve large-capacity long-cycle work in lithium-sulfur batteries.

Vaporization behavior of Ir4(CO)12 and Re2(CO)10 measured by torsion effusion gravimetric method

Metal carbonyls are of great importance in chemical vapor deposition (CVD), composite materials fabrication, and other near-net shape technologies. Carbonyl CVD is used for deposition of high-purity metallic and alloy coatings for which vapor pressure data is essential. In this study, we report vapor pressures of solid Ir4(CO)12 and Re2(CO)10 carbonyls measured by using the Knudsen Cell methodology using a torsion effusion thermogravimetric system. The vapor pressure of the Ir4(CO)12 exhibited incongruent vaporization, as the molecular weight (MW) of the effusing species was determined as 128 g/mol as compared to the theoretical MW of 1105 g/mol. It is proposed that the Ir4(CO)12 (s) partially decomposed (∼66%) to Ir4(CO)12(g), Ir(s), and CO(g). The Re2(CO)10 on the other hand, showed congruent behavior with Re2(CO)10(s) vaporizing to Re2(CO)10(g) in the measured temperature range. The raw data for vapor pressures was measured using two sets of Knudsen cells with different orifice sizes, and the equilibrium vapor pressures were calculated using Whitman-Motzfeldt methodology. The equilibrium vapor pressures of these carbonyls, partial pressures of gaseous species in case of decomposition, average molecular weights of the effusing gasses were determined. The vapor pressures and Gibbs energies of vaporization reactions of the two above mentioned carbonyls, as well as comparison of vaporization thermodynamics these two carbonyls with other carbonyls from Group VIB to VIIIB are presented in this paper.

Interfacial thermal conductance enhancement of BN/PVA composites via plasma activations of fillers

Polymeric composite materials for heat management play a key role in electronic packaging, yet they usually suffer from the interfacial thermal resistance when using ceramic fillers. The interfacial incompatibility and debonding between fillers and matrices are identified as the culprit. Boron nitride (BN) is an advanced thermal conductive filler, whereas it also suffers from the interfacial problem owing to its chemical inertia and hydrophobicity. Herein, some plasma activations are introduced to well functionalize BN, which significantly changes BN from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity. The interfacial bonding is thus achieved between the plasma-treated BN fillers and the polyvinyl alcohol molecules. The BN/polyvinyl alcohol composite material shows a high through-plane thermal conductivity of 2.4 W m−1 K−1 for a filling fraction of 50 wt% BN treated by N2 plasma, which is much better than the raw BN case. It is thus envisaged as a promising approach for the high-efficiency and low-cost fabrication of BN-based composite materials.

First-Principles Simulation Study on the Weakening of Silane Coupling to Silica under Alkaline Conditions

Silane coupling is commonly used to connect organic polymers to inorganic substrates for surface modification and composite material fabrication. It is known that the covalent bonds that form between the silane coupling agent (SCA) and hydroxylated SiO2 weaken under alkaline conditions. In the present work, we theoretically investigated the microscopic mechanisms of this phenomenon by combining first-principles calculations of the deprotonation free energy with density functional theory (DFT), bond-breaking transition-state barrier energy calculations, and DFT-based molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We found that the following occurs under alkaline conditions: (i) the terminal −OH of SiO2(001) is significantly deprotonated, while the −OH group of the SCA is hardly deprotonated; (ii) the transition-state barrier energy to break the Si–O bond between the SCA and SiO2(001) becomes less than 1 eV with the assistance of H2O dissociation when 50% of the terminal −OH groups on SiO2(001) is deprotonated; and (iii) the predicted Si–O bond-breaking reactions occurred in DFT–MD simulations with realistic settings.

Fabrication and Characterization of Composite Materials Using Multiple Waste Materials (Leather & Jute Fabrics) and Unsaturated Polyester Resin

Now a days environment is getting polluted due to different types of manmade reasons than ever for extreme use of synthetic materials. Various kinds of waste materials from numerous industries are also enhancing this. So, Utilization of waste materials and reduction of synthetic materials will definitely subside the environmental pollution. In this research, waste jute fabric and leather waste (cow hides) were used as reinforcing agent and unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) as matrix to prepare environmental friendly composite materials. Hand-lay up method was conducted to fabricate composite materials. Different percentages of waste leather and used jute fabrics were used with the UPR. Improved mechanical properties, tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), and percentage elongation at break (EB) were observed with the certain percentage of waste materials. Composites were also characterised by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR).

Fabrication and Tribological Studies of Hybrid Composite Material

Many attempts have been undertaken to mechanically or chemically create various types of in organic filled polymers. These methods, however, necessitate the alteration of the filler material through intricate polymerization reactions, making them unsuitable for industrial use. Waste flyash recovery is challenging, and the utilisation rate is poor. This flyash is employed in novel composite materials as a filler or partial reinforcement. Flyash is employed as a filler material for polymer matrix composites in this study. Aramid and E-Glass fibres are utilised as reinforcement with epoxy resin to improve the bonding strength between the fibres and filler materials, resulting in a high load bearing capacity. The specimens are tested for mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact according to ASTM standards. The maximal impact strength was seen at a 5wt% flyash addition, however the tensile and flexural strength were steadily lowered with the addition of 5wt% flyash.

Novel Mo-doped nickel sulfide thin sheets decorated with Ni–Co layered double hydroxide sheets as an advanced electrode for aqueous asymmetric super-capacitor battery

Rational design and fabrication of composite electrode materials via heteroatom doping and integrating with other components are of significance to improve their energy storage capacity. Herein, the Mo- introduced nickel sulfide thin sheets decorated with Ni–Co Layered Double Hydroxide sheets (Mo–NiS 2 @NiCo-LDH) grown directly on Ni foam were successfully constructed thought multistep hydrothermal method. The well-designed 2D/2D coupling structure, with interconnected thin sheets, can provide abundant uniform mesoporous structure to facilitate the electrolyte penetration and more redox active sites during energy storage process. The resulting Mo–NiS 2 electrode possesses a high capacity of 207.9 mAh g −1 (1663.2 F g −1 ) at 1 A g −1 . After integrating with NiCo-LDH, the Mo–NiS 2 @NiCo-LDH electrode exhibits a high capacity of 325.6 mAh g −1 (2604.8 F g −1 ) at 1 A g −1 . Furthermore, the assembled asymmetric supercapacitor (Mo–NiS 2 @NiCo-LDH//AC) achieving high energy density of 38.1 W h kg −1 at a power density of 800.0 W kg −1 , showing excellent cycling performance. And the fabricated aqueous Ni–Zn battery (Mo–NiS 2 @NiCo-LDH//Zn) shows a high capacity of 274.9 mAh g −1 at 1 A g −1 and exhibits a reversible capacity of 182.3 mAh g −1 after 700 cycles at 4 A g −1 . The excellent electrochemical performance of Mo–NiS 2 @NiCo-LDH arises from the synergistic contributions from Mo-introduced nickel sulfide thin sheets and Ni–Co Layered Double Hydroxide nanosheets. • Mo–NiS 2 @NiCo-LDH was successfully constructed by multistep hydrothermal method. • The Mo–NiS 2 @NiCo-LDH shows a high capacity of 325.6 mAh g −1 at 1 A g −1 . • The Mo–NiS 2 @NiCo-LDH//AC asymmetric device shows excellent performance. • The Mo–NiS 2 @NiCo-LDH//Zn battery shows high capacity by powering a red LED.

Mixed MXenes: Mo1.33CTz and Ti3C2Tz freestanding composite films for energy storage

MXenes are a class of 2D materials with outstanding properties, including high electronic conductivity, hydrophilicity, and high specific capacitance. In particular, Mo 1.33 CT z MXene has a high specific capacitance, whereas films of Ti 3 C 2 T z MXene possess high flexibility and high electronic conductivity. The fabrication of composite materials based on these two MXenes is therefore motivated, taking advantage of combining their good properties. In this article, we introduce a one-step approach to prepare composite MXene films using pristine Mo 1.33 CT z and Ti 3 C 2 T z MXenes. The composite films display superior flexibility and electronic conductivity, as well as high capacitance, up to 1380 F cm −3 (460 F g −1 ), in 1 M H 2 SO 4 . A capacitance retention of 96% is obtained after 17,000 cycles. In addition, the capacitance retentions are about 56% and 25% at scan rates of 200 mV s −1 and 1000 mV s −1 , respectively. A significant rise in the capacitance at high rates, 875 F cm −3 (282 F g −1 ) at a current density of 20 A g −1 , is achieved by using a 3 M H 2 SO 4 solution. The use of composite MXene as negative electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitor devices, as well as lithium-ion batteries, is also discussed. This work suggests new pathways for the use of MXene composites with double transition metals (Mo and Ti) in energy storage devices. • Simple, fast, and robust synthesis approach to fabricate mixed MXene films using Mo 1.33 CT z and Ti 3 C 2 T z pristine MXenes. • The mixed MXene films display good flexibility and high electronic conductivity (up to 140 S cm −1 ). • The mixed MXene films deliver a high capacitance (1380 F cm −3 ) and feature 96% retention after 17,000 cycles in 1 M H 2 SO 4 . • A significant rise in the rate performance is observed in 3 M H 2 SO 4 solution (875 F cm −3 at current density 20 A g −1 ). • Mixed MXene electrodes are employed as negative electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitor devices.