Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix Composites Research Articles

Fatigue and post-fatigue behavior of FRCM-concrete specimens under direct shear and bending conditions

The combined effect of cyclic loading and steel rebar corrosion can determine the premature deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) structures subjected to dynamic and environmental actions. The use of fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix composites (FRCM) is a promising solution to extend the fatigue life of RC structures. Externally bonded FRCMs are applied to the tension side of structural members to reduce the rebar stress level, thus delaying fatigue crack nucleation and/or propagation. A key aspect for the design of FRCM strengthening of these structures is the matrix-fiber bond behavior under fatigue loading. In this paper, a critical review of currently available studies on the fatigue behavior of FRCM-strengthened RC beams is presented. Then, the results of 25 bond tests on PBO FRCM-concrete specimens are provided and discussed. These tests include both single-lap direct shear and modified beam tests performed in quasi-static and cyclic mode. The results obtained show that the cyclic load may induce progressive debonding at the matrix-fiber interface with rupture of fiber filaments. Modified beam tests are more affected by these phenomena than direct shear tests. The rupture of fiber filaments is confirmed by the results of post-fatigue tests that show capacities lower than those of corresponding quasi-static tests.

Shear Performance of the Interface of Sandwich Specimens with Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix Vegetal Fabric Skins

The utilization of the vegetal fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) represents an innovative approach to composite materials, offering distinct sustainable advantages when compared to traditional steel-reinforced concrete and conventional FRCM composites employing synthetic fibers. This article introduces a design for sandwich solutions based on a core of extruded polystyrene and composite skins combining mortar as a matrix and diverse vegetal fabrics as fabrics such as hemp and sisal. The structural behavior of the resulting sandwich panel is predominantly driven by the interaction between materials (mortar and polyurethane) and the influence of shear connectors penetrating the insulation layer. This study encompasses an experimental campaign involving double-shear tests, accompanied by heuristic bond-slip models for the potential design of sandwich solutions. The analysis extends to the examination of various connector types, including hemp, sisal, and steel, and their impact on the shear performance of the sandwich specimens. The results obtained emphasize the competitiveness of vegetal fabrics in achieving an effective composite strength comparable to other synthetic fabrics like glass fiber. Nevertheless, this study reveals that the stiffness of steel connectors outperforms vegetal connectors, contributing to an enhanced improvement in both stiffness and shear strength of the sandwich solutions.

Bond behavior between carbon fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites with added short fibers and concrete substrates

Fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites show an innovative solution for strengthening existing concrete structural elements to solve the drawbacks of organic resins in fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) system. However, the brittle fracture of the cementitious matrix significantly reduces the efficiency of the fabric. Hence, the incorporation of short fibers into the matrix is proposed to increase the fabric efficiency. For externally bonded FRCM composites to structural element surfaces, it is a crucial issue to investigate the bond behavior at the fabric-matrix and matrix-substrate interfaces, where the effect of short fibers is non-negligible and requires further investigation. In this study, a single-lap direct shear test was used to investigate the bond behavior between carbon FRCM composites with added short fibers and concrete substrates. 36 specimens were tested and discussed by considering the effects of bond length, volume content of short fibers, type of short fibers, and bond width. The experimental results were discussed in terms of failure mode, load-slip curve, and characteristic parameters. Subsequently, the contribution of weft yarns was studied and accounted for in the developed bond-slip model, which additionally takes into account the effects of the volume content of the short fibers, the type of short fibers, and the bond width.

Tensile properties of carbon fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) at high temperatures

Despite many advantages of externally bonded FRP systems, the rapid loss of strength at high temperatures is a concern for fire scenarios. Fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) is deemed to perform superior at high temperatures. In this study, 84 carbon FRCM coupons were tested in tension at temperatures from 25 to 400 °C using both steady-state and transient-state test protocols. The main parameters considered in this study are the number of fabric layers and FRCM thickness, fabric orientation, target temperatures, and heating protocol. Results showed that at room temperature, the ultimate strength and cracked elastic modulus decreased by about 18% to 20% when the number of layers was increased from one to three. At 400 °C, the ultimate strength and cracked elastic modulus were reduced by up to 60 to 70% of their original values. The bidirectional FRCM specimens presented a slightly higher elastic modulus and strength than unidirectional specimens in most tests. In transient-state tests and under the same sustained load level, the failure temperature of 30 mm-thick specimens were approximately 100 °C higher than 20 mm-thick specimens. The test results showed that the carbon FRCM composites tested in this study were able to resist non-negligible tensile forces at elevated temperatures although they are significantly reduced.

Shear Strengthening of RC Beams Using Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix, Carbon Plates, and 3D-Printed Strips

Existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures suffer from degradation in their structural capacity. These structures require strengthening and retrofitting to integrate sustainability and improve their serviceability and durability. RC members strengthened with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites usually suffer from FRP debonding; therefore, researchers proposed several types of sustainable materials to overcome the shortcomings of FRP composites. Limited experimental studies have been conducted for shear strengthening of RC beams using sustainable fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites; moreover, the application of 3D-printed strips in strengthening RC beams has never been established. The current research experimentally investigates the efficiency of FRCM composites, 3D-printed sheets (CD), and CFRP plates (CP) in strengthening RC beams that are weak in shear. Various strengthening configurations were adopted, including vertical, oblique, zigzag, and several-slanted layouts. Eight simply supported beams were prepared to find the most efficient shear-strengthening configuration and material for RC beams. Test results showed that FRCM and CP are both efficient for shear strengthening in terms of maximum load capacity, initial stiffness, and ductility. However, CD showed a limited effect on enhancing the performance of shear-strengthened beams. The best shear enhancement was found in the beam strengthened with vertical CP, with improvements in load-carrying capacity, stiffness, and ductility of 43%, 23%, and 23%, respectively. The vertical and oblique strengthening configurations were more efficient than the zigzag and several-slanted layouts. The ACI 440.2R-17 model yielded accurate predictions with an average (Vc, test/Vc, ACI 440) of 1.11.

Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Punching Shear Behavior of FRCM-Strengthened Two-Way RC Slabs

Fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites have been widely studied as they constitute an alternative solution to fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) retrofitting solutions for steel-reinforced concrete (RC) members. This study investigated the punching shear behavior of RC slabs strengthened with FRCM composites. Different tests were first performed to determine the tensile behavior of the FRCM and the interfacial bond behavior between the FRCM and concrete substrates. These tests were used as input parameters for a three-dimensional (3D) finite-element model (FEM) for RC slabs strengthened with the FRCM under shear. Subsequently, one reference slab and two strengthened slab specimens with dimensions of 1,600 mm × 1,600 mm × 100 mm were tested under punching shear. The test results demonstrate the effectiveness of FRCM strengthening under punching shear. An automation parameter calibration process was developed to identify the input parameters of Mazars’ concrete behavior law used in the 3D FEM model. The results of the numerical investigation can predict the punching shear behavior of reinforced concrete slabs with reasonable accuracy.

Numerical Modelling of the Constitutive Behaviour of FRCM Composites through the Use of Truss Elements.

The modeling of the mechanical behavior of Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) composites is a difficult task due to the complex mechanisms established at the fibre-matrix and composite-support interface level. Recently, several modeling approaches have been proposed to simulate the mechanical response of FRCM strengthening systems, however a simple and reliable procedure is still missing. In this paper, two simplified numerical models are proposed to simulate the tensile and shear bond behavior of FRCM composites. Both models take advantage of truss and non-linear spring elements to simulate the material components and the interface. The proposed approach enables us to deduce the global mechanical response in terms of stress-strain or stress-slip relations. The accuracy of the proposed models is validated against the experimental benchmarks available in the literature.

Experimental investigation of FRCM under shear loading

Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) can be used to improve the shear strength of masonry walls. The contribution of the FRCM is evaluated, accordingly to existing standard, taking into account the FRCM-to-substrate bond strength and the tensile strength of bare fabrics, neglecting the mortar matrix. Nevertheless, to date, there are no experimental tests that provide the actual shear capacity of the FRCM alone and not bonded to the substrate. To this scope, a four-hinge articulated steel frame was designed to investigate the shear behaviour of small-scale square specimens, as well as the mechanism of shear stress transfer between the fabric and the mortar. This paper presents the outcomes of shear tests performed on four FRCM composites, comprising of two basalt fabrics embedded in either lime- or cement-based mortars, in order to assess the influence of the single components. Digital image correlation (DIC) was also used to determine the displacement fields, strains and to detect the crack pattern of the specimens.

Matrix and fabric contribution on the tensile behaviour of fabric reinforced cementitious matrix composites

Fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) are a type of sustainable materials for structures strengthening and envisaging to develop new construction solutions. However, the wide range of possible combinations of fabric and cementitious matrixes makes it necessary to study the particular contribution of mortar and fabric in the composite action of the FRCM. In this line, this study presents the experimental, analytical and numerical evaluation of the tensile behaviour of FRCM composites. 85 FRCM specimens of different thicknesses were manufactured, with one or two embedded fabrics of different type of fibres and geometry. Fabrics made of coated vegetal fibres were also considered to be compared with commercial fabrics of coated synthetic fibres. The results show a significant increase of the ultimate tensile strength with the increase of the FRCM thickness due to a residual contribution of the mortar after the cracking stage. The analytical model was effective for the cases that showed a cracking stabilization stage. However, the numerical model allows a closer approximation to experimental results because of considering the mortar contribution in the post-cracking stage.

Clevis-Grip Tensile Tests on Basalt, Carbon and Steel FRCM Systems Realized with Customized Cement-Based Matrices

The tensile properties of fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites are experimentally investigated through clevis-grip tensile tests (according to AC434 provisions) on FRCM coupons realized with customized (ad hoc developed in this paper) cement-based matrices. The tested FRCM coupons are reinforced with basalt, carbon, or steel fabrics, and are prepared with three different matrices: one-component mortar incorporating dispersible copolymer powders of vinyl acetate and ethylene (matrices A and B) and two-component mortar with carboxylated styrene–butadiene copolymer liquid resin (matrix C). This has made it possible to investigate the mechanical compatibility between different mortar matrices and fabrics and the resulting tensile properties of FRCM composites in the uncracked, cracking, and fully cracked phases. Experimental results are critically analyzed in terms of stress–strain curves and failure mechanisms comparatively for the analyzed FRCM systems. It has been shown that the matrix B exhibits a good compatibility with the basalt pre-impregnated fabric, while the matrix C appears to be the most suitable candidate to optimize the interfacial stress transfer at the fiber–matrix interface for all fabrics, thus exalting the mechanical performances in terms of tensile strength and ultimate strain. The results of this experimental program can be useful for designing optimized mortar mixes aimed at realizing novel FRCM composites or at improving existing FRCM systems by suitably accounting for compatibility behavior and slippage at the fabric–matrix interface.

Fabric-to-cementitious matrix bond behavior in carbon fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites with added short fibers

Fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites are promising composite materials with useful properties, such as non-toxicity, fire resistance, corrosion resistance, and vapor permeability. However, the brittle failure mode, fabric efficiency, and tensile strength of FRCM composites require further improvement. Accordingly, the addition of short fibers to the matrix is proposed to improve the mechanical properties of FRCM composites, which are highly influenced by the fabric-to-cementitious matrix bond behavior. The objective of this study is to investigate the fabric-to-cementitious matrix bond behavior in carbon FRCM composites with added short fibers and to propose a method to evaluate the bond parameters. In total, 75 pullout specimens were designed to investigate the effects of short fiber type, short fiber volume content, and embedded length on the fabric-to-cementitious matrix bond behavior using double-sided pullout tests. The experimental results were evaluated in terms of the peak pullout force, displacement at peak pullout force, toughness, average bond strength, and initial stiffness. A closed-form solution was presented for the pullout force-displacement relationship based on a trilinear bond-slip model that accounted for the contribution of weft yarn. Furthermore, a method for the analytical extraction of bond parameters was proposed using the main characteristics of the experimental pullout force-displacement responses.

Compressive strength of concrete cylindrical columns confined with fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix composites under monotonic loading: Application of machine learning techniques

The reinforcement of concrete columns with fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) is one of the most challenging issues in the construction of concrete structures, as there is still an absence of a promising model to assess their performance. This is because the behavior of such elements is complex and accompanied by a high margin of uncertainty. To address this issue, this study compiles a large dataset of the performance of FRCM-reinforced concrete columns under monotonic load. The obtained dataset is then used to train an artificial neural network (ANN) as a promising method for predicting the compressive strength of concrete columns with acceptable accuracy. Afterward, using a genetic algorithm (GA)-based regression model, a simplified formula is developed as an explicit model for predicting the compressive strength of FRCM-confined concrete columns. Additionally, a reliability model is established and solved by the Monte Carlo sampling method to capture the uncertainty and provide the results probabilistically. The results indicate that with the increase of fcc, the probability of exceedance is sharply reduced, so that the failure probability of fcc greater than 68 MPa falls below 2%. Moreover, a reliability sensitivity analysis is performed to measure the effects of input parameters on the resulting exceedance probability. The results reveal that the greatest impact of column diameter and height falls within the small range of fcc between 25 and 35 MPa. The maximum effect of temperature and unconfined concrete compressive strength, however, happens in the medium range of fcc between 35 and 45 MPa. Additionally, the percentage of fiber mostly affects the large range of fcc between 45 and 49 MPa.

Long-Term Behavior of PBO FRCM and Comparison with Other Inorganic-Matrix Composites.

Fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites, comprising high-strength fiber textiles embedded within inorganic matrices, represent an effective, cost-efficient, and low-invasive solution for strengthening and retrofitting existing masonry and reinforced concrete structures. Among different textiles employed in FRCM composites, polyparaphenylene benzo-bisoxazole (PBO) textiles are adopted due to their high tensile strength and good adhesion with the matrix. Although several experimental, numerical, and analytical works were performed to investigate the mechanical properties of PBO FRCM composites, limited information is available on their long-term behavior, as well as in the case of exposure to aggressive environments. This paper presents and discusses the results of a wide experimental campaign aimed at investigating the effect of different environmental conditions on the long-term tensile behavior of a PBO FRCM composite. Tests are performed using a clamping-grip tensile test set-up. The effect of various aggressive environments on the composite matrix cracking stress, composite tensile strength, ultimate strain, and fully cracked stage slope is investigated by comparing the results of nominally equal conditioned and unconditioned (control) specimens. These results are also compared with those of other FRCM composites comprising glass and carbon textiles subjected to the same conditionings, collected from the literature. The results show only limited reductions in the tensile properties, even after long exposure to aggressive environments.

Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical and Bond Properties of GFRP Anchors Adopted in FRCM-Masonry Strengthening

The strengthening and retrofitting of existing masonry built heritage has become an increasingly important issue in the last decades. Among the innovative solutions developed by the construction industry, the application of externally bonded fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites attracted a great interest, proving to be an easy, effective, and cost-efficient strengthening/retrofitting technique. FRCM composites were shown to be particularly suitable for applications on masonry due to the good compatibility between the composite inorganic matrix and the masonry substrate, which also promotes their durability.A crucial point for the effectiveness of externally bonded FRCM is the bond within the composite strip and between the composite and substrate. Indeed, composite debonding is the commonly observed failure mode. In order to improve the bond with the substrate, connectors (anchors) can be used to improve the bond capacity of the FRCM composite.In this paper, the mechanical and bond properties of a glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) anchor spike, designed for FRCM strengthening, are investigated. First, tensile tests are performed to determine the elastic modulus and tensile strength of the anchor. Then, the anchor-masonry bond behavior is experimentally investigated using pull-out tests. Three different masonry substrates, namely a solid clay brick masonry, a tuff block masonry, and a stone masonry were adopted in the pull-out tests. The results show the influence of the substrate type on the anchor-masonry bond capacity and failure mode observed.

Durability of a Glass Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix Composite under Different Environmental Conditions

The use of fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites for strengthening and retrofitting of existing masonry structures is nowadays a well-established practice, due to the speed and ease of application, low invasiveness, and high performance-to-cost ratio. Among different FRCMs, those comprising glass fiber textiles (GFRCM) represent an excellent choice due to the good mechanical properties and low cost of the raw material. However, limited information is available on the effect of environmental conditions on the performance of GFRCM composites and on their long-term behavior. This paper investigates the effect of different environmental conditions on the tensile performance of a GFRCM composite comprised of a cement-based matrix reinforced with an open-mesh alkali-resistant glass textile. Namely, the effect of hygrothermal conditioning, saline environment, alkali environment, freeze-thaw cycles, and dry heat conditioning were considered. After conditioning, specimens were tested using a clamping-grip tensile test configuration and the effect of the various exposure was analyzed comparing the composite tensile strength, ultimate strain, and elastic modulus of conditioned and control specimens. The experimental results show a good performance of the tested GFRCM composite with respect to the conditions considered.

A Numerical Study to Predict the Mechanical Response of FRCM Composites

Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) materials are increasingly common for strengthening existing masonry structures. Their popularity is due to their many advantages with respect to resin-based composites, especially when applied to stone supports. The constitutive behaviour of FRCM materials is defined by the combination of their tensile response and the bond behaviour with the masonry support, both depending on complex stress transfer mechanisms between matrix and fabric, especially in the post-cracking stage. This paper presents a numerical study which aims to predict the mechanical behaviour of FRCM systems through simple 2D models of truss elements and non-linear springs to simulate the fabric-to-matrix and composite-to-substrate interaction. The comparisons between results of numerical approach and experimental responses showing that the proposed methodology is an effective and easy tool to predict the mechanical behaviour of FRCM composites.

Retrofitting heat-damaged non-ductile RC beam-to-column joints subjected to cyclic and axial loading with FRCM composites

An experimental program is conducted in this research to investigate the cyclic behavior of exterior reinforced concrete (RC) beam-to-column joints retrofitted with a fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM). FRCM is a structural strengthening system made with a bidirectional polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole (PBO) mesh and a stabilized inorganic matrix for reinforced concrete constructions. Six RC joints were designed to represent non-ductile exterior joints in old RC structures; three joint specimens were subjected to a temperature of 720 °C for 2 h, while the other specimens remained unheated. Two heat-damaged and two unheated joint specimens were then retrofitted with FRCM composites adopting a U-shaped and an X-shaped strengthening configuration. The other two specimens were not strengthened; one of them was subjected to heat in order to study the effect of heat on the cyclic behavior of the non-ductile joints. The specimens were subjected to lateral cyclic loading on the beam and axial loading on the column. Test results showed that repairing the non-ductile beam-to-column joints using FRCM composites changed the mode of failure from brittle joint shear failure to a desirable ductile beam hinge. FRCM composites also significantly increased the ductility, drift ratio, and initial stiffness of the joint specimens up to 166%, 66%, and 11%, respectively. The U-shaped configuration was better than the X-shaped configuration in enhancing the ductility of the joint. The heat had an adverse effect on the strength, ductility, and initial stiffness of the specimens where it decreased them by 25%, 38%, and 51%, respectively, while it increased the deflection of the joint by 26%. FRCM composites restored the ductility of the heat-damaged joints and increased their initial stiffness, deflection, but they did not restore the strength capacity of the joint specimens. ACI-440 and ACI-352 guidelines were used to predict the analytical joint shear strength of the repaired joints, and the results showed that ACI guidelines are applicable but conservative in predicting the shear capacity of the RC joints strengthened with FRCM composites.

Formulation of a truss element for modelling the tensile response of FRCM strips

Modelling the tensile behaviour of Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) is not a straightforward task due to the inner complexity of the mechanics of this kind of composite materials. In fact, after that the matrix is cracked, the compatibility between the fibre and the surrounding mortar is lost and the system behaves as two separate elements connected by a brittle interface. For this reason, several research studies proposed computational approaches for evaluating the tensile behaviour of FRCM composites, usually referring to brick-based 3D Finite Element Models (FEM) or to complex numerical procedures. This paper shows the formulation of a simplified coupled truss element for modelling the tensile behaviour of FRCM composites. The proposed element includes the interface slip between fibre and matrix and the brittle failure of the fabric and allows to describe the response of the system between the cracks in closed form. The proposed element is also adopted for assessing the tensile constitutive response of FRCMs through a simplified assembly procedure, proving to be reliable and computationally efficient.

Performance of FRCM composites and FRCM-strengthened RC beams subjected to anodic polarization and cyclic loading

Fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems can provide structural strengthening (SS) of aging reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Furthermore, impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) has been integrated with FRCM systems to develop ICCP-SS intervention systems to help improve the long-term performance of FRCM-strengthened RC structures. However, there is a lack of research regarding the fatigue performance of FRCM composites and FRCM-strengthened RC members. This study investigated the effects of fabric layers in carbon-FRCM, anodic polarization in the process of ICCP, and cyclic loading conditions on the fatigue performance of FRCM composites in tension and FRCM-strengthened RC beams in flexure. Cyclic tensile loading tests of FRCM specimens and cyclic four-point bending tests of beam specimens were conducted. Cyclic tensile test results showed that the fatigue life performance of FRCM was superior to that of steel rebar and inferior to that of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP, a composite that commonly has an epoxy resin matrix). The anodic polarization of ICCP degraded the fatigue life of carbon-FRCM at a given stress level and fatigue strength after two million loading cycles. The cyclic bending test results indicated that the fatigue performance of the beams was largely dependent on the number of fabric layers in the FRCM and slightly influenced by the anodic polarization in the ICCP-SS. A new curve of the steel stress range versus the number of cycles (S-N curve) for FRCM-strengthened beams was obtained in this study and provided satisfactory fatigue life predictions.

Reliability of Different Test Setups and Influence of Mortar Mixture on the Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix-to-Brick Bond Response

Abstract The results of four different bond tests, conducted on specimens made of bricks and fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composite strips, are presented in this article. The composites consisted of a basalt textile embedded in four types of inorganic matrices: a commercial product made of lime mortar and three different mortars properly prepared in the laboratory. Bond tests were carried out to highlight variations in the bond behavior of the four composites. The experimental campaign, for all the tested composites, confirmed that the debonding mechanism occurs at the textile-matrix interface with large differences, in terms of load carrying capacity, between the four typologies of FRCM composite. In particular, composites made up of a commercial matrix were demonstrated to be the best ones to fully exploit the tensile strength, whereas composites made up of cement-lime mortar showed the worst bond behavior. Furthermore, the results of the four bond tests conducted on the same type of composite were compared to evaluate the reliability of the different types of bond tests. Among the apparatus used to conduct the four bond tests, the single shear test was demonstrated to be the most effective for determining the actual bond performances of FRCM composites.