Formulation F2 Research Articles

Preparation and Evaluation of Diclofenac Sodium Loaded Liposomal Hydrogel in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

In the present research, it was proposed to provide topical delivery of diclofenac sodium. Diclofenac sodium will be encapsulate in liposome and further loaded into a hydrogel and delivered through topical route. The lipid film hydration approach was used to create diclofenac sodium liposomes, which were then characterised by vesicle size, zeta potential, and entrapment effectiveness. The pH of the generated liposomal gels was within the permissible range of 7.0-7.2. The spreadability of the gels was assessed using slip and drag characteristics and was found to be between 10.45 and 12.32 gm.cm/sec. F1, F2, and F3 spreadabilities were determined to be 10.45±0.075,12.32±0.042 and 11.75±0.049 gm.cm/sec, respectively. The viscosities for F1, F2, and F3 were determined to be 1870±25 cps, 1895±33 cps, and 1875±21 cps, respectively. The percentage of cumulative medication (diclofenac sodium) released from F1, F2, and F3 liposomal gel formulations was 98.15%±17, 98.72%±2.4 and 96.27%±2.7 respectively.

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Film of Taurine and Their Future Perspectives

This study focuses on the formulation development and evaluation of mouth dissolving films (MDFs) containing taurine, an amino acid with potential therapeutic benefits. Taurine-loaded MDFs were formulated using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) E5 as the polymer, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) as the plasticizer, and sucrose as the sweetening agent. Additional ingredients included menthol for flavoring and citric acid for saliva stabilization. The formulations were evaluated for various parameters including physical appearance, thickness, weight variation, surface pH, in vitro disintegration time, folding endurance, drug content, and in vitro drug release. Results demonstrated uniformity, flexibility, and rapid drug release, with formulation F5 exhibiting the highest drug content and desirable properties. Future perspectives include exploring therapeutic applications, personalized medicine, and regulatory approval for clinical use. This study highlights the potential of taurine MDFs as a patient-friendly dosage form with promising therapeutic efficacy

The Characteristics and Biological Activities of Niosome-Entrapped Salicylic Acid-Contained Oleoresin from Dipterocarpus alatus for Skin Product Applications.

Salicylic acid (SA) is widely renowned for its efficacy as a beneficial ingredient for skincare, especially for acne and uneven skin texture. The salicylic acid (SA) niosome formulation combined with the essential component of oleoresin from Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G. Don or Yang-Na (ODA) was developed and investigated for its physical characteristics, biological effects, and stability. The findings demonstrated that SA combined with ODA in the niosome formulation F4 enhanced the entrapment efficiency of SA, as well as the physical properties and stability of the formulation. Furthermore, the release pattern of this combined formulation indicated sustained release of SA. The permeation of SA was higher in the presence of ODA compared to SA-niosome formulations without ODA. Moreover, this F4 could downregulate the secretion of iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-α including anti-Propionibacterium acnes activities. Consequently, the incorporation of ODA into the niosome formulation has the potential to improve the entrapment efficiency of SA, facilitating controlled release and enhancing permeation, nitric oxide inhibition capabilities, and anti-P. acnes activity. Therefore, F4 has the potential to be developed as a topical product for the combined treatment of inflammation and P. acnes-associated conditions in the future.

Formulation and Evaluation of Trimetazidine Hydrochloride Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Objective The aim of the current study was to design trimetazidine hydrochloride solid lipid nano-particles SLNs and to evaluate them.Methods Hot homogenization technique was used for preparation of trimetazidine hydrochloride SLNs using different lipids Tristearin GMS and Compritol soy lecithin as stabilizers and Tween 80 Poloxamer as surfactants. Results The nano-particles were characterized for particle size polydispersity index PDI zeta potential entrapment efficiency and drug release patterns. Particle sizes ranged from 145.6 to 780.1 nm. All formulations showed PDI from 0.170 to 0.358. The zeta potential ranged from -24.2 to -38.0 mV trimetazidine SLNs demonstrated entrapment efficiency ranging from 84.42 to 93.82. The cumulative percentage release of drug from different trimetazidine hydrochloride nano- particles ranged from 75.43 to 93.59 depending upon nature and quantity of lipid used. Conclusion Among all the formulations F1 showed highest drug release of 93.59 and was considered as optimized formulation. Drug release was found to follow first order diffusion control and the lsquonrsquo value obtained from the Korsmeyer Pepparsquos model indicated anomalous diffusion non-Fickian type n value of F1 was 0.5716 as release mechanism. The particle size PDI and zeta potential of optimized formulation were found to be 153.8 nm 0.358 -38.0 mV respectively.

Statistical Optimization of Fast Dissolving Tablet Contains Isosorbide Dinitrate for the Treatment of Angina Pectoris

ABSTRACT: The ultimate objective about this experiment was to create a fast-dissolving tablet Isosorbide dinitrate that released its medication quickly. The physical properties of tablets, such as hardness, angle of repose, weight variation, and friability were assessed. In-vitro release was investigated, and a 22-factorial design was created. The results show that the in-vitro release shows that the F2 formulation has the highest release at 20 min. Tablet disintegration time ranges from 31 to 48 s. The hardness ranges from 6-7 kg/cm3. The friability test shows the range from 0.49-0.68%. The weight variation test shows that all the formulation passes the tests. ANOVA statistical analysis revealed that the generated formulations are statistically significant. It is concluded that FDT formulations have optimum and reproducible disintegration time and increased dissolve characteristics, resulting in higher patient compliance.

Formulation and Evaluation of Biopolymer Incorporated Nanogel of Nabumetone

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to improve the solubilization, dissolution rate, and thereby anti-inflammatory activity of the BCS class II drug Nabumetone (NSAID). A solid dispersion (SD) approach with Gelucire 50/13 was used to enhance the solubility. Microwave-induced fusion method was used for the development of SD, as it demonstrated a remarkable increase in the solubility and dissolution rate of pure drugs when compared to traditional solid dispersions. A number of parameters of the SD were evaluated in vitro, including solubility, dissolution, and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectra obtained (FT-IR). The rate of dissolution was inclined to betterment with the drug: polymer ratio 1:0.5 showing drug release 99.60 ± 29. The objective of the work was to evolve a Nanogel for topical delivery of Nabumetone. The emulsification-diffusion method was used to create nanogel using the polymers Carbopol-940, Gelucire-50/13, and triethanolamine as gelling agents. Chitosan was added to the formulation as a biopolymer. Menthol was employed as a penetration enhancer. Using the spontaneous emulsification-diffusion method, six distinct formulations of Nabumetone-loaded Nanogel were successfully created and evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, thermodynamic stability, and rheology study. Using a cellophane membrane, the gels were examined for diffusion study further, and drug content, viscosity, spreadability, pH, and clarity were accessed. The formulation F4 batch had the best in-vitro drug release profile, with a 96.04% release rate over 270 minutes. Optimized gel F4 underwent a skin irritation study on Wistar rats and passed the test. The topical application of Nabumetone as Nanogel proved to be an effective approach to drug delivery.

Sensory, physicochemical, microbiological properties and commercialization preference of formulated spicy salted fish Ginamos

The purpose of this study was to reintroduce the spicy salted fish Ginamos made from anchovies (Stolephorus spp.) as a commercial product. Two formulations were prepared: F1 (one part of salt and five parts of fish) and F2 (one part of salt and four parts of fish). Panelists evaluated the sensory properties and general acceptability of the two formulations packaged as last product, after 45 days of storage. The product formulation was further analyzed for its moisture content and microbial load. The results indicated that both formulations positively impacted sensory attributes such as color, odor, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability. Additionally, all panelist agreed that both formulated spicy salted fish Ginamos products were suitable for commercialization. Moreover, the moisture content of F1 was not significantly different (P>0.05) than the moisture content in F2. However, there was a significant difference between F1 and F2 in terms of microbial load, indicating that F1 had a microbial load of 3.279 log cfu/g, as opposed to F2, which had a microbial load of 2.827 log cfu/g. Hence, it was determined that the F2 formulation of spicy salted fish Ginamos product had a lower microbial load and was safer for human consumption.

Design and characterization of the cream formulation containing rosemary and green tea extract against Propionibacterium acnes

Aim: Acne vulgaris is an inflammation of the pilosebaceous unit. Pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies continue to invest heavily in research and development for acne treatments. Medicinal plants are being studied as potential options to prevent antibiotic resistance and reduce the cost of treating diseases. This study aimed to prepare cream formulations containing various amounts of rosemary extract (RE) and green tea extract (GTE) with antibacterial properties, perform characterization studies, and determine formulation activity against Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). Methods: The cream's basis was prepared by the fusion method. Different amounts of rosemary extract and green tea extract were added. The cream formulations were characterized by microscopy, pH, rheological properties, texture properties, droplet size measurement, and a stability test. The P. acnes antibacterial test was carried out using the agar diffusion method. Results: The cream formulations F2 and F1 were effective against P. acnes and met all of the necessary criteria, including rheological, hardness, compressibility, stickiness, elasticity, physical stability, droplet size measurement, and pH. Antibacterial test results for the F1 formulation, the zone diameter was 10 ± 0.15 mm, and for the F2 formulation, it was 12 ± 0.15 mm. Conclusion: In our study, we found that formulations F1 and F2 can be administered topically because they show pseudoplastic flow, an appropriate pH value, appropriate textural properties, and antibacterial activity against P. acnes-induced acne vulgaris. How to cite this article: Güzel MC, Toksoy, MO. Design and characterization of the cream formulation containing rosemary and green tea extract against Propionibacterium acnes. J Med Dent Invest 2023; 4: e230345. https://doi.org/10.5577/jomdi.e230345

Formulation development and characterization of galantamine hydrobromide extended-release capsules (8mg)

The aim of the present work is to develop extended-release capsules of Galantamine HBr (8mg) and compare them with the reference listed drug (Reminyl or Razadyne). The capsules were prepared using Pelletization technique and evaluated for preformulation characteristics, physical, and chemical parameters. The In-vitro dissolution studies were conducted using USP type II (paddle apparatus) in 900 ml of pH 6.5 phosphate buffer. Among all the formulations, F7 was found to be pharmaceutically equivalent to reference listed drug due to its similarity factor (f2= 96) in drug release profile. The F7 formulation was loaded for stability study and no change was observed, which indicates that the optimized F7 formulation was stable.

Formulation and evaluation of Glibenclamide loaded Nanosponges

Nanotechnology mediated drug delivery has been reported to enhance the drug efficacy, bioavailability, reduced toxicity and improve patient compliance by targeting the cells and tissues to elicit the desired pharmacological action. The main aim of the study was to formulate Glibenclamide loaded nanosponges and to evaluate them. Glibenclamide loaded nanosponges were prepared by Emulsion solvent diffusion method using different polymers (Ethyl cellulose, β- cyclodextrin, Hydroxy Propyl β- cyclodextrin, Pluronic F68). The FTIR test is conducted as the preliminary test, by this test there was no interaction between the drug and polymers. Then nanosponges were evaluated for particle size, PDI, zeta potential, SEM, entrapment efficiency and invitro drug release. The particle size ranged from 640.7 to 876.2 nm, PDI ranged from 0.456 to 0.707, zeta potential from -17.3 to -34.3 mV and entrapment efficiency was ranged from76.21 to 98.23% The cumulative percentage release from all nanosponges varied from 80.35 to 97.56% after 12 hours depending upon the drug and polymers ratio and F5 formulation showed highest drug release i.e., 97.53%. The release kinetic studies showed that the release first order diffusion controlled and the n value (0.8769) from the Korsmeyer- Peppa’s model indicated the release mechanism was non-fickian type.

Analytical Methods of Estimation of Oxetacaine and its quality determinations in different Pharmaceutical Formulations by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC)

Objective: The aim of the current research was to design and develop an analytical method for the estimation of Oxetacaine and its quality control determinations of different formulation by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Method: In Method I the Agilent HPLC used for the Estimation purpose. C-18 column (250 X 4.6mm i.e., 1µ) as stationary phase and 0.05% formic acid buffer: Methanol in the ratio 30:70 % v/v as mobile phase, with a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. Diluents of Methanol: water 90:10 ratio used for the study with ambient Temp conditions. In Method II the Agilent HPLC used for the Estimation purpose .C8 Column ((250 X 4.6mm i.e., 5µ) as stationary phase and ammonium phosphate buffer pH 4.8: Acetonitrile in the ratio 25:75 % v/v as mobile phase, with a flow rate of 0.9ml/min. Diluents of Acetonitryl: water 50:50 ratios used for the study with ambient Temp conditions. Result: Method 1: Oxetacaine standard (86µg/ml concentration) peak was eluted at average of 5.629min at 3 runs with Asymmetry of 1.29813 and Peak area of 23237896 with the conditions of %RSD of max2. With qualifying of system suitability, accuracy and reproducibility. Some of Marketed suspension formulations were operated under the same instrument conditions and the results were compared with standard Oxetacaine to ensure the percentage purity of Marketed suspensions. Method 2: Oxetacaine standard (196µg/ml concentration) peak was eluted at average of 4.884 min at 3 runs with Asymmetryof1.17244 and Peak area of 360543170 with the conditions of %RSD of max 2. With qualifying of system suitability, accuracy and reproducibility. Some of Marketed suspension formulations were operated under the same instrument conditions and the results were compared with standard Oxetacaine to ensure the percentage purity of Marketed suspensions. Conclusion: The two new method of estimation of oxetacaine like using Method 1: C18 column, 0.05% formic acid buffer: Methanol in the ratio 30:70 % v/v as mobile phase @214nm and Method 2: C8 Column, ammonium phosphate buffer pH 4.8: Acetonitrile in the ratio 25:75 % v/v as mobile phase @214 achieved with simple, precise, accurate and sensitive. In addition the quality control estimating of some of random of F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, and F6 marketed oxetacaine suspensions were analysed using this Two Optimized methods. Out of 6 formulations, 2 formulations F3, F6 determined as substandard quality on the both the methods. Hence proving these two new methods optimal for the further monograph inclusions as well as quality control predictions of oxetacaine in API as well as Finished Pharmaceutical Formulations.

Design and Characterization of Oral Mucoadhesive Buccal Films of Empagliflozin

An anti-diabetic drug called Empagliflozin is used to control blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetics. Due to the high rate of hepatic first pass metabolism, it exhibits limited bioavailability. The current study was done to create Mucoadhesive buccal films of Empagliflozin with the aim of increasing bioavailability, patient compliance, and therapeutic efficacy. The solvent casting process used for the preparation of Empagliflozin Mucoadhesive buccal films by using the Mucoadhesive polymers like HPMC K100 and HEC. The prepared films' evaluated for weight variation, thickness, surface pH, uniformity of the drug content, in-vitro residence time, folding durability, in-vitro release, and permeation investigations were all assessed. Formulations (F1-F4) were created by altering the concentrations of various polymers, with F2 and F4 formulations having the highest polymer ratios and the longest-lasting drug release rates. According to characterization results such as in-vitro dissolution experiments, the sustained release formulation F2, F4 shows the best drug release rate, the order of drug release is F1>F3>F2>F4. It was determined that the films could be chosen for the development of buccal films for effective therapeutic applications because they exhibited effective enlargement, a practicable residence duration, and promising controlled drug release.

Enhancing oral bioavailability of Ca-DTPA by self double emulsifying drug delivery system (SDEDDS)

Objective BCS class III drug (highly soluble, poorly permeable) possesses low oral bioavailability. The research work highlights the utility of self-double emulsifying drug delivery system (SDEDDS) which are stable isotropic mixture of w/o primary emulsion and hydrophilic surfactants for improving oral bioavailability of Ca-DTPA (Calcium diethylenetriamine pentaacetate). Upon oral administration, SDEDDS rapidly emulsifies into w/o/w double emulsions in the aqueous gastrointestinal environment, with hydrophilic drugs entrapped inside oil reservoirs. Methods SDEDDS formulation was successfully developed using excipients, that is, medium chain triglycerides, oleic acid, phospholipids, Span 80, Tween 80 using double emulsification technique. Results The optimized formulation F4 (Aq. phase: 11.6%w,w; MCT & oleic acid: 70.9%w/w; Span 80:17.5%w/w; Lecithin:16%w/w and Tween 80 (10%w/w)) appeared bright yellow liquid which upon dilution appeared milky white within 2 min, droplet size (501.7 nm), pdi value (0.044), zeta potential (-52 mV), entrapment efficiency (79.6 ± 1.63), viscosity (72.2 ± 1.8 mpA.s), significant high cumulative in vitro drug permeation (CDP) and 2.17-fold increase in apparent permeability coefficient. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed 1.17-fold increases in AUC of F4 and comparatively higher plasma levels (Cmax) compared with pure drug administered orally. The Absolute (OF4, OD) and Relative bioavailability was found to be 14.52%, 12.35%, and 117.47%, respectively. Conclusion The present studies have clearly demonstrated that SDEDDS could readily form w/o/w double emulsions in vivo with enhanced in vitro and in vivo oral bioavailability. Therefore, considerable augmentation in the rate and extent of oral drug absorption ratified the better performance of the SDEDDS in enhancing the bioavailability of Ca-DTPA.

Formulation and Evaluation of Miconazole Nanocapsules

Using the emulsion solvent diffusion technique, the current study's goal was to create and analyze miconazole nanocapsules. Ethyl cellulose as well as HPMC nanocapsules were used to fill the miconazole, which has been produced using the emulsion solvent diffusion method. The FTIR data showed that the miconazole nanocapsules filled with ethyl cellulose nanocapsules were stable and that there was no drug-polymer interaction. To determine whether there is no incompatibility in the formulation, compatibility investigations like FTIR & DSC were utilized. The morphological particle size of miconazole nanocapsules is assessed using SEM. This complete formulation codes for the nanocapsules were F1 to F8. The optimum formulation F6's in vitro dissolution rate was found to be 75.22 percent. A variety of mathematical models, including the zero order, first order, Higuchi matrix, and Korsmeyer peppas model, were fitted to the data on drug dissolution in vitro. The model that the miconazole nanocapsules use has R2 values of 0.937, 0.399, 0.899, and 0.785 and m values of 1593, 0.061, 11409, and 2.560. The Nanocapsules released the medication over 45 minutes. The ethyl cellulose and HPMC nanocapsules that contain miconazole were created under ideal circumstances and exhibit good release properties.

Organoleptic Evaluation of Manyung Fish Nugget Enriched with Moringa Leaves

This study examined the potential of using local ingredients such as Manyung fish (Arius thalassinus) and moringa leaves to create nutritious nuggets. The objectives of this study were to assess the organoleptic acceptability of Manyung fish nugget enriched with Moringa leaves concerning color, taste, aroma, and texture. The research followed an experimental approach using a randomized design. Findings indicated that the formulation F1 (90 g Manyung fish and 10 g moringa leaves), was favorable due to its superior attributes in color, taste, aroma, and texture. Among the formulations, F1 exhibited the most preferred in terms of sensory aspects. This research highlighted the potential of these local ingredients for nugget formulation especially for adolescent consumption

Solubility Enhancement and Formulation Development of an Oral Film of Ondansetron Hydrochloride Monohydrate using Mix-solvency Concept

This research paper presents the formulation and evaluation of ondansetron hydrochloride monohydrate oral film using the mix-solvency concept. Ondansetron hydrochloride monohydrate a selective serotonin receptor antagonist is commonly prescribed to prevent chemotherapy or surgery-induced nausea and vomiting. The aim of the study was to enhance the solubility of ondansetron hydrochloride monohydrate which has been enhanced by the blend of varying aqueous solubilizers poly ethylene glycol, niacinamide, and caffeine. The oral film formulation was prepared using a solvent casting method, incorporating polymers, plasticizers and different solvents. Various formulation variables, including solvent type and concentration, polymer-to-plasticizer ratios, and drug loading, were optimized systematically the resulting oral film was investigated for various parameters such as thickness, drug content, disintegration time, folding endurance and surface pH. The % in-vitro release of drug of the best two formulations F3 and F5 was 99.70 and 96.62%, respectively.

Formulation, Development, and Evaluation of Bosentan Monohydrate Spray Dried- Solid Dispersion Tablets for Improved Dissolution Profile

Bosentan monohydrate (BM) is utilized for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, exhibiting poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability. This study aims to enhance the dissolution rate of the drug using Eudragit®EPO through spray drying. The drug and Eudragit®EPO were combined in ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 (w/w) to generate compositions SD1 to SD5. SD5, at a 1:5 drug-to-carrier ratio, demonstrated a statistically significant increase in saturation solubility and drug content. Six tablet formulations (F1 to F6) containing SD5 and tableting excipients were developed and processed. Formulation F2, consisting of 26.36% HPMC K4M and 23.63% MCC, exhibited the highest dissolution and drug release. The probable mechanism underlying BM dissolution in SD involves its amorphous form and the solubilizing effect facilitated by hydrogen bonding between BM and Eudragit®EPO. The carrier's binding effect likely contributed to high tensile strength, low friability, and extended disintegration time. Direct mixing of SD with HPMC might have improved the uniformity of SD within the tablet matrix and the release profile. This study demonstrates the efficacy of spray drying in preparing SD of BM with Eudragit®EPO, potentially enhancing its solubility and stability.

Design, Development and Physicochemical Evaluation of Effervescent Tablets of Antihistamine Drug

Purpose: Effervescent bilastine tablets were the focus of this investigation because of their ease of administration and the fact that some patients, especially younger ones or those with impaired swallowing abilities, have trouble ingesting oral dosage forms. Methods: Using the wet granulation process, 20 mg of effervescent bilastine tablets were produced. Pre-compression properties assessed for powder blend and granule combination. Here are some post-compression properties of the tablets that were examined: friability, hardness, drug content, pH, dissolution time, content uniformity, water content, X-ray, and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We also measured carbon dioxide content and effervescence duration. To get the greatest results, we looked for effervescent systems that dissolved quickly in water and had the right properties before and after compression. Results: Based on their physicochemical properties, F2 formulations were determined to be best formulations, and the results demonstrated that the wet granulation process had greater flowability. Conclusion: Sweeteners such as mannitol, sodium saccharine, methylparaben, and citric acid were chosen for this investigation, along with sodium bicarbonate. If you want to hide the bitter flavor of bilastine, sodium saccharine is your best bet. From a physicochemical and physical property standpoint, the wet granulation process outshines the alternatives.

Design and Characterization of Mangiferin Sustained-Release Tablets

Background: Mangiferin is a natural bioactive compound used for various pharmacological activities like antidiabetic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory. Objective: The development of unique sustained-release matrix tablets of mangiferin is the purpose of the work that is being presented here. Method: In this study, an effort is made to formulate mangiferin sustained-release matrix tablets by combining the sustained-release polymers HPMC K100M, Kollidone@SR, Keltone LVCR. Mangiferin matrix tablets have been synthesized by wet granulation utilizing the lactose works as the diluent. Systems were developed with different polymer percentages. Results: Refine the design based on observed differences in weight, hardness, thickness, percent friability, percent drug content, and in-vitro drug release. In-vitro release trials conducted by utilizing a USP type II device utilizing a 6.8 pH phosphate buffer as the separation medium revealed that the most successful F2 formulation, which included 20% polymer, was capable of supporting the mangiferin release for a time of 12 hours period. This sample showed the greatest coefficient (R) value in the Hixson-Crowell model, and release kinetics studies showed that this sample exhibited an erosion process and followed zero-order kinetics. Conclusion: We can conclude that Kollidone@Sr can be used to prepare sustained-release mangiferin.

Physical Properties Investigation on Sunscreens with Red Dragon Fruit Peel Extract

Red dragon fruit peel extract is reported as an active ingredient in sunscreen because of its ability to protect the skin. UV exposure to the skin can cause reddish skin to develop skin cancer. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the cream made from ZnO and red dragon fruit peel extracts (Hylocereus costaricensis), such as sun protection factor (SPF), pH, stability, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion. Red dragon fruit peel extract was obtained by maceration using methanol, and DPPH-scavenging activity resulted in an IC50 of 0.96 μg/mL. Measurement of diffuse UV-vis reflectance shows that ZnO has absorption at λex 385 nm, which correlates with a bandgap energy of 3.22 eV. F1 formulation cream (red dragon fruit peel extract and ZnO ratio of 0:1) has the highest SPF value of 17. The Kruskal-Wallis test shows that there is a significant difference in adhesion between the F1 formulation cream with F2 (p-value = 0.002) and F4 (p-value = 0.03).