Eysenck's Model Research Articles

Brief Version of the Revised-Abbreviated Eysenck Personality Questionnaire in a Spanish Young Adult Population.

Eysenck's PEN model is one of the most relevant and fruitful models with empirical support, and continues eliciting a large research corpus. Neverthe less, the systematic limitations regarding the psychoticism dimension and questionable inclusion of social desirability as a personality dimension have limited the model. The current research aimed to estimate an alternative PEN model including social desirability as a control and test its validity and reliability. This sample consists of 2969 Spanish young adults. Confirmatory factor analysis was carried out to test the fitting of four different models to the data. Once the best-fitting model was obtained, multiple-group analyses were carried out to assess the configural, metric, and scalar invariance of the model across sexes. The results showed that the three-dimension PEN model and two-dimension EN model controlling social desirability best fit the data and were invariant across sexes. Despite the apparent appropriateness of both models, the EN model controlling for social desirability is more appropriate due to the weakness of the P dimension.

Профиль саморегуляции и социальной активности в портрете учащейся российской молодежи

Background. The relevance of studying the social activity of young people in the context of self-regulation is determined by the vulnerability of young people in difficult conditions of a transforming society subject to uncertainty. In social activity, young people socialize, manifest themselves, and therefore it is necessary to understand its factors, motives for inclusion in one or another of its forms, obstacles to its implementation, as well as risks and threats to the safety and well-being. Objectives. The aim is to establish the role of self-regulation in the involvement of young people in social activity, considering regional and gender specifics. Study Participants. This study involved 1492 respondents (Mage = 19.2; 1013 women), students of various majors from Russian regions. Methods. The research had a survey design, the questionnaires and scales were used in this work for collecting data: V.I. Morosanova's “Style of self-regulation of behavior”, Eysenck's three-factor model, FIRO-B, British scale of well-being, Scale of Russian parties and socio-political organizations attractiveness, Assessment of social contacts intensity and participation in events, and informal associations, a socio-demographic survey. Methods of descriptive statistics, cluster (k-means method) and comparative (t-Student and H-Kraskel-Wallis criterion) analyses were used for data processing. Results. It is established that the leading regulatory processes and properties in the profile of self-regulation of young people are persistence, programming of actions, and flexibility. Self-regulation has a greater impact on such forms of social activity of young people as leisure activities, participation in clubs, spontaneous events as the organizer of these forms with a predominant value for girls rather than for boys. Conclusions. The study showed the typical features of the self-regulation profile of young people. This profile is mostly conditioned by the age specifics of this social group. The limited influence of the processes and properties of self-regulation on the forms of social activity, especially in relation to young men, suggests the need to consider other factors of social activity in a complex.

Are the dark personalities sincere? Connections between the Dark Triad and the Big Three.

There are different theories and models of personality. In the antisocial area, the model used is the Dark Triad, a model of personality composed of the traits of Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism. The links between the Dark Triad and other general models have been widely studied; however, there is little research connecting it with the traditional, but still used, model of personality described by Eysenck (psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism). Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the connections between the Dark Triad of personality and Eysenck's personality model. Additionally, we interpret the connections between the sincerity scale of Eysenck's model and the Dark Triad. Our final sample was composed of 2385 participants who completed different personality questionnaires measuring the Dark Triad and Eysenck's model. Bivariate analyses and structural equation modelling were performed. Narcissism and Machiavellianism have positive connections with neuroticism and extraversion, whereas psychopathy is positively associated with psychoticism and negatively associated with extraversion. All the Dark Triad traits, mainly Machiavellianism, show the strongest connections with sincerity. Considering the deceptive and manipulative nature of the Dark Triad, these results would imply that these traits could be mismeasured in some contexts. However, in research conditions those people who score higher on the Dark Tetrad traits do not hide behaviours that tend to be socially undesirable, implying some degree of honesty in their answers. Further efforts to develop more objective measures, such as implicit, indirect, task-based, or forced-choice measures, should be considered.

Comment to "Bronchial asthma control degree and the temperament structure according to the Eysenck model".

Comment to "Bronchial asthma control degree and the temperament structure according to the Eysenck model".

Does Eysenck's personality model capture psychosis-proneness? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Eysenck's model of personality (PEN) was one of the most influential personality models in the 20th century. A unique characteristic of this model is the claim of psychosis-proneness being incorporated into it as one of its three basic traits - Psychoticism. The main goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to find out the associations between PEN traits and a diverse set of operationalizations of psychosis-proneness (PP). We set the benchmark for assuming their distinctness to a correlation coefficient amounting to 0.40. A systematic review has been conducted, yielding 350 correlations of interest. By computing inverse sampling variance weighted mean correlation coefficients, we found the following associations between psychosis-proneness and Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism, respectively: 0.21, −0.09, and 0.30. All prediction intervals around the three mean effect sizes do include zero, suggesting that psychosis-proneness is only marginally captured by the PEN model. Moderator analyses further demonstrated this distinctness and the lack of phenotypic validity of the Psychoticism scale/construct.

Bronchial asthma control degree and the temperament structure according to the Eysenck model.

IntroductionAsthma is a disease of a psychosomatic nature. The control of asthma is still poor in approximately 5% of patients, despite introduction of modern inhalant drugs and psychotherapeutic interventions.AimTo evaluate whether the degree of bronchial asthma control is related to the characteristics of temperament according to Eysenck’s concept.Material and methodsThe study was conducted on a group of 111 bronchial asthma patients and 44 healthy subjects. In all of them, the Eysenck temperament questionnaire was administered and the level of asthma control was determined.ResultsIncrease in the scale of neuroticism was associated with an 1.83-fold increase in the likelihood of poor asthma control. Increase in the result on the psychoticism scale and lie scale of about one point was associated with a slightly smaller increased risk of poor asthma control (respectively: 1.49-fold and 1.61-fold).ConclusionsThe structure of temperament of a person with poor control of bronchial asthma can be characterized. Patients with poor asthma control have a higher level of neuroticism, psychoticism and propensity to lie, compared with the healthy population and subjects with good or partial bronchial asthma control.

Hans Eysenck's interface between the brain and personality: Modern evidence on the cognitive neuroscience of personality

In this review, incorporating functional and structural MRI and DTI, with evidence gathered over the last 15years, we examine the neural underpinnings of extraversion and neuroticism, the two major personality dimensions in Eysenck's (1967) biological model of personality. We present clear evidence that, as proposed by Eysenck nearly half-a-century ago, these traits relate meaningfully to the functioning and structure of various cortical and limbic brain regions. Specifically, there is a robust relationship between neuroticism and the functioning of several emotion processing networks in the brain, particularly during exposure to negative stimuli. The brain regions showing this association include a number of cortical regions implicated in emotion regulation, depression and anxiety, in addition to many sub-cortical/limbic regions. Currently, there are few studies directly assessing the relationship between extraversion and the cortical arousal system in the context of varying stimulations but data available so far are remarkably consistent with Eysenck's model. Future neuroimaging studies guided by relevant personality and cognitive theories, and with sufficient power to allow application of sophisticated analysis methods (for example, machine learning) are now needed to improve our understanding of the biological basis of individual differences and its application in the promotion of well-being and mental health.

Hans Eysenck in Latin America: His influence in the psychology, the study of personality and individual differences

Hans Eysenck's works have had a substantial influence on the study of psychology in Latin America. His personality characteristics (sometimes dogmatic and incisive) and high intelligence (shrewd critic, a rigorous methodologist) were noted in the few visits that he made to the Latin America region (one of those visits called as “The Eysenck Affairs”). Considered as one of the most important scientists of psychology, Eysenck arrived into Latin American academic establishment in an epoch dominated by psychoanalysis, and showed us one of the strongest personality paradigms that the psychology has given to our times. The Latin-America psychology is returning to the investigation of personality traits from a psychometric approach. Certainly, underlying this returning, the Eysenck's PEN model is the principal driver. This tribute shows how the Eysenck's ideas arrived in the Latin American region and the potential of his influence in the future.

Personality and Workaholism

This study examined how a range of contemporary models of personality were associated with Workaholism (Feeling driven to work and Enjoyment of work). Approach, avoidance, addictive personality, Agreeableness, Openness, and Conscientiousness were measured using instruments of the Big Five, Eysenck's biosocial model (1967), and two versions of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. Data were collected using online questionnaires in two studies. The first comprised 476 fulltime workers from Australia, while the second comprised 105 managers from the US. Results showed that approach pathways were associated with Enjoyment of work and avoidance pathways were generally associated with Feeling driven to work in fulltime workers only. Workaholism was not related to an addictive personality. The study provides a new understanding of how personality is associated with Workaholism. Managerial implications and differences in relations between personality and Workaholism in workers and managers are discussed.

Evaluation of Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire-50-CC in Serbian culture

The main purpose of this research was to evaluate dimensions of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire-50-CC (ZKPQ-50-CC) in the Serbian culture in the light of some of the basic assumptions of the alternative five-factor model – the cross-cultural stability, construct validity and heritability. The study had two parts. The aim of the first study is to evaluate the replicability of the alternative FFM in a Serbian sample (N = 1155). Three structural models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The model which included correlated dimensions and four omitted items showed the best fit. The second study, conducted on a sample of 200 participants (90 male and 110 female), was set to test several models of relations between the alternative FFM and Eysenck's PEN model. Four models were tested using the structural equation modeling. The best- fitting model included three latent dimensions, which corresponded to PEN dimensions.

Avaliação de Traços de Personalidade em Futuros Educadores do Esporte Brasileiro

Conhecer as capacidades e limitações das pessoas é essencial para otimizar seu desempenho acadêmico e profissional. Desta maneira, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo explorar os traços de personalidade de estudantes de ensino superior de Educação Física na cidade de São Paulo, por meio do Questionário de Personalidade de Eysenck (EPQ), que avalia os fatores Extroversão/Introversão, Neuroticismo e Psicoticismo, além de perguntas relativas ao controle do falseamento das respostas (Lie Scale).

Effects of Prolonged Wakefulness: The Role of PERIOD3 Genotypes and Personality Traits

The roles of personality traits, as assessed by Eysenck Personality Inventory, and of the clock gene PERIODS (PER3) were analysed on the subjective effects of prolonged wakefulness. A sample of 70 healthy participants (7 men, 63 women; M age = 24.2 yr., SD = 3.2) was studied during forced wakefulness between 7:30 p.m. and 9:30 a.m. According to Eysenck's arousal model, it was hypothesized that prolonged wakefulness might affect in a different way those classified as Introverted and Extraverted. During the forced wakefulness period, the Introverted group showed greater decrease in subjective measures of vigilance than did the Extraverted group, but no differences were observed between groups with high and low scores on Psychoticism and Neuroticism. Prolonged wakefulness had a negative effect on subjective sleepiness and mood in all three PER3 polymorphisms analysed.

Eysenck's model of personality and prayer: the utility of a multidimensional approach

Previous research has confirmed that psychoticism is the dimension of personality that is fundamental to individual differences in prayer. However, overwhelmingly researchers have employed a single-item prayer measure. It may be that different types of prayer relate to personality differentially. The present aim was to examine the relationship between a multidimensional prayer measure and Eysenck's model of personality to ascertain if personality can be differentially predicted by different types of prayer and to investigate if a multidimensional measure of prayer has utility over a single-item measure. A sample of 282 Irish respondents completed the measure of prayer type and the abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Hierarchical multiple regression showed that ritual prayer was the only significant independent predictor of personality, predicting psychoticism only. Results suggested that a multidimensional measure of prayer has limited utility over a single-item measure.

Eysenck's Personality Model and Criminal Thinking Style within a Violent and Nonviolent Offender Sample: Application of Propensity Score Analysis

Previous studies within criminal population have indicated a significant relationship between personality traits and criminal thinking style. However, none of the empirical research has adequately addressed selection bias in cross-sectional data investigating criminal thinking style. The current study investigates the impact of personality traits (Eysenck's model) on criminal thinking style using propensity score matching methodology. The research is based on 133 violent and 179 nonviolent male recidivistic prisoners incarcerated in high-security prison. A post-matching multiple regression model explained 49% of variance in the criminal thinking style indicating five significant predictors: psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism, associations with criminal friends, and criminal identity. Our results suggest for the first time that personality traits predict the ways of thinking that are characteristic of persistent criminals and that individual differences in these psychological traits can have profound effects on an individual who operates within an environment dominated by criminal others. Further implications in relation to theory and previous studies are discussed.

Relationship between personality traits and self-concept in high school students

In adolescence, there are significant changes in behavior, which are largely determined by personality traits and perceptions which adolescents have about themselves. The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between basic personality dimensions of Eysenck model and certain aspects of self-concept among high school students. The sample consisted of 200 students in the second and fourth year of high school. The research results confirm the existence of significant correlation between all three investigated dimensions of personality and certain aspects of self-concept in adolescence. Thus, it was determined that neuroticism is positively associated with fear of negative evaluation, externality and low social desirability and negatively with loneliness. Extraversion is positively related to persistence, self-esteem and general life satisfaction, and negatively with the perceived incompetence, loneliness, fear of negative evaluation and externality, and low psychoticism is positively associated with persistence, self-esteem and general satisfaction, and negatively with the perceived incompetence and loneliness.

Are alexithymia and schizoid personality disorder synonymous diagnoses?

Relationships among alexithymia, personality disorders, and higher-order psychopathological and interpersonal dimensions were examined in 199 college students and a close relative of each. Alexithymia, the difficulty to express and identify emotions, was measured by the Observer Alexithymia Scale (OAS; [Haviland, M. G., Warren, W. L., & Riggs, M. L. (2000). An observer scale to measure alexithymia. Psychosomatics, 41, 385–392]), which was completed by each student's relative. Each student completed three self-report measures: the Coolidge Axis II Inventory (CATI; [Coolidge, F. L. (2000). Coolidge Axis II Inventory: Manual. Colorado Springs, CO: Author.), the Five Dimensional Personality Test (5DPT; [van Kampen, D. (2009). Personality and psychopathology: A theory-based revision of Eysenck's PEN model. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 5, 9–21]), and the Horney-Coolidge Tridimensional Inventory (HCTI; [Coolidge, F. L. (1998). Horney-Coolidge Tridimensional Inventory: Manual. Colorado Springs, CO: Author]). Results indicated that higher levels of alexithymia are associated with personality disorders and their traits, such as schizoid, avoidant, and paranoid. With regard to the issue of the similarity and difference between alexithymia and schizoid personality disorder, there was sufficient evidence across all of the measures to suggest that they are not synonymous entities. Finally, alexithymic traits were associated with concurrent depressive traits even in a non-clinical sample.

Lifeguards and Physically Risky Prosocial Groups: A comparison based on personality theory

The goal of this study is to explore the personality of experienced professional lifeguards in terms of Eysenck and Eysenck's PEN model of personality and Zuckerman's sensation seeking trait. A sample of 144 male professional lifeguards were contrasted with three different samples: (1) a general population sample; (2) a sample of individuals engaged in physically risky sports; and (3) a sample of prosocial physically risky professionals. It was found that lifeguards resembled most closely the prosocials followed by the sportsmen and finally the general population. The most frequent and largest differences between lifeguards and the comparison groups were found on extraversion, experience seeking, and neuroticism. The implications for lifeguard selection procedures and future research are discussed.

Convergent validation of EATQ-R questionnaire against Eysenck's PEN model of personality

The research aims at the way in which Rothbart's temperamental model, comprising emotional reactivity and selfregulation, overlaps with Eysenck's PEN model of personality. We used the Romanian version of EATQ-R (Ellis, & Rothbart, 2001), Eysenck's (1981) EPQ-Junior, and a demographical data questionnaire. They were administrated on 371 participants, 174 males and 194 females, aged 11-17 years. The best overlapping with the PEN model is between Rothbart's factors and Extraversion, followed by Emotional Reactivity, Self-regulation and Neuroticism. The study confirms the organization of the two temperamental dimensions of Rothbart's model into a three-factor model which overlaps well with Eysenck's PEN model.

Work-Related Psychological Health among Clergy Serving in the Presbyterian Church (USA): Testing the Idea of Balanced Affect

Drawing on the classic model of balanced affect, the Francis Burnout Inventory (FBI) conceptualises good work-related psychological health among clergy in terms of negative affect being balanced by positive affect. In a random sample of 744 clergy (539 clergymen and 205 clergywomen) serving in The Presbyterian Church (USA), negative affect was assessed by the Scale of Emotional Exhaustion in Ministry (SEEM) and positive affect was assessed by the Satisfaction in Ministry Scale (SIMS). At the same time, burnout was independently assessed using self-report measures of overall health and burnout, and by the extraversion and neuroticism scales of Eysenck's dimensional model of personality. These independent measures of burnout indicated higher burnout among those who were emotionally exhausted and lower burnout among those who had high levels of satisfaction with their ministry. Crucially for proving the idea of balanced affect, there was a significant interaction between the effects of SEEM and SIMS scores on these independent measures of burnout, showing that the mitigating effects of positive affect on burnout increased with increasing levels of negative affect.

Dopamine activation in Neuroticism as measured by spontaneous eye blink rate

Personality dimensions have been associated with different psychobiological systems. However, no agreement exists in literature on a specific role of a single neurotransmitter for each of the dimensions investigated. We studied the relationship of Neuroticism, Extraversion and Psychoticism as assessed by Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) with spontaneous eye blink rate (BR), a non-invasive measure of central dopamine activity. A total of sixty-three healthy subjects (40 females, 23 males, mean age 24.2±3.9) were studied. Spontaneous blink rate and time of blink suppression were assessed by EOG measurement.Levels of Extraversion and Neuroticism were inversely correlated. In contrast with previous findings, a significant correlation between blink rate measures and Neuroticism was found. No significant correlation between blink measures and either Extraversion, or Psychoticism were found. The results appear consistent with a lower threshold for activation in neuroticism as suggested by Eysenck's original model.