Eyelid Squamous Cell Carcinoma Research Articles

Report on the incidence of squamous cell carcinomas affecting the eyelids in England over a 15-year period (2000–2014)

AimsThe authors report on trends in the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) affecting the eyelids in England over a 15-year period and identify associations between demographic factors and SCC...

A case of eyelid and conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma effectively treated using TS-1 and topical 5-FU

A case of eyelid and conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma effectively treated using TS-1 and topical 5-FU

Prognostic Value of the Staging System for Eyelid Tumors in the 7th Edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual.

To determine the prognostic value of the staging criteria for eyelid tumors in the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging manual and to determine, for each type of eyelid tumor, which AJCC T categories are associated with increased risk of nodal metastasis and thus potential usefulness of sentinel lymph node biopsy. Systematic review and analysis of articles found by searching PubMed and Google Scholar using the search terms "AJCC," "eyelid," "carcinoma," and "melanoma." Rates of local recurrence, regional nodal metastasis, and distant metastasis were approximately 7% to 10%, 1% to 9%, and 0% to 0.8%, respectively, for eyelid squamous cell carcinoma; 5% to 6%, 8% to 23%, and 2% and 14%, respectively, for eyelid sebaceous carcinoma; 10%, 10% to 22%, and 19% to 22%, respectively, for eyelid Merkel cell carcinoma (when staged according to the criteria for eyelid carcinoma as opposed to Merkel cell carcinoma), 14%, 5%, and 0%, respectively, for eyelid sweat gland carcinoma; and 2%, 9%, and 6%, respectively, for eyelid melanoma. Overall, the risks of local recurrence and regional nodal and distant metastasis appeared to increase with increasing AJCC T category, although not statistically significant in all studies. Clinical T2b or greater T category was significantly associated with increased risk of nodal metastasis for eyelid squamous cell carcinomas, sebaceous carcinomas, Merkel cell carcinomas (staged with eyelid carcinoma criteria), sweat gland carcinomas, and melanomas. Clinical T3 or greater T category was significantly associated with distant metastasis for eyelid carcinomas and melanomas. For eyelid carcinomas and eyelid melanomas, AJCC 7th edition T category correlates with the risks of nodal and distant metastasis, with T2b and larger tumors associated with highest risk of nodal metastasis. Patients with T2b or larger tumors may be candidates for sentinel lymph node biopsy or close nodal surveillance.

Devastating Lower Eyelid Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Patient with Xeroderma Pigmentosum

Background: Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), an inherited condition of cellular sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, mainly presents as cutaneous and ocular abnormalities, including neoplasia. This report aimed to demonstrate a devastating case of lower eyelid squamous cell carcinoma in XP patient.Case Illustration: Twenty four-year-old female with XP came with white plaque on both cornea. Excisional biopsy revealed a conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia DD/ carcinoma in situ on right eye, and hyperplastic squamous epithelia on left eye. For nearly two years, she was lost to follow up, and revisited our clinic with a rapid growing, ulcerated, susceptible to bleed, red-yellowish mass, expanding to bulbar and tarsal conjunctiva, about 27 x 15 x 10 mm size, on her lower left eyelid, with restricted ocular movement. Incisional biopsy revealed a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. In 6 weeks time, mass has grown to size 75 x 50 x 20 mm, and already infiltrated to superior eyelid and orbit.Conclusion: The nature of malignancy in XP patient is exceptionally progressive. Thorough education, close monitoring and early treatment is critical to prevent rapid deterioration and minimize possible impairment caused. Â Keywords: xeroderma pigmentosum, squamous cell carcinoma, eyelid squamous cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma treatment

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Eyelid in Camel: A Rare Case Report

A twelve year old camel was presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, LUVAS, Hisar with history of swelling in the right eyelid and blurring of the eye. No other abnormality was detected in affected eye on physical examination of eye. Tmperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate were within the normal range. Excisional biopsy was performed. Impression cytology of the tissue revealed large cells with abundant basophilic cytoplasm and pleomorphic nuclei. Histopathologically, tissue section of the biopsy material showed infiltrating neoplastic squamous epithelial cells in the form of cell nests, hyperchromasia of nuclei and epithelial keratin pearl at some places. The malignant cells of cell nests revealed dense cytoplasmic immunopositive reactivity to the pancytokeratin. Based on gross examination, impression cytology, histopathology and immunohistochemical findings, the case was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma of eyelid. It was successfully treated with lithium antimony thiomalate @ 15ml IM 6 shots for alternate day with supportive therapy.

Promoter methylation and expression of CDH1 and susceptibility and prognosis of eyelid squamous cell carcinoma.

Eyelid skin tumors are the most frequent type of cancer in ophthalmology. And, eyelid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for a large part of it. CDH1 encodes E-cadherin, a glycoprotein that plays an important part in cell-cell interaction. Loss of CDH1 function was suspected to be associated with tumorigenesis. Methylation of CDH1 promotors can alter the expression of its protein and is also considered as a contributor to various cancers. In this study, CDH1 methylation and expression profile as well as prognosis of 38 cases of eyelid SCC and the corresponding adjacent tissues were analyzed to clarify the role of CDH1 methylation in SCC carcinogenesis and prognosis. Methylation was detected by PCR, and CDH1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We observed that CDH1 methylation is significantly correlated with decreased CDH1 protein expression in eyelid SCC patients. Patients with methylation and low expression of CDH1 are significantly associated with advanced and aggressive phenotypes. Therefore, CDH1 methylation and CDH1 expression are both independent prognostic factors for prognosis of eyelid SCC patients.

Periorbital squamous cell carcinoma with orbital invasion

Periocular squamous cell carcinoma is an aggressive tumor with incidence for eyelid SCC has been reported to be between 0.09 and 2.42 cases per 100 000 population. SCC is the second most common eyelid malignancy, accounting less than 5% of malignant eyelid neoplasms. Orbital invasion is a serious complication of aggressive or neglected lesions, which has been reported to occur in 2.5% of all eyelid basal and squamous cell carcinomas. The aim of our study is to report a case of a 58-year male with periorbital squamous cell carcinoma referred to our clinic because of non-healing ulcer over the left frontal region. This case study reports a complication of orbital invasion with emphasis on the review of literature.

Analysis of tarsus plate reconstruction methods after eyelid malignant tumor excision

Objective To analyse the tarsus plate reconstruction methods after eyelid malignant tumor excision. Methods From January 2007 to december 2013, 68 eyes of 68 cases of eyelid malignant tumor treated in Shenzhen Eye Hospital were retrospectively analysed. Among those patients, 46 cases were basal cell carcinoma, 12 cases were meibomian glands cancer and 10 cases were eyelid squamous cell carcinoma. According to the location and scope of tarsus defect after resection, different reconstruction methods were adopted. For the defect range larger than 1/2 of the tarsus, the hard palate mucosa transplantation was performed; For the defect range greater than 1/4 and less than 1/2, the sliding tarsoconjunctival flap forming the opposing lid for repair of tarsus plate was used. For the defect range less than 1/4, direct suture was performed to fix tarsus. Results In the 68 patients, 42 patients got a follow-up observation.The shortest time of observation was 3 months, and the longest time was 72 months. Palpebral margin notch occurred in 3 cases, trichiasis occurred in 4 cases, and the operation was performed again in 2 cases because of recurrence of basal cell carcinoma. The eyelid contour and function were recovered in all the other patients. Conclusion For tarsal defect after eyelid malignant tumor excision, according to the range and position, taking appropriate reconstruction methods can obtain the ideal effect. Key words: Malignant tumor, eyelid; Eyelid defect; Tarsus plate reconstruction; Eyelid reconstruction

Beta therapy with 90strontium as single modality therapy for canine squamous cell carcinoma in third eyelid

The purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of beta-radiation with strontium-90 as single modality treatment of canine third eyelid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Nine dogs diagnosed with third eyelid SCC were treated with strontium-90. Radiation therapy was administered in four fractions of 100cGy per site every four days and at a depth of 0.2cm (Strontium-90 build' up) in each fraction. Radiation with beta therapy was well tolerated in all animals with no occurrence of radiation induced cataracts. In all cases, there were increased signs of conjunctival inflammation around the mass, which subsided with topical anti-inflammatory. Two dogs required surgical treatment for local tumor recurrence at 150 days and 352 days. In the remaining seven cases, disease free interval ranged from 1239 days to 2555 days. Beta therapy using 90Sr may be a valid alternative for the treatment of third eyelid SCC in dogs

Periocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma: TNM Staging and Recurrence

To analyze the TNM stage, management, and recurrence rates of patients with histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the eyelid. Retrospective case series from 3 Australian centers. A total of 254 cases of eyelid SCC from 254 patients (median age, 73 years; range, 28-102 years; 159 were male). Tumors were staged according to The American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th edition TNM criteria for eyelid carcinoma. Outcomes and recurrence rates according to TNM stage at presentation. A total of 25 cases (9.8%) were recurrent tumors. TNM classifications were as follows: T1N0M0, 74 patients (29.1%); T2aN0M0, 92 patients (36.2%); T2bN0M0, 50 patients (19.7%); T3aN0M0, 31 patients (12.2%); T3bN0M0, 5 patients (2.0%); T2bN0M1, 1 patient (0.4%); and T3bN1M1, 1 patient (0.4%). Perineural invasion (PNI) was present histologically in 8.3% of cases. Treatment modalities included Mohs microsurgery (31.1%), wide local excision (WLE) with paraffin section control (21.7%), WLE with frozen-section control (19.3%), and excision without margin control (24.4%). Three cases did not receive treatment. Median follow-up was 40 months (range, <1-132 months). Local recurrence occurred in 17 treated patients (6.8%). The recurrence rate was 5.3% (12/226 patients) for primary tumors and 20% (5/25 patients) for recurrent tumors (P = 0.019). Four patients (1.6%) died of their disease during follow-up. Higher T stage was significantly associated with both PNI (P = 0.035) and local recurrence (P < 0.001). We could not identify a T-stage threshold below which there was no risk of recurrence, as evidenced by 3 T1 primary tumors that recurred. Higher T stage was significantly associated with local recurrence, and recurrent tumors had a 4-fold increased risk of further recurrence compared with primary tumors. Therefore, it may be reasonable to consider sentinel lymph node biopsy or close nodal surveillance and follow-up for patients with recurrent or high T-stage tumors. Of note, we could not identify a T-stage threshold below which there was no risk of recurrences; therefore, clinicians should be aware of the potential for low T-stage tumors to recur.

Equine Review

Introduction: This edition of Equine Review considers papers on treatment of eyelid squamous cell carcinoma, administration of clenbuterol, and cTnI concentrations in horses with colic.

Androgen Receptor Identification in the Diagnosis of Eyelid Sebaceous Carcinomas

To assess the role of androgen receptor detection in diagnosing eyelid sebaceous carcinomas and to compare it with that of adipophilin. Retrospective, clinicopathologic study. Ten sebaceous carcinomas (8 invasive, 2 intraepithelial only) were stained immunohistochemically for androgen receptors and were compared with adipophilin staining. Receptor staining also was performed on benign sebaceous tumors (a sebaceoma and an adenoma) and as controls on eyelid basal cell carcinomas, eyelid squamous cell carcinomas, conjunctival squamous dysplasias, and conjunctival melanomas. All 8 patients with an invasive component of sebaceous carcinoma underwent a biopsy in which the tumor cells showed diffusely positive results for androgen receptors (>20% of cells and usually >40%) and positive results for adipophilin. Eight cases displaying an intraepithelial (or pagetoid) component of spread also showed diffusely positive results for androgen receptors and adipophilin in at least 1 of multiple biopsy samples from each patient. However, in 8 of 21 separate conjunctival biopsy specimens with intraepithelial cytologic atypia, adipophilin results were negative. A sebaceoma and a sebaceous adenoma also showed positive results for both of these biomarkers. Among the controls, squamous carcinomas and melanomas showed negative results for androgen receptors and adipophilin. Basal cell carcinomas displayed focal receptor positivity in fewer than 5% of cells and showed negative results for adipophilin. Androgen receptors and adipophilin can separate sebaceous tumors immunohistochemically from squamous carcinomas and melanomas, which showed negative results for both, and from basal cell carcinomas, which showed positive receptor results in a distant minority of cells. Regarding intraepithelial (or pagetoid) spread, androgen receptor detection was more sensitive and reliable than adipophilin in highlighting this component of the disease.

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Eyelid and Conjunctival Tumors

To describe current indications, methods, and outcomes of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for eyelid and conjunctival tumors. Review of experience to date and relevant articles published in PubMed in English. The use of SLN biopsy for conjunctival and eyelid tumors has evolved greatly in the past decade, and positive SLNs have been reported for conjunctival and eyelid melanoma, eyelid Merkel cell carcinoma, eyelid sebaceous carcinoma, and eyelid squamous cell carcinoma. Current indications for SLN biopsy of eyelid and conjunctival malignancies are the presence of conjunctival melanomas ≥2 mm in histologic thickness and/or histologic ulceration; cutaneous eyelid melanomas ≥1 mm thick, those with >1 mitotic figures per high-power field, and/or those with histologic ulceration; sebaceous carcinomas ≥10 mm in width; and Merkel cell carcinomas of any size. The frequency of false-negative biopsy results seems to be decreasing as more experience is gained with the technical nuances of the procedure and with the complex lymphatic drainage of the head and neck region. Given the emerging data published on feasibility and reported cases of microscopically positive SLNs identified in patients with otherwise normal examination of the regional lymph nodes and normal imaging studies, it seems appropriate to continue to further evaluate SLN biopsy for selected ocular tumors in future prospective studies. SLN biopsy is feasible for eyelid and conjunctival tumors, and continued use of the procedure is recommended. Future multi-institutional trials are needed to expand on currently available data, fine-tune patient selection criteria, and elucidate the relationships between SLN status and patient survival and tumor recurrence.

Pleomorphic basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid with true ductular differentiation

While basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common eyelid malignancy (in a report of 5,504 excised eyelid tumors it represented 14% of all lesions and 86% of cancers [1]), there are many architectural and cytologic variants that have yet to be described in this site, such as fibroepitheliomatous, granular and clear cell tumors [2]. We report an eyelid pleomorphic BCC (pBCC) with giant or “monster” cells [3] that additionally manifested true ductular structures. Pleomorphic BCC has never before been reported in the eyelid; this tumor is furthermore unique, because it is the first pBCC to be documented to display coexisting ductular differentiation, which has not yet been described in the dermatopathologic literature [3]. Care must be taken to distinguish the current neoplasm from more serious eyelid squamous cell, adnexal and metastatic carcinomas [4].

Interstitial High-dose Rate Brachytherapy for Inferior Eye-lid Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Feasibility Study

Interstitial High-dose Rate Brachytherapy for Inferior Eye-lid Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Feasibility Study

Intralesional 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) for the treatment of eyelid squamous cell carcinoma in 5 horses

SummaryEyelid squamous cell carcinoma in equine patients often presents a therapeutic challenge to practitioners due to the generally large area affected upon presentation. Surgical excision can be curative if wide enough margins are achieved, but this is not often attainable without enucleation. Other alternatives have been examined including cryotherapy, radiotherapy, brachytherapy, intralesional chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. Intralesional chemotherapy using cisplatin, mitomycin‐C and bleomycin have been shown to be successful in treating eyelid squamous cell carcinomas but may be prohibitive to some owners due to the cost of therapy. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case series to illustrate the effectiveness of intralesional 5‐fluoruracil in treating large equine eyelid squamous cell carcinomas. Macroscopic reduction in the size of the affected areas was noted in each case together with regression of clinical signs associated with the mass. This, coupled with the relative inexpensive nature of the procedure, makes this technique an attractive therapy for either primary treatment of eyelid squamous cell carcinoma or as a cytoreductive technique prior to surgical excision.

Eyelid squamous cell carcinoma in situ treated with topical 5-fluorouracil

Eyelid squamous cell carcinoma in situ treated with topical 5-fluorouracil

Analysis of αv integrin protein expression in human eyelid and periorbital squamous cell carcinomas

Alpha v integrins are receptors for many extracellular matrix (ECM) protein ligands, including latent transforming growth factor betas (TGFβs). Various studies in mice have shown that ablation of genes encoding αv integrin or TGFβ signaling pathway components leads to spontaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) in the conjunctiva and periocular skin. Here, we have analyzed patterns of αv integrin protein expression and TGFβ signaling in human eyelid and periorbital SCC samples. An anti-αv integrin antibody was used to immunostain 19 eyelid and periorbital SCC samples. Additionally, tissue lysates from resected normal eyelid and SCC samples were analyzed by immunoblotting for αv integrin protein. Tumor sections were also immunostained with an antibody directed against Smad2, an intracellular signaling protein that is phosphorylated by TGFβ receptors. Alpha v integrin protein was highly expressed in the invasive and less-differentiated components of human SCCs. Lower levels of αv integrin protein were detected in more differentiated components of tumors, as well as in SCC in situ. Patterns of phosphorylated Smad2 immunoreactivity correlated with levels αv integrin expression. Alpha v integrin was expressed at robust levels in tumor cells representing less differentiated, more invasive components of SCC; by contrast, well-differentiated cells as well as SCC in situ expressed low levels of αv integrin protein.

Atypische kutane Infektionen mit genitalen HPV

Not only does genital "high risk HPV 16" play a significant role in cervical carcinomas, it is also the most commonly found mucosal virus in groups of well-defined but atypical infections on the skin. In this group are included 1. Bowen disease, 2. squamous cell carcinomas on fingertips and nail units, 3. squamous cell carcinomas of eyelids and conjunctiva, 4. papillomas and squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory canal. Bowen disease is a carcinoma in situ with a good prognosis and usually does not turn into a Bowen carcinoma. There is a close relation to genital high risk HPV, but integration of HPV 16 DNA into the cellular genome is rarely found in Bowen disease, and seems to appear only when there is a development into Bowen carcinoma. It is unclear how mucosal HPV infect the skin. Most authors assume that genito-digital inoculation occurs. However, in many cases of cutaneous Bowen disease there is no evidence of genital change and in most reported cases there is no immunosuppression. Similarly, in the case of rare carcinomas of fingers and nail units HPV 16 and HPV 16 - related types seem implicated. There is an almost universal assumption that infection here occurs via genital-digital contact. Immunosuppression, for example due to organ transplant or HIV infection, accelerates the emergence and spread of carcinomas. The mechanism of these types of carcinogenesis appears to be similar to that of the formation of cervical carcinomas. Although the central role in triggering carcinogenesis is played by persistent HPV infection, as is the case in cervical carcinoma, further factors must play a part, for example the condition of the immune system. Loss of immunological control can lead to a lasting proliferation of HPV infected cells. Additional factors such as UV light and toxic substances may enhance carcinogenesis, by lowering local tissue immunity and thus reducing intra-cellular control.

Equine periocular neoplasia: Current concepts in aetiopathogenesis and emerging treatment modalities

Neoplastic adnexal disease represents one of the most frequently encountered and therapeutically challenging ophthalmic problems of horses. This paper reviews current concepts in equine periocular neoplasia. Specifically, a literature-based review of the aetiopathogenesis of the most common tumours to affect the equine eyelid (squamous cell carcinoma, sarcoid, melanoma and lymphosarcoma) is provided. Current and emerging treatment modalities, including photodynamic therapy, are reviewed.