Eyebrow Shape Research Articles

Ocular biometrics by score-level fusion of disparate experts.

The concept of periocular biometrics emerged to improve the robustness of iris recognition to degraded data. Being a relatively recent topic, most of the periocular recognition algorithms work in a holistic way and apply a feature encoding/matching strategy without considering each biological component in the periocular area. This not only augments the correlation between the components in the resulting biometric signature, but also increases the sensitivity to particular data covariates. The main novelty in this paper is to propose a periocular recognition ensemble made of two disparate components: 1) one expert analyses the iris texture and exhaustively exploits the multispectral information in visible-light data and 2) another expert parameterizes the shape of eyelids and defines a surrounding dimensionless region-of-interest, from where statistics of the eyelids, eyelashes, and skin wrinkles/furrows are encoded. Both experts work on disjoint regions of the periocular area and meet three important properties. First, they produce practically independent responses, which is behind the better performance of the ensemble when compared to the best individual recognizer. Second, they do not share particularly sensitivity to any image covariate, which accounts for augmenting the robustness against degraded data. Finally, it should be stressed that we disregard information in the periocular region that can be easily forged (e.g., shape of eyebrows), which constitutes an active anticounterfeit measure. An empirical evaluation was conducted on two public data sets (FRGC and UBIRIS.v2), and points for consistent improvements in performance of the proposed ensemble over the state-of-the-art periocular recognition algorithms.

Homozygous truncating PTPRF mutation causes athelia.

Athelia is a very rare entity that is defined by the absence of the nipple-areola complex. It can affect either sex and is mostly part of syndromes including other congenital or ectodermal anomalies, such as limb-mammary syndrome, scalp-ear-nipple syndrome, or ectodermal dysplasias. Here, we report on three children from two branches of an extended consanguineous Israeli Arab family, a girl and two boys, who presented with a spectrum of nipple anomalies ranging from unilateral hypothelia to bilateral athelia but no other consistently associated anomalies except a characteristic eyebrow shape. Using homozygosity mapping after single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array genotyping and candidate gene sequencing we identified a homozygous frameshift mutation in PTPRF as the likely cause of nipple anomalies in this family. PTPRF encodes a receptor-type protein phosphatase that localizes to adherens junctions and may be involved in the regulation of epithelial cell-cell contacts, peptide growth factor signaling, and the canonical Wnt pathway. Together with previous reports on female mutant Ptprf mice, which have a lactation defect, and disruption of one allele of PTPRF by a balanced translocation in a woman with amastia, our results indicate a key role for PTPRF in the development of the nipple-areola region.

Functional data analysis in the use of eyebrow shape as a biometric indicator in face recognition

This paper reports the use of eyebrow shape as a point feature for face recognition in the identity sciences. An approach to quantifying eyebrow shape and results of an experiment to test how human perceptions of eyebrow shape qualitative analyses compare with quantitative analyses i.e., computer generated algorithms of eyebrow shape are discussed. The aim is to develop a method for face identification using a point feature, such as the eyebrow, in as much as face images used in forensic face image comparisons may be obscured due to sunglasses or head coverings, or indiscernible due to pose or lighting issues. Results showed that functional data analysis was successful in interpreting eyebrow shape from digitised face images, and that computer-classified i.e., quantitative analyses eyebrow shapes were more reliable than human perception i.e., qualitative analyses as a relatively high level of human subjectivity was evident from findings of a two-trial experiment on eyebrow classification.

Identifying Ideal Brow Vector Position: Empirical Analysis of Three Brow Archetypes

Surgical browlifts counteract the effects of aging, correct ptosis, and optimize forehead aesthetics. While surgeons have control over brow shape, the metrics defining ideal brow shape are subjective. This study aims to empirically determine whether three expert brow design strategies are aesthetically equivalent by using expert focus group analysis and relating these findings to brow surgery. Comprehensive literature search identified three dominant brow design methods (Westmore, Lamas and Anastasia) that are heavily cited, referenced or internationally recognized in either medical literature or by the lay media. Using their respective guidelines, brow shape was modified for 10 synthetic female faces, yielding 30 images. A focus group of 50 professional makeup artists ranked the three images for each of the 10 faces to generate ordinal attractiveness scores. The contemporary methods employed by Anastasia and Lamas produce a brow arch more lateral than Westmore's classic method. Although the more laterally located brow arch is considered the current trend in facial aesthetics, this style was not empirically supported. No single method was consistently rated most or least attractive by the focus group, and no significant difference in attractiveness score for the different methods was observed (p = 0.2454). Although each method of brow placement has been promoted as the "best" approach, no single brow design method achieved statistical significance in optimizing attractiveness. Each can be used effectively as a guide in designing eyebrow shape during browlift procedures, making it possible to use the three methods interchangeably.

A Study on Character analysis and make up design in TV action drama 'ya-cha(夜叉)'

This study action drama TV drama 'Ya-ha'(夜叉) the actual work practices of the pre-consultation stage through the Writers, Producer, Art directors and in consultation with the opinion of the character set the record of the contents and character changes over time in accordance with characters makeup the design elements were analyzed. The methods of study was used local and abroad related books, studies, publications and cases and the subjects were limited to be four male make up characters in drama 'Ya-cha'. As a result, TV action drama 'Ya-cha' make up design elements and representation techniques were classified as description of skin tone, wound, the shape of eyebrows, hair type, shape of beard and materials and carried out an important role in the character representation. First, presentation techniques changed skin tones depending on character and position and described wound shape as expression technique and materials were analyzed. Second, the shape of eyebrows was based on the physiognomy of the form. And hair type changed volume, thickness, length and texture depending on character. Third, shape of beard is expressed different kinds of volume, thickness, length and texture depending on character. There fore, that systematization of the make-up design elements is useful to express stable characters and make drama for make up in various image genres.

Improvement of shape of eyes and eyebrows by mini-invasive facelift assisted with endoscope

Objective To study the effect of mini invasive facelift assisted with endoscope on improvement of eyes and eyebrow in forehead and temple.Methods Sixty patients with mini-invasive facelift assisted with endoscope in forehead and temple were followed up from October 2008 to July 2010.The distance between eyebrow and lid fissure was compared before and after operation,and the morphological changes were observed in the eyebrow and eye.Results The distances between eyebrow and lid fissures increased (5.0± 1.2) mm,and eyebrow lifted effectively,and lower eyelid ptosis and relaxation were improved after operation.After the mini-invasive facelift operation,the skins around eyes became tighter than before,and eyebrows were corrected in shape and position with fishtail lines' removal.Conclusions The endoscope-assisted facelift for upper face through mini- invasive incision in forehead and temple can correct ptosis effectively,as well as asymmetry of eyebrows,with improvement of the shape of eyes and eyebrows,and rejuvenation comes true at the same time. Key words: Endoscope; Rhytidectomy; Shape of eyes and eyebrows; Rejuvenation

Effect of Aging on the Shape and Position of the Eyebrow in an Indian Population

The eyebrow is one of the most important structures of the face from an aesthetic point of view. As age increases, the brow changes its shape and position. This age-related change decreases the vitality, youth, and expression associated with the aesthetically ideal face. This article describes changes in eyebrow position in Indian women with aging. This study recruited 80 female subjects for each of the required age ranges (20-30 years and 50-60 years) from the staff and outpatient settings at a tertiary care center in central India. Women who had any condition that could affect the measurements were excluded from the study. Standardized digital photographs in frontal view were captured with the forehead and eyebrows in a maximally relaxed position and with the eyes open. Eyebrow position was determined by measuring from a reference horizontal plane drawn between the medial canthi to vertical points on the upper brow margin at the medial canthus, pupil, and lateral canthus. The result was statistically analyzed. With aging, the least rise was seen in the lateral segment, which was not statistically significant. This difference was statistically significant at the medial and midbrow positions (p<0.05). In the younger group, the lateral brow position was significantly higher than the midbrow (p<0.05). In contrast, the older group showed a nonsignificant difference in the position of the midbrow and the lateral brow. The mean horizontal distance of the brow apex from the midpoint of the pupil for young women was 15.2 mm. The study results imply that the brow does not drop in women with age. It is recommended that in most instances, the lateral brow should be preferentially elevated, whereas the medial brow should undergo minimal or no elevation. Most patients require brow reshaping by restoration of the brow apex lateral to the level of the outer corneal limbus. By comparing eyebrow shape and position in both young and mature women, this study provides objective data that can be used to plan forehead-rejuvenating procedures in Indian women.

Changes in Eyebrow Position and Shape with Aging

Changes in Eyebrow Position and Shape with Aging

Facial determinants of female gender and feminizing forehead cranioplasty

Information determined by viewing a face includes familiarity, emotion, attractiveness, and gender. However, the specific facial characteristics that enable one to identify gender are largely unknown. Research suggests that femininity is a critical component of beauty; however, the most important identifiers of a woman's face are unknown. The objectives of this article were: 1) determine the area of the face most significant in identifying female gender, 2) determine if individuals with gender-confirming surgery of the face are identified as male or female, 3) review the efficacy and safety of a series of feminizing forehead cranioplasties. 1) Prospective evaluation of computer simulated changes and postoperative patient images, 2) retrospective review of medical records. 1) Photographs of men were digitally altered to adjust (a) the forehead (b) the nose/lip, (c) the jaw. Each change a, b, or c is done in isolation in both frontal and profile views. Subjects were shown the three profile and the three frontal photographs and asked to rate which of each set is the most feminine. 2) Photographs of male-to-female (MTF) transgender patients who may have had forehead, midface, or jaw surgery were shown to subjects. Subjects were asked the gender of the person in each picture. 3) Medical records and operative reports of 168 patients who underwent feminizing forehead cranioplasty were evaluated for surgical technique, and complications. For Experiment 1, in frontal views of all subjects the forehead modification was selected as the most feminine, whereas in no cases was the forehead modification selected as least feminine by a majority of respondents. For the profile view, again the forehead modification was selected as most feminine by respondents for the majority of subjects, but surprisingly, the strength of the association between frontal modification and femininity, while strongly statistically significant, was more evident in the frontal view. For Experiment 2, among transgendered faces shown to viewers, 82% of postoperative forehead modifications were judged as women, 87% of postoperative midface modifications were judged as women, and 85% of postoperative lower faces were judged as women. For section 3, the review of safety and technique in 168 feminizing forehead cranioplasties, there were three basic surgical techniques utilized with only three complications for an overall complication rate of 1.8%. Feminization of the forehead through cranioplasty is safe and has a significant impact in determining the gender of the patient. The strong association between femininity and attractiveness can now be more specifically attributed to the upper third of the face and the interplay of the glabellar prominence of the forehead, along with the eyebrow shape and position, and hairline shape and position. These results have strong implications for a paradigm shift in the method of facial analysis used to select aesthetic procedures and illuminates the processes by which femininity and attractiveness are interpreted in faces.

Eyebrow Peak Position Redefined

The aesthetically appealing eyebrow shape has been defined by its arch, located near the junction between the medial two-thirds and lateral one-third. The position of this arch has been historically described by arbitrary anatomical landmarks that have no logical structural relationship. Moreover, selection of endoscopic brow lift incision sites that define vector of pull and fixation points have been variably described. The authors examine the position of the deep temporal fusion line to determine whether it can act as a more accurate and functional landmark than prior anatomical landmarks for the eyebrow peak position. Eyebrows were measured in 50 subjects from the medial aspect of the eyebrow to the a) deep temporal fusion line (ridge), b) eyebrow peak (arch), c) lateral aspect of the brow, and d) lateral limbus. Pearson's correlation, descriptive statistics, and student's t test results were obtained. Eyebrow measurements demonstrated that the deep temporal fusion line is the most precise indicator of brow peak position among all examined landmarks. The Pearson correlation value was strongest between brow peak and deep temporal fusion line (P = .860) and a t test confirmed this observation with no significant difference between brow peak and deep temporal fusion line. The lateral limbus and medial two-thirds lateral one-third junction more accurately predict brow peak in females, but the deep temporal fusion line is an equally reliable predictor of brow peak for males and females. These findings suggest that placement of endoscopic brow lift incisions and subsequent fixation points may be best defined along the deep temporal fusion line.

Desired Position, Shape, and Dynamic Range of the Normal Adult Eyebrow

To determine the resting and aesthetically desired position of the eyebrows and the range of eyebrow mobility. Photographs were taken of 40 adult subjects in 5 poses: eyes open and eyes closed, maximum brow elevation and brow contraction, and brow positioned optimally by the subject. The height of the brow was measured relative to the orbital rim and surrounding structures in 6 locations: the medial brow, above the medial canthus, midpupil, lateral canthus, brow peak, and brow tail. Women desired the lower border of the brow to fall just below the orbital rim at the medial canthus, at the rim at the midpupillary line and several millimeters above the rim at the lateral canthus. Men desired a lower brow with a lower tail and a less accentuated peak. The brow peak in both women and men was just medial to the lateral canthus. Range of movement was greater medially in men and at the brow tail in women. The aesthetic position of the medial and central brow is relatively low. The brow peak should be just medial to the lateral canthus. Surgeons planning forehead and brow surgery should consider these parameters to avoid creating an unnatural brow appearance.

Changes in Eyebrow Position and Shape with Aging

Lack of an objective goal for brow-lift surgery may explain why several articles in the plastic surgery literature conclude that brow lifts produce eyebrows with shape and position that are not aesthetically pleasing. By comparing eyebrow shape and position in both young and mature women, this study provides objective data with which to plan forehead rejuvenating procedures. Two cohorts of women aged 20 to 30 years and 50 to 60 years were photographed to determine eyebrow position. Measurements were made from a horizontal plane between the medial canthi to three points at the upper eyebrow margin. Exclusion criteria included prior surgery, plucked eyebrows, and botulinum toxin. The eyebrow in the 20- to 30-year-old group (n = 36) was 15.7, 19.8, and 21.3 mm above the medial canthus, pupil, and lateral canthus, respectively. Lateral brow position was significantly higher than the mid brow (p < 0.05). In the 50- to 60-year-old group (n = 34), the brow was 19.1, 22.4, and 22.4 mm above the medial canthus, pupil, and lateral canthus, respectively. At all three points, the brow was higher in older compared with younger subjects. This difference was significant at the medial and mid brow (p < 0.05). Unlike other areas of the body where there is descent of soft tissues, there is paradoxical elevation of eyebrows with aging. These findings explain why surgical elevation of the mid and medial brow provides results that are neither youthful nor aesthetically pleasing. Techniques that selectively elevate the lateral brow are more likely to have a rejuvenating effect on the upper third of the female face.

Molluscum contagiosum after eyebrow shaping: a beauty salon hazard

Conflict of interest: none declared. Eyebrow ‘shaping’ is a common aesthetic beauty‐salon procedure to give a desired shape to the natural eyebrows. The common methods of shaping the eyebrows are threading, tweezing, trimming and waxing. The development of various dermatoses after these procedures has occasionally been reported in the literature.1, 2 We describe a case series of three Indian patients who developed molluscum contagiosum (MC) over their eyebrows after beauty‐salon procedures to shape the eyebrows, an occurrence that to our knowledge, has not been previously reported. Patient 1 was a 38‐year‐old woman who presented with a 6‐week history of multiple asymptomatic, dome‐shaped, skin‐coloured, shiny, centrally umbilicated papules with an average diameter of 2–5 mm. The papules were grouped over the left eyebrow in a linear fashion and a few discrete lesions were scattered over the left lower eyelid (Fig. 1). The lesions appeared a couple of weeks after the patient had undergone threading of the eyebrows at a local health spa. Patient 2, a 39‐year‐old woman, had very similar lesions on her right eyebrow and had a similar history of eyebrow shaping about 6 weeks before appearance of the lesion. Patient 3 was a 19‐year‐old woman who presented with similar lesions on the right eyebrow and right lower eyelid, which had appeared about 2 weeks after she had undergone combined threading and tweezing of the eyebrows in a beauty salon.

The Modified Lateral Brow Lift

In the aging face, the lateral third of the brow ages first and ages most. Aesthetically, eyebrow shape is more significant than height and eyebrow shape is highly dependent on the level of the lateral brow complex. Surgical attempts to elevate the brow complex are usually successful medially, but often fail laterally. The "modified lateral brow lift" is a hybrid technique, incorporating features of an endoscopic brow lift (small hidden incisions, deep tissue fixation) and features of an open coronal brow lift (full thickness scalp excision). Sensory innervation of the scalp is preserved and secure fixation of the elevated lateral brow is achieved. Side effects and complications are minimal.

A Contemporary Assessment of Facial Aesthetic Preferences

To compare and characterize the ideal nasolabial angle, nasal tip width, and location of the eyebrow apex for Asian and white women. From approximately January 1, 2005, to June 30, 2005, we photographed the faces of 2 Asian women and 2 white women of differing ages. Each model's image was modified to create different eyebrow shapes, unique nasolabial angles, and varying nasal tip widths. We subsequently recruited, and obtained demographic information from, volunteers from the general public to rate the modified images based on their aesthetic preferences. We found that neither the ethnicity of the models nor the ethnicity of the volunteers who rated them played a significant role in determining the ideal eyebrow apex location, nasolabial angle, or nasal tip width. However, generally speaking, a more lateral brow apex is preferable in younger faces, whereas a more medial apex is favored in older ones. Other preferences include a moderate nasolabial angle and a narrow nasal tip. As a result of individual variability, it has been difficult to establish a method to calculate a nasolabial angle that adequately portrays the apparent rotation of the nose in most people. We found that the angle formed by the line from the anterior columella to the subnasale and the line exactly perpendicular to the Frankfurt horizontal plane provides the best estimate. When planning facial plastic surgery, the goals of the patient are of paramount importance. Although it is important to understand the ways in which people of different ethnicities and ages differ in their facial proportions as a group, facial harmony must be pursued on an individual basis.

Wide eyes and an open mouth enhance facial threat

Two rating experiments were conducted to examine the effect of opening the mouth and widening the eyes on ratings of facial threat. In Experiment 1, 65 participants rated faces for threat, arousal and valence (pleasantness). The faces varied in eyebrow shape (V-shaped, flat), mouth type (closed, open), eye type (wide, normal) and mouth curvature (down-turned, up-turned). In replication of previous research (Lundqvist, Esteves, & Öhman, 1999, 2004), the V-shaped eyebrow was the most important determinant of facial threat. Faces with a V-shaped eyebrow were rated as more aroused and threatening, and less pleasant than faces with a flat eyebrow. Similar, albeit weaker, effects were recorded for mouth and eye type, leading to a new hierarchical ordering of facial features for determining facial threat (eyebrow type > mouth type > eye type > mouth curvature). In Experiment 2 (n=37) the effects and ordering recorded in Experiment 1 were replicated for ratings of face of a woman and, moreover , individual features (except an up-turned mouth) increased ratings of threat compared to an expressionless control condition.

Zygosity Diagnosis in Young Twins by Questionnaire for Twins' Mothers and Twins' Self-reports

The present study deals with the determination of zygosity in twins of childhood age by simple questionnaire. The subjects were 224 twin pairs and their mothers, consisting of 159 monozygotic and 65 same-sex dizygotic pairs, identified by genetic markers including DNA samples. Mothers of twins responded to 19 questionnaire items dealing with twin similarity in 16 items about physical features and 3 items about the degree of similarity and frequency of being mistaken (confusion of identity) when twins were about 1 year of age. The twins themselves responded to three questionnaire items dealing with only confusion of identity items. The results of stepwise logistic regression analysis were as follows: the total accuracy of the mothers' questionnaire was 91.5% when using only the items dealing with confusion of identity. This accuracy was slightly lower than that obtained by twins' self-reports dealing with nearly the same question items of confusion of identity, answered by both twins separately with 93.3% accuracy. The total accuracy of mothers' questionnaire responses rose to 95.1% when we used all 19 items. In addition to ‘the frequency of being mistaken‘, two physical features, namely ‘shape of fingers’ and ‘shape of eyebrow’, were very informative. In conclusion, twin zygosity can be estimated by the use of the mothers' simple questionnaire with sufficient accuracy even in very young twins about 1 year of age.

Zygosity diagnosis in young twins by questionnaire for twins' mothers and twins' self-reports.

The present study deals with the determination of zygosity in twins of childhood age by simple questionnaire. The subjects were 224 twin pairs and their mothers, consisting of 159 monozygotic and 65 same-sex dizygotic pairs, identified by genetic markers including DNA samples. Mothers of twins responded to 19 questionnaire items dealing with twin similarity in 16 items about physical features and 3 items about the degree of similarity and frequency of being mistaken (confusion of identity) when twins were about 1 year of age. The twins themselves responded to three questionnaire items dealing with only confusion of identity items. The results of stepwise logistic regression analysis were as follows: the total accuracy of the mothers' questionnaire was 91.5% when using only the items dealing with confusion of identity. This accuracy was slightly lower than that obtained by twins' self-reports dealing with nearly the same question items of confusion of identity, answered by both twins separately with 93.3% accuracy. The total accuracy of mothers' questionnaire responses rose to 95.1% when we used all 19 items. In addition to "the frequency of being mistaken", two physical features, namely "shape of fingers" and "shape of eyebrow", were very informative. In conclusion, twin zygosity can be estimated by the use of the mothers' simple questionnaire with sufficient accuracy even in very young twins about 1 year of age.

From Greta's mind to her face: modelling the dynamics of affective states in a conversational embodied agent

This paper describes the results of a research project aimed at implementing a ‘realistic’ 3D Embodied Agent that can be animated in real-time and is ‘believable and expressive’: that is, able to coherently communicate complex information through the combination and the tight synchronisation of verbal and nonverbal signals. We describe, in particular, how we ‘animate’ this Agent (that we called Greta) so as to enable her to manifest the affective states that are dynamically activated and de-activated in her mind during the dialog with the user. The system is made up of three tightly interrelated components: • A representation of the Agent Mind: this includes long and short-term affective components (personality and emotions) and simulates how emotions are triggered and decay over time according to the Agent's personality and to the context, and how several emotions may overlap. Dynamic belief networks with weighting of goals is the formalism we employ to this purpose. • A mark-up language to denote the communicative meanings that may be associated with dialog moves performed by the Agent. • A translation of the Agent's tagged move into a face expression, that combines appropriately the available channels (gaze direction, eyebrow shape, head direction and movement etc). The final output is a 3-D facial model that respects the MPEG-4 standard and uses MPEG-4 Facial Animation Parameters to produce facial expressions. Throughout the paper, we illustrate the results obtained, with an example of dialog in the domain of ‘Advice about eating disorders’. The paper concludes with an analysis of advantages of our cognitive model of emotion triggering and of the problems found in testing it. Although we did not yet complete a formal evaluation of our system, we briefly describe how we plan to assess the agent's believability in terms of consistency of its communicative behaviour.

Personality Perception of Painted Faces in Beijing Opera

The features of the painted face in Beijing opera are drawn to represent the personality of the character wearing the face. In two experiments, participants with different backgrounds and levels of experience with Beijing opera rated the painted faces on ten personality traits. Experiment 1 revealed that both Beijing and Hong Kong viewers were able to perceive the intended personality of ten real painted faces in Beijing opera regardless of their experience level or the availability of the identity of the character. In Experiment 2, eighteen computer-simulated painted faces were generated by combining base color, pattern, and shape of eyebrows. Again, both groups of viewers were able to see the intended personality borne by the base color and pattern, though they had opposite perceptions regarding the two eyebrow shapes. These results suggest that personality perception of the painted face is direct, i.e., features of the painted face capture the subjective element of the Chinese people in perceiving the personality traits of the character bearing the painted face.