Eye Tracking Test Research Articles

Eye-tracking test design influences the relationship between gazing behaviour and evaluation decision

SummaryRecent research has revealed a correlation between consumer gazing behaviour and decision-making in eye-tracking tests, which suggested a predictability decision-making from gazing behaviour. Since the eye-tracking test design has been reported to have an effect on gazing behaviour, the objective of this work is therefore to study systematically whether the test design influences the relationship between choice and gazing. Using a Tobii-T60 Eye Tracker, 100 persons participated in eye-tracking tests working on food images. Two design factors were tested: 1) Type of evaluation (maximum choice,minimum choice,ranking,and rating); 2) Question content (deliciousness,healthiness,prices,and familiarity). The results showed that the correlation between decision-making and gazing behaviour is influenced by bothType of evaluationandQuestion content. Only in the choice tests, a significant correlation between gazing behaviour and consumer decision-making was found. No correlation was found in the question content group Prices, but a very strong correlation existed in the three other question content groups. The results are discussed considering the relationship between visual attention and cognitive processes in decision-making.

Dizziness in diabetes

Dizziness in diabetes

Images in Social Media: Categorization and Organization of Images and Their Collections

Abstract This book focuses on the methodologies, organization, and communication of digital image collection research that utilizes social media content. (Image is here understood as a cultural, conventional, and commercial—stock photo—representation.) The lecture offers expert views that provide different interpretations of images and their potential implementations. Linguistic and semiotic methodologies as well as eye-tracking research are employed to both analyze images and comprehend how humans consider them, including which salient features generally attract viewers' attention. This literature review covers image—specifically photographic—research since 2005, when major social media platforms emerged. A citation analysis includes an overview of co-citation maps that demonstrate the nexus of image research literature and the journals in which they appear. Eye tracking tests whether scholarly templates focus on the proper features of an image, such as people, objects, time, etc., and if a prescribed ...

장신구 시선 추적 실험을 통한 시지각적 반응과 인지적 판단의 상관관계에 관한 연구

장신구 시선 추적 실험을 통한 시지각적 반응과 인지적 판단의 상관관계에 관한 연구

Modeling Rett Syndrome Using TALEN-Edited MECP2 Mutant Cynomolgus Monkeys

Gene-editing technologies have made it feasible to create nonhuman primate models for human genetic disorders. Here, we report detailed genotypes and phenotypes of TALEN-edited MECP2 mutant cynomolgus monkeys serving as a model for a neurodevelopmental disorder, Rett syndrome (RTT), which is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the human MECP2 gene. Male mutant monkeys were embryonic lethal, reiterating that RTT is a disease of females. Through a battery of behavioral analyses, including primate-unique eye-tracking tests, in combination with brain imaging via MRI, we found a series of physiological, behavioral, and structural abnormalities resembling clinical manifestations of RTT. Moreover, blood transcriptome profiling revealed that mutant monkeys resembled RTT patients in immune gene dysregulation. Taken together, the stark similarity in phenotype and/or endophenotype between monkeys and patients suggested that gene-edited RTT founder monkeys would be of value for disease mechanistic studies as well as development of potential therapeutic interventions for RTT.

Vestibular Involvement in Patients With Otitis Media With Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-associated Vasculitis.

Otitis media (OM) with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (OMAAV) is a novel concept of ear disease that is characterized by progressive mixed or sensorineural hearing loss with occasional systemic involvement. Considering the accumulating knowledge about the characteristics of and treatment for auditory dysfunction in OMAAV, the objective of this study was to investigate the vestibular function and symptoms of patients with OMAAV. Retrospective chart review. University hospital. Thirty-one OMAAV patients met criteria proposed by the OMAAV study group in Japan. Clinical characteristics and vestibular tests. Eleven of 31 OMAAV patients had vestibular symptoms; 3 patients had acute vertigo attack with sudden hearing loss and 8 patients had chronic dizziness. Episodic vertigo was not seen in any of the patients. Three patients who received a less intensive therapy without immunosuppressive agents developed intractable persistent dizziness. All symptomatic patients and six of the nine OMAAV patients without vestibular symptoms showed unilateral or bilateral caloric weakness; therefore, vestibular involvement was present in 84% of OMAAV patients. Gain of vestibulo-ocular reflex was reduced in symptomatic patients. The eye-tracking test and optokinetic nystagmus revealed no evidence of central dysfunction. Vestibular dysfunction was seen in 84% of OMAAV patients. One-third of OMAAV patients showed vestibular symptoms such as acute vertigo attack or chronic dizziness, which are of peripheral origin. One-third of the symptomatic patients developed intractable dizziness. Initial intensive treatment by combination therapy with steroid and immunosuppressive agents may be essential for preventing the development of intractable dizziness.

SacLab: A toolbox for saccade analysis to increase usability of eye tracking systems in clinical ophthalmology practice

PurposeMany open source software packages have been recently developed to expand the usability of eye tracking systems to study oculomotor behavior, but none of these is specifically designed to encompass all the main functions required for creating eye tracking tests and for providing the automatic analysis of saccadic eye movements. The aim of this study is to introduce SacLab, an intuitive, freely-available MATLAB toolbox based on Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) that we have developed to increase the usability of the ViewPoint EyeTracker (Arrington Research, Scottsdale, AZ, USA) in clinical ophthalmology practice. MethodsSacLab consists of four processing modules that enable the user to easily create visual stimuli tests (Test Designer), record saccadic eye movements (Data Recorder), analyze the recorded data to automatically extract saccadic parameters of clinical interest (Data Analyzer) and provide an aggregate analysis from multiple eye movements recordings (Saccade Analyzer), without requiring any programming effort by the user. ResultsA demo application of SacLab to carry out eye tracking tests for the analysis of horizontal saccades was reported. We tested the usability of SacLab toolbox with three ophthalmologists who had no programming experience; the ophthalmologists were briefly trained in the use of SacLab GUIs and were asked to perform the demo application. The toolbox gained an enthusiastic feedback from all the clinicians in terms of intuitiveness, ease of use and flexibility. Test creation and data processing were accomplished in 52±21s and 46±19s, respectively, using the SacLab GUIs. ConclusionsSacLab may represent a useful tool to ease the application of the ViewPoint EyeTracker system in clinical routine in ophthalmology.

Eye-tracking-based assessment of cognitive function in low-resource settings

BackgroundEarly development of neurocognitive functions in infants can be compromised by poverty, malnutrition and lack of adequate stimulation. Optimal management of neurodevelopmental problems in infants requires assessment tools that can...

ASSESSING EYE FIXATION BEHAVIOUR THROUGH DESIGN EVALUATION OF LAWI AYAM ARTEFACT

There is a need for Malay cultural product knowledge preservation with the convergence of human science to establish the product knowledge development in innovative culture environment in Malaysia. The study uses eye tracking test to understand the user’s cognition and eye behaviour towards the syntactic elements of the cultural artefact (Lawi Ayam – LA) using pre-existent experience. This study was conducted to evaluate the artefact effectiveness and usage efficiency through design preference. Findings from eye tracking were used to analyse the element in LA artefact that attracts the user attention using the time of first fixation and location of fixations. We concluded that the engrossed area of 3 syntactical components; 1) hilt, 2) blade, 3) sheath, revealed the factors of ergonomic rapport, anatomical, physical measurement and multi-material usage to obtain results on design preference and artefact effectiveness. We also found that pre-existent experience was recalled and manipulated effectively when defining the criteria of the syntactical component in dynamic accumulative cognition. Our findings could guide the on-going cognitive information processing on the cultural artefact to support the design-user knowledge preservation. This study recommends the future cultural and heritage product designer to use the user experience of the particular artefact in the designing process.

Design factors influence consumers’ gazing behaviour and decision time in an eye-tracking test: A study on food images

Abstract The eye-tracking method has been increasingly used for studying consumer behaviour over the last few years. Understanding factors influencing consumers’ gazing behaviour in an eye-tracking test will contribute to a better organisation and a more valid application of the method. The aim of this work is to study how test design influences gazing behaviour and decision time of food consumers in an eye-tracking test. Three factors of the test design were investigated: (1) Number of images in one testing picture (two, three, four, five, and six images/picture); (2) content of question (tastiness, healthiness, price, convenience, and familiarity); and (3) type of evaluation (maximum choice, minimum choice, ranking, rating, and grouping). Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, performed with 100 participants, the influence of individual factors was studied. In the second experiment, performed with 64 participants, the joint effects (interactions) of the tested factors were investigated. The results showed that gazing behaviour and decision time are strongly influenced by the type of evaluation and the number of images , but not by the content of question . No joint effect of influencing factors ( number of images and type of evaluation ) was found. Findings are discussed in considering the relationship between eye-movements, cognitive goals, and tasks. This study highlights the importance of understanding factors influencing gazing behaviour and decision time in an eye-tracking test.

Just State the Facts on Twitter: Eye Tracking Shows That Readers May Ignore Questions Posted by News Organizations On Twitter But Not on Facebook

As the print newspaper industry struggles to attract readers in this day of declining readership, reporters are posting messages in social media to try to draw attention to their stories. In doing this, journalists are faced with numerous choices about how to phrase the content. To literally see if one headline approach is more eye-catching than another in social media, an eye-tracking study was conducted. Thirty-two participants viewed a Facebook feed and a Twitter feed, each containing combinations of two summary headlines and two question headlines while their eye movements were recorded. They also took a short survey about their opinion on the effectiveness of these headline techniques in social media. The results show that some readers may not pay attention to questions in Twitter and prefer the use of statements in Twitter. A lack of visual attention to questions in Twitter emerged from the data for gazes where the only headlines in the first position (with one exception) to not be fixated on were all Twitter questions from the news organization. Similarly, the lowest average fixation duration was on Twitter questions, and the lowest number of fixation points was found on Twitter questions. Survey results help to explain eye behavior. In the survey, the effectiveness of the use of Twitter question headlines was rated at 3.19 on a 5-point Likert scale, compared to 4.22 for Twitter statement headlines. In comparison, the average effectiveness of Facebook questions was 3.66 compared to the 3.19 for Twitter questions. Questions fared considerably better in Facebook in both the eye-tracking tests and survey responses.

Effect of velocity, amplitude (stripe distance) and frequency of the target on eye-tracking test and optokinetic nystagmus.

Effect of velocity, amplitude (stripe distance) and frequency of the target on eye-tracking test and optokinetic nystagmus.

Inhibition Development: Comparison of Neuropsychological and Eye Tracking Measures

Inhibition is the ability to stop an automatic response when a stimulus is presented. It is one main component of executive function models. Few studies have evaluated the development of this ability’s in children between five and eight years of age using eye tracking measures. The first objective of this exploratory study is to evaluate the performance difference of younger compared to older children. The second objective is to evaluate if inhibition assessed via three different neuropsychological tests develops at a similar rate as inhibition assessed via two eye tracking tasks. Forty-six children aged 5.7 to 8.4 years completed both types of tests. Results show that one neuropsychological test was sensitive to the children’ increasing inhibition ability, while both eye tracking tests were. Additionally, scores from one eye tracking task correlated with scores from one neuropsychological test. Possible explanations of moderate relations between tasks are discussed.

The Art Of Interpretation – Chances And Risks On Interpretation In The Field Of Mobile Testing

Abstract Carrying out a usability test is a demanding process per se. Mobile tests raise this claim because they are subject to real usage conditions and therefore unforeseeable factors. On the one hand there are the technical factors like tools, software and laboratory equipment, but on the other hand there are the human beeings with their knowledge and decision-making. They are taking the selection of tools, methods and data, and they decide in every situation of the process of testing. Using a mobile eye-tracking test, the authors will explain where the sources for interpretation are and when misinterpretation become an error. Technology philosophical considerations on interpretation and hermeneutics have to support the recognition of the potential of interpretation. As a result, misinterpretation can be minimized.

Rehabilitation of face-processing skills in an adolescent with prosopagnosia: Evaluation of an online perceptual training programme

In this paper we describe the case of EM, a female adolescent who acquired prosopagnosia following encephalitis at the age of eight. Initial neuropsychological and eye-movement investigations indicated that EM had profound difficulties in face perception as well as face recognition. EM underwent 14 weeks of perceptual training in an online programme that attempted to improve her ability to make fine-grained discriminations between faces. Following training, EM's face perception skills had improved, and the effect generalised to untrained faces. Eye-movement analyses also indicated that EM spent more time viewing the inner facial features post-training. Examination of EM's face recognition skills revealed an improvement in her recognition of personally-known faces when presented in a laboratory-based test, although the same gains were not noted in her everyday experiences with these faces. In addition, EM did not improve on a test assessing the recognition of newly encoded faces. One month after training, EM had maintained the improvement on the eye-tracking test, and to a lesser extent, her performance on the familiar faces test. This pattern of findings is interpreted as promising evidence that the programme can improve face perception skills, and with some adjustments, may at least partially improve face recognition skills.

Using Eye Tracking to Investigate First Year Students' Digital Proficiency and their use of a Learning Management System in an Open Distance Environment

The internet gives individuals access to learning through online technologies. The prolific use of Learning Management Systems (LMSs) in higher education institutions makes Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills or e-skills very important. ICT skill levels have been positively related to students' effectiveness and efficiency in using LMSs. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between digital proficiency and user performance of students studying End User Computing when using the LMS at the University of South Africa (Unisa), an open distance learning institution. Based on their performance in a simulated competence-based assessment, students were categorized into four groups of a digital proficiency framework, namely Digital Awareness, Digital Literacy, Digital Competence and Digital Expertise. Students then used the LMS in a Human Computer Interaction (HCI) laboratory to perform three assigned tasks while eye tracking and usability testing data were collected. This evidence, including heat maps and gaze plots, was used to identify usability problems that the students experienced when using the LMS. The usability problems were then compared across the four digital proficiency groups to examine the relationship between students' digital proficiency and their performance in using the LMS. The findings show that the efficiency and effectiveness of using the LMS relate directly to students' proficiency levels. It is also clear that while some usability problems, especially visibility and language problems, were experienced by participants across all four levels of digital proficiency, other usability problems were specific to students with lower digital proficiency levels.

Using eye tracking to understand the responses of learners to vocabulary learning strategy instruction and use

This study examined the influence of morphological instruction in an eye-tracking English vocabulary recognition task. Sixty-eight freshmen enrolled in an English course and received either traditional or morphological instruction for learning English vocabulary. The experimental part of the study was conducted over two-hour class periods for seven weeks. To investigate the effects of morphological instruction on English vocabulary learning, all participants completed an English vocabulary recognition task. Fixation time and path during recognition were recorded with an eye-tracking device. A comparison between the post-test performances of both groups showed that the experimental group obtained a considerably higher score on the target eye-tracking vocabulary test. The results of the eye-tracking record showed that participants who received morphological instruction had longer fixation times on the vocabulary and morpheme areas compared with the group that received traditional instruction. In addition, the experimental group had dense fixation paths on the morpheme areas of vocabulary. These results indicate that participants who received morphological instruction considered the morphemes as inferring references to read and inferred unknown words with greater success.

Factor Structure of Attention Capacities Measured With Eye-Tracking Tasks in 18-Month-Old Toddlers

Objective: Attention capacities are critical for adaptive functioning and development. Reliable assessment measures are needed for the study of attention capacities in early childhood. In the current study, we investigated the factor structure of the Utrecht Tasks of Attention in Toddlers Using Eye-tracking (UTATE) test battery that assesses attention capacities in 18-month-old toddlers with eye-tracking techniques. Method: The factor structure of 13 measures of attention capacities, based on four eye-tracking tasks, was investigated in a sample of 95 healthy toddlers (18 months of age) using confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Results showed that a three-factor model best fitted the data. The latent constructs reflected an orienting, alerting, and executive attention system. Conclusion: This study showed support for a three-factor model of attention capacities in 18-month-old toddlers. Further study is needed to investigate whether the model can also be used with children at risk of attention problems.

Visual and narrative priorities of the blind and non-blind: eye tracking and audio description

This paper reports on a complex experiment carried out in 2010 in Italy with sighted individuals and the blind, the primary aim of which was to investigate the applicability of eye tracking research to audio description (AD). Starting from the identification of the visual priorities of sighted individuals for two, 100-second, virtually dialogue-free clips from the same film (Tris di donne & abiti nuziali), the project continued with the drafting of descriptions for these clips, based on the data obtained through the eye tracking tests. These eye-tracker-derived audio descriptions were presented to a group of blind individuals alongside the traditionally drafted ADs and followed by oral questionnaires. The results of this experiment have confirmed the great relevance of eye tracking research for audio description. They have also provided valuable information to be poured into the enhancement of the practice of audio description in Italy and elsewhere.

A Rare Case of an Acoustic Tumor Diagnosed in an Elderly Patient with Atypical Nystagmus

Journal of Case Reports in Medicine,2013,2,1,1-4.Published:April 2013Type:Case ReportAuthors:Hidetake Matsuyoshi, and Hidenori Goto Author(s) affiliations:Hidetake Matsuyoshi and Hidenori Goto Matsubase Otolaryngology and Internal Medicine Clinic, Kirara 2-2-15, Matsubase, Uki city, Kumamoto Prefecture 869-0503, JAPAN. Abstract:We describe a rare case of an acoustic tumor diagnosed in a 69-year-old female who presented with a history of persistent rotatory vertigo on shifting her head position since several weeks, which was accompanied by mixed upper eyelid-oriented counterclockwise rotation on standing. Pure-tone audiometry and auditory brainstem responses were symmetrical, and thermal stimulus test results were normal. These symptoms ruled out Meniere’s disease and acute vestibular neuronitis; therefore, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) of the right posterior canal was considered the most probable cause. However, no improvement was observed with the Epley maneuver. Furthermore, the eye-tracking test indicated ataxia, and optokinetic nystagmus was also abnormal, which warranted further examination using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). T2-weighted images revealed a 5-mm tumor within the internal acoustic meatus. This case strongly suggests that MRI should be considered for all patients presenting with atypical nystagmus, even when BPPV is the most probable cause. Keywords:Acoustic tumor; Nystagmus; Benign paroxysmal positional vertigoView:PDF (1.34 MB) PDF Images Figure 1: Audiogram of pure-tone audiometry. A difference of > 10 dB between the right (◦) and left ear (×) was detected at an 8-kHz frequency at (a) the initial visit (March 26, 2009) (b) but not at a follow-up visit, when the acoustic tumor was no longer visible on MRI (May 12, 2012).