Eye Tear Research Articles

The impact of refractive technologies Femto Lasіk and ReLEx SMILE on the development of dry eye syndrome and the quality composition of tears in eyes with myopia and myopic astigmatism

The impact of refractive technologies Femto Lasіk and ReLEx SMILE on the development of dry eye syndrome and the quality composition of tears in eyes with myopia and myopic astigmatism

Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Symptomatic Nasolacrimal Duct Stenosis.

To characterize symptoms and signs for patients with tearing eye(s) and ipsilateral nasolacrimal duct stenosis (NLDS), as defined by delayed fluorescein disappearance test and ocular reflux of saline during gentle irrigation of a patent drainage system. Retrospective case-note review of a consistent grading of 4 symptoms and 7 signs, together with estimates of the degree of fluid reflux and nasal fluid passage on gentle saline syringing. Characteristics, including gender differences, were compared for unilateral or bilateral symptoms. A side-to-side comparison was performed in unilateral cases, and assessed for concordance of signs and/or symptoms. The average age of presentation was 62.4 years in 386 patients (37% male), with a third having unilateral symptoms. Systemic atopy (22%) and chronic nasal disease (27%) were frequent. Patients with unilateral symptoms were significantly younger (males 9.5, females 5.5 years; p < 0.000001) and had shorter symptom duration (p = 0.0025). Three-quarters of asymptomatic sides had objective evidence of nasolacrimal duct stenosis, and there was significant side-to-side concordance for 7/9 clinical signs. Among 640 symptomatic systems, many of the presenting (subjective) symptoms and/or objective signs showed a significant direct or inverse correlation. The lack of laterality- or gender bias for symptoms and signs suggests that patients with nasolacrimal duct stenosis might seek treatment for the epiphora per se, rather than for issues with ocular dominance or visual requirements. The close correlation between subjective symptom-severity and objective estimates of signs suggests that thorough clinical assessment can be very reliable, and that several factors probably contribute to symptoms in these patients.

Phytochemical analysis of some indigenous plant extract with their toxicological and behavioural functions in wister albino rats (Berkenhout)

In the present investigation we explored out three indigenous medicinal plants viz. Ailenthus excelsa, Calotropis procera and Chenopodium album from local region for toxicity as well as behavioural aspect to distinguished the efficacy of medicinal purposes in the wister albino rats (Berkenhout). Safety and toxicity trials in wistar albino rats at highest dose rate (150 mg/ kg body weight) showed that there was slight variation in phytochemical analysis. In case of behavioural changes Calotropis procera (leaves) extract showing moderate effect while in case of Ailenthus excelsa (leaves) and Chenopodium album (seeds) showing mild effect on scratching, thirst and salivation with no change in appetite, defecation, grazing was observed. In dermal toxicity trials there was no irritation, wound and other effects, while in case of eye toxicity redness and tear formation was seen when extract of Ailenthus excelsa (leaves), Calotropis procera (leaves) were used as compared to control rats. Considering all these results it is revealed that these plants have been used for herbal formulation without any toxicity trials. Hence, it is boon for herbal formulation for curing various diseases.. KEYWORDS :Toxicity, Behaviour, Ailenthus excels, Calotropis procera, Chenopodium album

Visible-Light Driven Gas Phase Hydrogen Sulfide Degeneration Using g-C3N4 Hybrid Photocatalysts and Its Countermeasures of Catalytic Poisoning

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic gas generated by chemical plants and geothermal power plants, with a rotten-egg bad odor. High concentration of H2S are lethal, and even concentrations as low as 2 ppm are known to cause adverse effects, such as nausea, eye tearing, and headaches. Also, continuous exposure to H2S causes diseases, for example nervous, sensory, and circulatory systems.In Japan, the Offensive Odor Control Law standards for output concentration of H2S and such bad-odor gas is below 0.2 ppm. However, it is reported that 50% of humans can smell H2S at a concentration of 8 ppb, thus it is difficult to prevent an odor problem simply by complying with the legal regulations. The Claus method that is known as a treatment of H2S gas conversion with oxygen under high temperature and high pressure conditions to obtain molten sulfur requires a high H2S concentration (approximately 25%) in the feed and does not achieve complete removal, resulting in H2S emissions of approximately 100 ppm, which is unsuitable for fundamental odor control.Photocatalytic environmental remediation is an effective technology currently under extensive investigation. There are several studies of gas-phase H2S decomposition using titanium dioxide (TiO2), however most of them involve decomposition as a sacrificial reagent after alkaline adsorption, or gas-phase decomposition under relatively high concentration conditions of 100 ppm or more. [1] Although hydrogen sulfide decomposition by TiO2 under low concentration conditions has been reported [2], hydrogen sulfide is decomposed by irradiation of UV light because TiO2 is not responsive to visible light.In this study, hybrid photocatalysts were prepared with the aim of realizing low-concentration hydrogen sulfide gas-phase decomposition under visible light. By combining carbon nitride (g-C3N4), which is responsive to visible light and has a large specific surface area, with metal sulfide photocatalysts, the g-C3N4/CdS catalyst scored to treat 10 ppm of H2S gas to less than 1 ppm. The effectivity of these photocatalysts was higher than the one of the titanium oxide irradiated UV light, and it is considered that the hybrid photocatalysts’ effectivity was promoted by combination of heterojunctional photocatalysts, and its H2S adsorption performance.Whereas the outlet H2S concentration was increased over time, it was around 3 ppm after 3 h H2S injection. This phenomenon was confirmed for all catalysts in the result, but their gradients varied from catalyst to catalyst. In this study we investigated the catalytic “Poisoning” effect, which is also known as problem of precious metal catalysts, and to prevent the reduction of activity we implemented post treatment and catalytic cycle. The g-C3N4/Mo catalyst was found to be almost unaffected by sulfuric poisoning, with scoring to treat 10 ppm of H2S to nearly 1 ppm. Analyzing the performance of each catalyst evaluated in this study and the effects of poisoning could solve the odor problem in actual H2S emission plants, as well as improve the efficiency of photocatalysis in the gas phase.

Self-assembled latanoprost loaded soluplus nanomicelles as an ophthalmic drug delivery system for the management of glaucoma

Glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), is managed with medications like latanoprost (LAT), a prostaglandin analogue, to enhance aqueous outflow. Despite the challenge posed by eye anatomy and tear dynamics, effective ocular bioavailability via topical administration remains elusive. This study aims to optimize self-assembled nanomicelles incorporating LAT, an anti-glaucoma drug, belonging to BCS Class II (low solubility and high permeability) via a two-level, two-factor full factorial design, the nanomicelles were formulated via direct dissolution method and validated using design of expert. The optimized nanomicelles exhibited a spherical morphology, with a size of 69 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 77.5%, demonstrating a sustained LAT release over 12 h. In normotensive rabbits, the nanomicelles elicited a substantial reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) by up to 40% for a duration of three days, that was significantly longer than the IOP-lowering efficacy of XALATAN eye drops (24 h). These findings indicated that self-assembled nanomicelles hold promise for enhancing the ocular bioavailability and extending the therapeutic duration of LAT, while providing the physical stability.

Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Dependent Attenuation of Tear Hyperosmolarity and Immune Cell-Driven Inflammation in the Eyes of Patients with Dry Eye Disease.

Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic condition characterized by a decrease in tear production or an increase in tear evaporation, leading to inflammation and damage of the ocular surface. Dysfunction of ion channels, tear hyperosmolarity and immune cell-driven inflammation create a vicious circle responsible for the pathological changes in the eyes of DED patients. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult, rapidly proliferating stem cells that produce a large number of immunoregulatory, angiomodulatory, and growth factors that efficiently reduce tear hyperosmolarity-induced pathological changes, inhibit harmful immune response, and provide trophic support to the injured corneal and conjuctival epithelial cells, goblet cells and acinar cells in lacrimal glands of DED patients. An extensive research in the literature was implemented in order to elucidate the role of MSCs in the attenuation of tear hyperosmolarity and eye inflammation in patients suffering from DED. Findings obtained in preclinical and pilot clinical studies demonstrated that MSCs reduced tear hyperomsolaity-induced pathological changes and suppressed immune cell-driven eye inflammation. Additionally, MSC-based therapy managed to successfully address the most severe DED-related conditions and complications. MSCs should be considered as potentially new therapeutic agents for the treatment of severe DED.

‘I Still Have Tears in My Eyes’: A Situational Psychological Approach of Teachers' Emotional Labour in Special Needs Education

ABSTRACTSpecial needs education represents an emotion‐laden context for teachers. The aim of this study was to analyse the forms and inducers of teachers' emotional labour in this specific context. Using a situational psychological approach, we analysed 167 critical incidents experienced by 50 special education teachers. Qualitative analysis revealed three passive forms of emotional labour (52.3%), particularly ‘To feel and express the positive emotions generated by a pleasant situation’, and three active forms (47.7%), especially ‘To master the negative emotions generated by an unpleasant situation’. These forms of emotional labour emerged from four categories of positive inducers (55.9%), particularly ‘Teachers' successful interventions with students’, and from four categories of negative inducers (44.1%), especially ‘Students' displays of aggressiveness’. Statistical analysis highlighted a strong association between passive forms and positive inducers, and between active forms and negative inducers. These results are discussed in relation to the specificities of teaching in special needs education.

Clinical Manifestations of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis and Its Effects on School Attendance and Access to Medical Care in School Children of Western Uttar Pradesh

Introduction: Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic ocular condition affecting school-age children, particularly in hot, allergen-rich regions. It presents with symptoms such as intense itching, tearing, foreign body sensation, and sticky discharge, causing discomfort and management challenges in resource-limited settings. VKC impacts public health significantly due to its high prevalence and effect on academic performance and school attendance. Method: This cross-sectional study included 1521 school children aged 6 to 16 years in Western Uttar Pradesh. Comprehensive eye examinations were conducted, and VKC was diagnosed based on conjunctival and limbal papillae. A structured questionnaire collected data on socio-demographic factors, medical care access, and VKC's impact on daily life and school attendance. Descriptive statistics and Pearson chi-square tests were used for analysis. Result: Of the participants, 242 (15.9%) had VKC, with a higher prevalence among boys (56.2%). Most cases were mild (66%), with 34% severe. Symptoms included itching, stinging, tearing, photophobia, and discharge. Severe VKC resulted in higher rates of constant eye rubbing and tear production. School absenteeism was significantly higher in severe cases (78%) compared to mild cases (47%) (P&lt;0.001). Severe VKC also led to more frequent medical consultations (52% vs. 22%, P=0.01). Conclusion: VKC significantly affects school attendance and medical care utilization among children in Western Uttar Pradesh. Improved management practices, better access to medical care, and enhanced support systems are essential for affected children and families.

The 2023 outbreak of viral conjunctivitis: Clinical features and treatment patterns from five states in India

Background: In July 2023, an outbreak of viral conjunctivitis swept across India. A knowledge of clinical features and outcome of treatment helps in the management of future outbreaks. Aim: The aim of this study was to report the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome in patients affected during the outbreak of viral conjunctivitis. Setting and Design: This was a multicentric retrospective case series. Materials and Methods: This study reviewed the medical records of all consecutive patients diagnosed with viral conjunctivitis between July 1, 2023, and August 10, 2023, in five centers across India. Results: Of the 793 patients, 525 (66.2%) were male and 268 (33.8%) were female, with a mean age of 34.1 ± 19.0 years. The mean symptom duration was 2.6 ± 2.1 days with bilateral disease in 591 (74.5%) patients. The common ocular signs were conjunctival congestion (793, 100%), lid edema (479, 60.4%), follicles (607, 76.5%), and conjunctival hemorrhages (339, 42.7%). Artificial tears were used in 730 (92.1%) patients, antibiotic eye drops in 661 (83.4%) patients, and steroid eye drops in 428 (54.0%). The time to resolution was the least in patients who had been treated with only artificial tears (4.61 ± 2.24 days) and was maximum in patients who had been treated with topical steroids (6.5 ± 2.51 days), and the difference was significant (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: The presence of conjunctival hemorrhages indicated acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Although many patients were treated with topical antibiotics, it was unnecessary, as the shortest resolution time was found in patients who had been received supportive therapy with artificial tear eye drops and not topical antibiotics or steroids.

Effectiveness of the Eye Care Protocol in the Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This study investigated the effects of an eye care protocol (ECP) on patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). This study utilized a randomized controlled design. Participants were patients who met the inclusion criteria and were admitted to the ICU (36 in the experimental group and 38 in the control group). The experimental group received an ECP, while the control group received standard eye care, starting the day after admission, for a duration of 10 days. The ECP classifies the degree of eyelid obstruction into three stages based on the degree of exposure to the lower eyelid conjunctiva and cornea. The protocol included cleansing with normal saline gauze, administering eye drops, applying silicone and polyurethane films, and recommending consultation with an ophthalmologist if necessary. The effectiveness of ECP was assessed by analyzing tear volume, hyperemia, chemosis, and eye discharge. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 27.0, employing the Mann-Whitney U-test and generalized estimating equations. On day 5, the experimental group demonstrated a significant increase in tear volume in both eyes compared with the control group. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the incidence of hyperemia, chemosis, and eye discharge on days 5 and 10 of the intervention. The application of the ECP in this study increased tear volume in ICU patients, thereby reducing discomfort caused by dry eyes. It has the potential to prevent complications such as damage to the surface of the eyeball resulting from decreased tear volume.

Treatment of dry eyes with lifitegrast 5% before cataract surgery: A prospective trial

Abstract Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of dry eye treatment on intraocular lens (IOL) biometry measurements and postoperative refractive outcome. Design: This study involves a prospective interventional study. Participants: Consecutive patients with dry eye disease undergoing cataract surgery were included in the study. Materials and Methods: All participants underwent a comprehensive dry eye assessment including the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire, Schirmer’s test without anesthesia, corneal fluorescein staining, and conjunctival lissamine green staining. Optical biometry was performed using swept-source optical coherence tomography (IOL Master® 700, Zeiss), and corneal aberrometry was measured using a scanning-slit aberrometer (OPD SCAN III, Nidek). Diagnosis of dry eye was made according to Dry Eye Workshop II. Patients received 6 weeks of treatment of lifitegrast 5% and preservative-free artificial tear eye drops and had repeat testing at the end of 6 weeks. The change in subjective and objective dry eye tests and biometry measurements and the difference in target and postoperative refraction before and after treatment were compared. Results: Forty eyes of 21 patients were included in the study. Subjectively, OSDI improved from 26.35 ± 6.24 at baseline to 20.97 ± 8.41 after treatment (P = 0.03). Objectively, corneal staining improved from 1.42 ± 1.78 at baseline to 0.39 ± 0.67 after treatment (P = 0.006). No changes were observed in Schirmer’s test without anesthesia, conjunctival staining, or corneal aberrometry (P &gt; 0.05). Repeated biometry after dry eye treatment showed a change in IOL power difference ≥0.5 diopters in 50% (20) of eyes. Mean absolute error was within 0.25D in 87.5% (35) of eyes after treatment compared to 67.5% at baseline (P = 0.05). Conclusion: Dry eye treatment leads to subjective symptom improvement and changes in IOL power calculations and postoperative refractive outcomes. Assessing and treating patients for dry eyes before cataract surgery is important in maximizing refractive outcomes.

Anatomical considerations of medial eye wrinkles: Guidelines for botulinum neurotoxin injections.

Crow's feet lines in the lateral canthal region are a common concern among aging patients, initially appearing as dynamic wrinkles during facial expressions and becoming more pronounced with age. Botulinum neurotoxin temporarily paralyzes muscles by inhibiting acetylcholine release, smoothing wrinkles and enhancing skin's youthful appearance. Effective treatment requires tailored approaches considering individual anatomy and muscle activity. Recent cadaveric studies identified the tear trough muscle, emphasizing its role in infraorbital support and aging. Clinically, patients often present medial eye wrinkles after BoNT treatment for crow's feet, prompting exploration of underlying mechanisms and management strategies. Three cases demonstrated that medial BoNT injections in the orbicularis oculi muscle significantly improve medial eye wrinkles and tear trough appearance. The study underscores the importance of understanding muscle hyperactivity and anatomical variations for precise treatment. Enhanced injection techniques targeting specific areas can achieve better outcomes and minimize complications, particularly in culturally sensitive regions where facial expressions are valued. This research highlights the necessity for comprehensive anatomical knowledge and patient-specific treatment strategies to address medial eye wrinkles effectively.

Preparation and Physicochemical Evaluation of Eye Drop Formulation Based on Hyaluronic Acid and Vitamin B12

Background Dry eye disease is a common age-related disease in the world. Vitamin B12 is an essential factor in maintaining eye health and has antioxidant properties that protect the surface of the eye from damage caused by harmful factors, such as reactive oxygen species. Hyaluronic acid polymer is also similar to natural eye tears with its biocompatibility and physical properties. This polymer is one of the important components of the extracellular matrix. Objective Due to the lack of formulations containing the combination of vitamin B12 and hyaluronic acid in the country and the appropriate effects of these two compounds for dry eyes, this study formulates and analyzes the stability of eye drop formulation based on hyaluronic acid and vitamin B12. Methods First, the formulation of hyaluronic acid and vitamin B12 solution with borate buffer was prepared and the stability of vitamin B12 was evaluated. Next, the physicochemical properties of the prepared formulations were evaluated and a sterile ophthalmic solution was prepared from the selected formulations under aseptic conditions. Finally, by choosing the final formulation, accelerated stability was achieved. Results Accelerated studies after six months showed that the amount of vitamin B12 and its ultraviolet absorption did not decrease, and the physicochemical properties, such as solution pH, color, and viscosity did not change. Conclusion This formulation could be a good candidate for industrial production and long-term stability studies are recommended.

Cystoid Macular Edema (CME)

Cystoid Macular Edema (CME) is one of the most common causes of vision loss in postoperative cataract patients. CME occurs due to fluid accumulation in the subretinal space due to increased permeability of perifoveal capillaries and intra-ocular vascular instability which is a consequence of disruption or damage to the blood barrier layer of the retina. This condition occurs in 20% after cataract surgery, 1% of whom have clinical symptoms in the form of a significant decrease in vision. Provision of medicamentose therapy after surgery can optimize sharp vision and treat CME. The patient who entered from the poly RSUDZA was an 82-year-old man with complaints of blurred left eye and winding vision since the patient sneezed 1 week after cataract surgery. Patients are given artificial tears eye drops and topical NSAIDs as well as education for drug adherence. The response to therapy is quite good where there is improvement in vision and on OCT examination there is a reduction in macular thickness.

Glomangiopericytoma of the Nasal Sinus Mimicking Dacryocoele: A Case Report and Literature Review

Introduction: Glomangiopericytoma (GPC) of the nasal sinus is a rare mesenchymal tumor that can mimic various benign pathologies in this anatomical region. We report an unusual clinical case and describe the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges encountered. Case Presentation: A 62-year-old woman presented with swelling of the left inner eye angle, tearing, and ipsilateral nasal obstruction. Clinical examination and imaging initially suggested chronic dacryocystitis. A polypoid nasal sinus mass was detected on endoscopy and computed tomography. Complete excision was performed via endoscopic nasal sinus surgery. The histopathological analysis confirmed the definitive diagnosis of glomangiopericytoma. Discussion: Nasal sinus GPC is a rare tumor, typically benign, derived from perivascular cells. Its clinical presentation is nonspecific and can mimic more common pathologies. Diagnosis is based on imaging and histopathological analysis with immunohistochemistry. The treatment of choice is complete surgical excision, preferably via minimally invasive endoscopic approach. Long-term close monitoring is recommended due to the risk of local recurrence. Conclusion: This clinical case highlights the importance of considering glomangiopericytoma in the differential diagnosis of nasal sinus masses, even in cases of initial benign presentation. A multidisciplinary approach, involving imaging, surgery, and histopathological analysis, is essential for optimal management.

Comparing meibomian gland visibility on optical coherence tomography and Keratograph 5M images using objective and subjective grading methods

PurposeTo investigate if there is a visible difference in meibomian gland (MG) length between images captured with the Visante optical coherence tomography (OCT; wavelength = 1,310 nm) and the OCULUS Keratograph 5M (K5M; wavelength = 880 nm). MethodsAdults between 18 and 40 years were recruited. Baseline dry eye disease was evaluated with the Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) and tear meniscus height and tear breakup time with the K5M. Right upper and lower eyelid MGs were imaged with the K5M and Visante OCT. Each image was graded with the 0 to 3 meiboscore scale. The central 5 MGs were evaluated with ImageJ for percent gland length visibility. ResultsThirty participants were analyzed with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 23.0 (5.0) years (53.3 % female). Overall, participants were asymptomatic and had normal tear films. Meiboscores based on K5M and Visante OCT was significantly different for the lower eyelid (0[1] vs 1[2]; p = 0.007) but not the upper eyelid (0[1] vs 0[1]; p = 1.00). The mean percent gland visibility of the upper eyelid (82.7[9.6] vs 75.2[13.5]; p < 0.001) and the lower eyelid (81.2[12.7] vs 64.1[17.6]; p < 0.001) were significantly greater on the Visante OCT than the K5M images, respectively. ConclusionOCT images had significantly greater percent visible MG lengths than the K5M images. This suggests viable segments of the MGs may be missed with typical imaging, which may explain how it is possible that studies have found less post-treatment MG atrophy.

Unveiling rarity: Ocular manifestations of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) syndrome with localized corneal edema

This case report illustrates the ocular manifestations of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) syndrome in a 7-year-old boy from Bangladesh. During his overall examination, the boy exhibited active and chronic bullous lesions associated with black eschar throughout his body. In addition, he presented dental abnormalities, tooth decay, nail dystrophy, and the absence of nails on his fingers and toes. His ocular presentation included localized corneal edema extending from the subepithelium to Descemet’s membrane and blistering of the eyelids, which spared the corneal epithelium and the conjunctiva. We treated the lesion successfully using topical loteprednol and artificial tear (carboxymethyl cellulose) eye drops, resulting in an excellent outcome.

Uveal effusion syndrome: a case report

BackgroundThis case report is applicable to the field of ophthalmology because there is a paucity of medical literature related to the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of uveal effusion syndrome. This is an urgent concern because there are severe complications associated with this disease, including non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, angle closure glaucoma, and possible blindness. This report will fill clinical knowledge gaps using a patient example.Case presentationA 68-year-old white male with multiple cardiovascular risk factors initially presented to the Eye Institute Urgent Care Clinic with new onset visual symptoms, including eye pain, eye lid swelling, redness, and tearing of his left eye. He had experienced a foreign body sensation in the left eye and bilateral floaters weeks prior to his presentation. The patient was examined, and vision was 20/30 in both eyes, and intraocular pressure was 46 in the right eye and 36 in the left eye. After initial assessment, including compression gonioscopy, intermittent angle closure glaucoma was suspected. He received oral diamox 500 mg, one drop of alphagan in both eyes, one drop of latanoprost in both eyes, one drop of dorzolamide in both eyes, and one drop of 2% pilocarpine in both eyes. There was only slight response in intraocular pressure. Owing to the bilateral angle closure, he underwent laser peripheral iridotomy to decrease intraocular pressure and open the angle that was found closed on gonioscopy. The patient was discharged on oral and topical glaucoma drops and scheduled for the glaucoma clinic. When he presented for follow-up in the glaucoma clinic, he was evaluated and noted to have bilateral narrow angles and intraocular pressure in the mid-twenties. A brightness scan (B-scan) was performed and was noted to have bilateral choroidal effusions, confirmed by Optos fundus photos. He was started on prednisone at 60 mg once per day (QD) with taper, continuation of oral and topical glaucoma medications, and a retina evaluation. Evaluation with a retina specialist showed resolving choroidal effusion in the left eye. He continued the prednisone taper as well as glaucoma drops as prescribed. Follow-up in the glaucoma clinic revealed a grade 3 open angle. He continued the prednisone taper, cosopt twice per day in both eyes, and discontinued brimonidine. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that was performed showed results that were remarkable. No hemorrhage or mass was present. Follow-up with the retina specialist found that the choroidal effusions had resolved completely.ConclusionThis case report emphasizes the value in early detection, keen diagnostic evaluation, and cross-collaboration between multiple ophthalmology specialists to optimize healthcare outcomes for patients with uveal effusion syndrome.

Eye infection risks from Pseudomonas aeruginosa via hand soap and eye drops.

Eye infections from bacterial contamination of bulk-refillable liquid soap dispensers and artificial tear eye drops continue to occur, resulting in adverse health outcomes that include impaired vision or eye enucleation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), a common cause of eye infections, can grow in eye drop containers and refillable soap dispensers to high numbers. To assess the risk of eye infection, a quantitative microbial risk assessment for P. aeruginosa was conducted to predict the probability of an eye infection for two potential exposure scenarios: (i) individuals using bacteria-contaminated eye drops and (ii) contact lens wearers washing their hands with bacteria-contaminated liquid soap prior to placing the lens. The median risk of an eye infection using contaminated eye drops and hand soap for both single and multiple exposure events (per day) ranged from 10-1 to 10-4, with contaminated eye drops having the greater risk. The concentration of P. aeruginosa was identified as the parameter contributing the greatest variance on eye infection risk; therefore, the prevalence and level of bacterial contamination of the product would have the greatest influence on health risk. Using eye drops in a single-use container or with preservatives can mitigate bacterial growth, and using non-refillable soap dispensers is recommended to reduce contamination of hand soap. Given the opportunistic nature of P. aeruginosa and its ability to thrive in unique environments, additional safeguards to mitigate bacterial growth and exposure are warranted.IMPORTANCEPseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a pathogen that can persist in a variety of unusual environments and continues to pose a significant risk for public health. This quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) estimates the potential human health risks, specifically for eye infections, associated with exposure to P. aeruginosa in bacteria-contaminated artificial tear eye drops and hand soap. This study applies the risk assessment framework of QMRA to evaluate eye infection risks through both consumer products. The study examines the prevalence of this pathogen in eye drops and soap, as well as the critical need to implement measures that will mitigate bacterial exposure (e.g., single-use soap dispensers and eye drops with preservatives). Additionally, limitations and challenges are discussed, including the need to incorporate data regarding consumer practices, which may improve exposure assessments and health risk estimates.

OSDI Score Comparison between Sodium Hyaluronate, Carboxymethylcellulose and Polyvinylpirrolidone for Dry Eye in Medical Student during Online Learning

Abstract&#x0D; Introduction &amp; Objectives : Online learning during COVID pandemic increase medical students’ screen time. Prolonged screen time is known as a risk factor for dry eye. Health problems during online learning such as those induced by dry eye could affect students’ academic performance. This study aim to find the best solution for dry eye in medical student during online learning by comparing three artificial tears eye drops, namely sodium hyaluronate, carboxymethylcellulose and polyvinylpirrolidone.&#x0D; Methods : This is an experimental study with 48 respondents divided into three treatment groups : sodium hyaluronate (SH), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP). Each group consists of 16 respondents. Each respondents use their eyedrops six times daily in both eyes for two weeks. This study use Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire to evaluate dry eye. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, with p&lt;0,05 is considered significant.&#x0D; Results : In SH group, mean OSDI score before treatment were 37,52 and after treatment 13,84 (p=0,001). In CMC group, mean OSDI score before treatment were 35,28 and after treatment 12,54 (p=0,000). In PVP group mean OSDI score before treatment were 38,17 and after treatment 13,15 (p=0,000). No significant differences of OSDI score was found between groups before treatment and after treatment (p=0,237).&#x0D; Conclusion : Sodium hyaluronate, carboxymethylcellulose and polyvinylpirrolidone eye drops could similiary improve dry eye symptoms significantly as measured by OSDI score in medical students during online learning.